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Topic: Field of Mars

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	Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The apoapsis — the point in the orbit farthest from Mars — was 47,972 km from the planet's center (44,500 km from its surface).
		The Mars Color Imager (MARCI) is a wide-angle, low-resolution camera that views the surface of Mars in five visible and two ultraviolet bands.
		The Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) is a spectrometer with one visible/near infrared channel (0.3 to 3.0 μm) and eight far infrared (12 to 50 μm) channels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter (3336 words)

	CosmicQuest @ The Children's Museum of Indianapolis
		While the average temperature on Mars is about 218 K (-55 C, -67 F), Martian surface temperatures range widely from as little as 140 K (-133 C, -207 F) at the winter pole to almost 300 K (27 C, 80 F) on the dayside during summer.
		Mars has a very thin atmosphere composed mostly of the tiny amount of remaining carbon dioxide (95.3%) plus nitrogen (2.7%), argon (1.6%) and traces of oxygen (0.15%) and water (0.03%).
		Mars' thin atmosphere produces a greenhouse effect but it is only enough to raise the surface temperature by 5 degrees (K); much less than what we see on Venus and Earth.
	www.childrensmuseum.org /cosmicquest/fieldguide/mars.html (1436 words)

	Marshall Field's - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Field's existing Frederick and Nelson unit in Seattle absorbed the Lipmans and Liberty House stores, but after initially merging The Union with its Halle's unit, Field's decided to sell the combined chain in November 1981, the new owners quickly liquidating it.
		Field, the store he created, and his successor John G. Shedd are largely responsible for Chicago's prominence throughout the world in business, art, culture, and education.
		At the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, Marshall Field's leadership and generosity ensured that the 26 million visitors to Chicago from 46 different countries would be amazed and inspired to bring to their homes a vision that influenced the course of development in Chicago and throughout the world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marshall_Field_and_Company (4280 words)

	Field of Mars (Saint Petersburg) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Rumyantsev Obelisk graced the Field of Mars until 1818, when it was moved to its present location on Vasilievsky Island.
		The Field of Mars (Russian: Марсово поле) is a large park and square in the center of Saint Petersburg with an area of almost 9 hectares.
		Originally the Field was called the Big Meadow (Большой луг) and then, after the victory in the Great Northern War, was renamed to Funny Field (Потешное поле).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Field_of_Mars_(Saint_Petersburg) (247 words)

	12.15.00 - Mars' patchwork magnetic field acts as array of umbrellas to protect planet's atmosphere, according to new ...
		Berkeley - Though Mars lacks a global protective magnetic shield like that of the Earth, strong localized magnetic fields embedded in the crust appear to be a significant barrier to erosion of the atmosphere by the solar wind.
		Mars at one time presumably had an interior dynamo like that of the Earth, which would have generated a global magnetic field to shield the atmosphere from the solar wind.
		Mars' crustal magnetic fields themselves are a mystery, because they are nearly as strong at the surface as the Earth's magnetic field - a few tenths of a Gauss, compared to a third of a Gauss on Earth.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2000/12/15_mars.html (1147 words)

	Mars: Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere
		Mars, at it heliocentric distance of approximately 1.5 AU, exemplifies a terrestrial body that is affected by both a slightly greater distance from the Sun than Earth and a lower gravitational field at the surface.
		Mars is too small to have plate tectonics and the resulting volcanic activity that together would have recycled the CO back into the atmosphere.
		Mars, like most of the other planetary obstacles, is preceded in the solar wind by a 'bow shock'-like structure that reflects the slightly greater than planet-size scale of the weakly magnetized Martian obstacle.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /personnel/russell/papers/mars_mag (1829 words)

	Magnetic Fields and Mars
		So the chef's "magnetic field," as it were, extends to the living room, but not to the second floor of the house.
		Magnetic fields, though they can get pushed around (as we'll see later), keep their currents, and thereby their magnetism, in set places called magnetic field lines, running out of the south pole of the magnet and into the north pole.
		Because some of the fluid is moving in the magnetic field and some is not, and because a couple of other necessary conditions in the core are satisfied, an electric current starts up as per the laws of physics.
	mgs-mager.gsfc.nasa.gov /Kids/magfield.html (1033 words)

