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Topic: Fields, Factories and Workshops

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Peter Kropotkin

The Conquest of Bread

Christopher Alexander

	Fields, Factories and Workshops - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fields, Factories and Workshops is a landmark anarchist text by Peter Kropotkin, and arguably one of the most influential and positive statements of the anarchist political position.
		Critics say he is rather optimistic in the work, however the problems arising from industrialisation and its reliance on fossil fuels has shown his ideas to be far sighted and possibly appropriate for the post-fossil fuel age.
		There is a remarkable similarity between some of Kropotkin's views and those of the architect Christopher Alexander, for the example the elimination of vast buildings and the introduction of workshops in or attached to the home.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fields,_Factories_and_Workshops (349 words)

	Fields Factories & Workshops Contents
		Such a work was only possible when the British Factory Inspectors had published (in 1898, in virtue of the Factories Act of 1895) their first reports, from which I could determine the hitherto unknown numerical relations between the great and the small industries in the United Kingdom.
		The part which belongs in progressive evolution to differentiation, and the part which belongs in it to an integration of aptitudes and activities, were discussed by the Russian author with depth of thought, and Spencer's differentiation-formula was accordingly completed.
		The conditions under which the factory system asserted itself, as well as the obsolete forms of agriculture which prevailed at that time, prevented such a union from being feasible.
	dwardmac.pitzer.edu /Anarchist_archives/kropotkin/fieldspreface.html (1425 words)

	Workers' Self-Management in Argentina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The first experiences of "f·bricas recuperadas" (reclaimed factories) happened seven years ago, in the moments of deepening economic crisis in Argentina, well before the social explosion of the 19th and 20th of December.
		The first of the occupied factories, the cold-storage enterprise YaguanÈ, was taken in 1996; then, in 1998, came IMPA, and then in the year 2000 90 metallurgist workers from the Buenos Aires district of Avellaneda seized the GIP metal company.
		That year, the tiles company from NeuquÈn, ZanÛn, and the textile factory Brukman in Buenos Aires, were both abandoned by their respective bosses and seized by the workers.
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/wsm/rbr/rbr8/argentina.html (3343 words)

	William Morris Society: Florence S. Boos, "News from Nowwhere and Garden Cities"
		In Fields, Factories, and Workshops, for example, he adduced detailed regional [page 8] economic studies in support of his view that better-conceived and realized methods of organization and production could enable relatively populous societies to feed their people.
		Thirty years ago I was in a London factory, artificial light most of the time, and wife in rooms with children.
		In Fields, Factories, and Workshops and Mutual Aid, Kropotkin did not suggest in detail how the new towns and forms of social organization he advocated might arise.
	www.morrissociety.org /agregation.boos.html (7990 words)

	Peter Kropotkin
		Because of his title and his prominence as an anarchist in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, he was known by some as "the Anarchist Prince".
		He left behind many books, pamphlets and articles, the most prominent being his visionary works, The Conquest of Bread and Fields, Factories and Workshops[?], and his principal scientific offering, Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution.
		Peter (or Pyotr) Kropotkin was born in Moscow.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pi/Piotr_Kroptokin.html (1491 words)

	Chapter 5: Fields Factories & Workshops
		Melons used to be grown at that spot, long since, in the open fields, with glass frames to protect them from the spring frost, and green peas were grown under the protection of rows of furze which sheltered them from the northern winds.
		They rise amid the fields and from behind the trees; they are piled upon one another on the steep crags facing the harbour of St. Peters and with them a whole generation of practical gardeners has grown up.
		One of such factories is connected with great fruit farms covering 2,000 acres at