	Mars
		Mars is also mentioned as a chthonic god (earth-god) and this could explain why he became a god of death and finally a god of war.
		The priests of Mars, who also served Quirinus, were called the Salii ("jumpers"), derived from the procession through the streets of the city which they completed by jumping the entire way and singing the Carmen Saliare.
		Mars is portrayed as a warrior in full battle armor, wearing a crested helmet and bearing a shield.
	www.pantheon.org /articles/m/mars.html (444 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Mars' lumpy magnetic field (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The startling vision of Mars' magnetosphere is being explored by David Brain, a doctoral student at CU-Boulder's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics and his research advisor, Professor Fran Bagenal, using magnetometer data from NASA's Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft.
		Mars is thought to be mostly dead internally, since the planet has no active dynamo in its core to create a global magnetic field.
		Brain used Mars Global Surveyor magnetometer data to calculate the altitude to which crustal sources of magnetization could be reasonably well detected, and then used the data to plot the influence of crustal sources as a function of altitude.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0112/04marslumpy (967 words)

	Mars Magnetic Field Detected
		September 18, 1997 - Scientists have confirmed the existence of a planet-wide magnetic field at Mars using an instrument on-board NASA's Mars Global Surveyor orbiter, as the spacecraft began to circle and study the planet from a highly elliptical orbit.
		This result is the first conclusive evidence of a magnetic field at Mars."More distant observations obtained previously by the Russian missions Mars 2,3 and 5 and Phobos 1 and 2 were inconclusive regarding the presence or absence of a magnetic field of internal origin," said Acuna.
		Mars Global Surveyor's magnetometer discovered the outermost boundary of the Martian magnetic field -- known as the bow shock -- during the inbound leg of its second orbit around the planet, and again on the outbound leg.
	www.spacedaily.com /mars/features/mgs-sci97a.html (869 words)

	A100 at IUN, Fall 1996: Lecture 12.1: Mars
		Mars' orbit is larger than the Earth's, therefore its orbital period, that is, its year, is longer than that of Earth.
		Mars has two Moons, named Phobos (fear) and Deimos (panic) after the names of the two horses that pull the chariot of the god Mars in greek mythology.
		Since Mars rotates fast, no magnetic field indicates either that Mars does not have an iron core (possible since differentiation seems to have occurred to a much less extent than on Earth) or the iron core is solid (also plausible since Mars is smaller than Earth and cooled off faster), or both.
	astro.uchicago.edu /home/web/lucia/a100/lectures/mars.html (1780 words)

	Exploring Mars: Update 2002
		Similar but much weaker stripes occur in the Earth's magnetic field and were a crucial piece of evidence in the discovery of plate tectonics on Earth.
		Although not as detailed as images from Mars Global Surveyor, the global perspective of the Hubble images is useful in studying weather on Mars, including clouds, dust storms, and seasonal changes in the polar caps.
		The Mars Polar Lander was supposed to land near the south pole of Mars in December 1999.
	www.lpi.usra.edu /expmars/edbrief/update.html (2794 words)

	Mars Global Surveyor Magnetic Field Investigation
		Mars does not presently have a global magnetic field but had one early in its life, similar to that of Earth.
		The absence of a global magnetic field for billions of years has contributed to the erosion of Mars atmosphere by the solar wind and the loss of water.
		Improving the magnetic field map of crustal sources for dating the age of the crust and correlating with geology.
	mgs-mager.gsfc.nasa.gov (309 words)

	The Field of Mars is almost as old as St. Petersburg itself.
		The Field of Mars was used for many years as a training ground for guards' regiments, and parades on it were immortalized by dozens of Russian painters and poets.
		During the Siege of Leningrad the Field of Mars became a huge vegetable garden, and after the siege was lifted a salute was fired from the field.
		In 1957 the Eternal Flame was lit on the Field of Mars in memory of the victims in St. Petersburg of all wars and revolutions.
	www.saint-petersburg.com /parks/field-of-mars.asp (445 words)

	MIRA :: Field Trips to the Stars :: The Solar System :: Mars
		The regions of the caps that wane and wax with the seasons are called seasonal polar caps, and are composed of dry ice (frozen CO The permanent ice is called the residual solar caps.
		Most of the water in Mars is the form of ice in the polar caps and in permafrost in the crust for latitudes greater than 40°.
		Mars has no liquid water at present, but the channels on its surface point to the existence of running water in the past.
	www.mira.org /fts0/planets/097/text/txt002x.htm (1155 words)

	Martian Magnetic Field (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		They also say that the field is much stronger than previously anticipated and that it could greatly vary in strength in different locations on the planet.
		Crustal origin of Mars’ magnetic field indicates that that the ferromagnetic rock on the surface “remembers” and is preserving an older, internal magnetic field that may no longer exist.
		The finding of a crustal magnetic field may not necessarily imply that Mars is geologically dead, says Janet Luhmann, a research scientist at the Space Science Laboratory at the University of California at Berkeley.
	solid_earth.ou.edu /readings/mars_mag_field.html (655 words)

	Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Mars, after Jupiter, was the most important deity in the Roman pantheon, and was worshipped throughout central and southern Italy.
		The sacred spears and shields (ancilia) of Mars were kept in one of his temples in the heart of the city.
		He seemed to be an agricultural god as well, as Mars was the protector of the fields not only in times of war, but also against disease and unfavorable weather.
	www.themystica.com /mythical-folk/articles/mars.html (371 words)

	Goddard Mars Model 2B (GMM-2B)
		A spherical harmonic solution of the Mars gravity field field to degree and order 80 (Goddard Mars Model 2B) has been developed using X band tracking data of Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) from October 1997 to February 2000, including data from the Hiatus, Science Phasing Orbits and Mapping phases of the mission.
		Mars gravity solutions are stable to 60x60 even without application of a Kaula power law constraint.
		The correlations of the GMM-2B gravity field coefficients were computed using a spherical harmonic expansion of the topography to degree and order 90 (derived from the MOLA data).
	bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov /697/MARS/GMM2B.html (1010 words)

	Mars: The Red Planet
		Mars also has some of the tallest volcanoes and some of the deepest valleys in our solar system.
		Mars contains highlands which occur in the southern hemisphere and are composed of the oldest, most heavily cratered crustal material.
		The extremely weak magnetic field of Mars suggests that its iron core is no longer fluid and circulating.
	www.mtsu.edu /~mrb2t/Mars.htm (455 words)

	SPACE.com -- New Mars Map: Similarities to Earth Revealed
		This is a map of the magnetic field of Mars observed by the Mars Global Surveyor satellite at a nominal 400 km altitude.
		Mars observing package that includes a great telescope and some performance-enhancing extras to ensure you get terrific views of the Red Planet.
		The new map is based on four years of data and covers the entire planet, yielding evidence that some of the main features on Mars, such as the Tharsis volcanoes and the Valles Marineris, were created in part by the same processes that created the Hawaiian Islands and Grand Canyon on Earth.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/051025_sci_tues.html (765 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Mars has a magnetic field with a north and south pole like the Earth but I think the field around Mars is much weaker.
		Mars is smaller than the Earth and the force of gravity on Mars is about one-third of that on Earth.
		We don't know if Mars has any life forms or if it ever did but we are interested in looking to see.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /mars/ask/misc/Mars_Magnetic_Field_and_Gravity.txt (392 words)

	NASA - Mars Up Close
		When the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, land on Mars in January 2004, geologists will want a close look at the rocks and soil the rovers encounter.
		Mars Close Up The RAT is a powerful grinding tool that can create a hole 45 millimeters in diameter and up to 5 millimeters deep into a rock on the Martian surface.
		One difficulty of all close-up photography is that the plane that's sharply in focus, called the depth of field, is very slim.
	www.nasa.gov /vision/universe/solarsystem/mars_up_close.html (905 words)

	ESA - Mars Express - Mars Express orbiter instruments
		MaRS (Mars Radio Science Experiment)will use the radio signals that convey data and instructions between the spacecraft and Earth to probe the planet’s ionosphere, atmosphere, surface and even interior.
		Information on the interior will be gleaned from the planet’s gravity field, which will be calculated from changes in the velocity of the spacecraft relative to Earth.
		"Variations in the gravitational field of Mars will cause slight changes in the speed of the spacecraft relative to the ground station, which can be measured with an accuracy of less than one tenth the speed of a snail at full pace," says Martin Pätzold, MaRS PI from Köln University, Germany.
	www.esa.int /SPECIALS/Mars_Express/SEMUC75V9ED_1.html (285 words)

	Field of Mars Reserve
		The vegetation is typical of the dry, infertile sandstone soils found in Sydney's north and is known as dry sclerophyll woodland.
		These areas can be recognised today as the grassed park around the current entrance to the Field of Mars Reserve and the general area of the visitor centre and environmental education centre.
		After active lobbying by this group and others, the parcel of land was preserved and became the Field of Mars Wildlife Refuge of today.
	www.fieldofmar-e.schools.nsw.edu.au /page9/page11/page11.html (516 words)

	Mars Observer Quicklook
		Mars Observer was a NASA mission to study the surface, atmosphere, interior and magnetic field of Mars from Martian orbit.
		Communications was lost with the spacecraft on August 22, 1993 as it was preparing to go into orbit around Mars, and no significant scientific data was returned.
		Mars Observer Camera (MOC) - a line-scancamare designed to take low-resolution images of Mars on a daily basis for studies of the climate, and medium- and high-resolution images of selected areas to study surface geology and interactions between the surface and the atmosphere.
	samadhi.jpl.nasa.gov /msl/QuickLooks/marsobsQL.html (408 words)

	Magnetized Mars
		Scientists found a magnetic field surrounding Mars using an instrument on the Mars Surveyor probe.
		The Mars Surveyor discovered the outermost boundary of the magnetic field, known as the bow shock (see the image to the left).
		The Martian magnetic field is weak compared to that of Earth's magnetic field, only 1/800 the strength.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /cgi-bin/tour_def/headline_universe/marsbfield.html (181 words)

	USATODAY.com - New Mars map: similarities to Earth revealed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Once the molten rock reaches the surface, it cools and is magnetized in the direction of the planet's magnetic field.
		On Earth, the magnetic field flips direction a few times every million years, so a flow that rises and cools in one period may have a different magnetic orientation to the one next to it.
		These alternating stripes are proof of both a strong magnetic field and tectonic activity.
	www.usatoday.com /tech/science/space/2005-10-25-mars-crust_x.htm (650 words)

	Huge ice field found on Mars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Mars Odyssey orbiter has found a vast field of water ice stretching from the Martian south pole to 60 degrees south.
		An earlier mission, Mars Global Surveyor, revealed sharply etched features that suggested erosion by flowing water, but could not tell if any water was still present or if it had all vanished early in Martian history.
		The instruments did not show hydrogen near the Martian north pole, but Boynton said that it is now covered by a seasonal layer of carbon-dioxide ice that could conceal hydrogen beneath it.
	iranscope.ghandchi.com /Anthology/Space/MarsIce.htm (389 words)

	Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter: The Mission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Electra allows the spacecraft to act as a communications relay between the Earth and landed crafts on Mars that may not have sufficient radio power to communicate directly with Earth by themselves.
		Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter will test the use of a radio frequency called Ka-band to demonstrate the potential for greater performance in communications using significantly less power.
		By tracking the orbiter in the primary science phase, team members will be able to map the gravity field or Mars to understand the geology of the surface and near-surface and the geophysical processes that produce these land features.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /mro/mission/sc_instru.html (388 words)

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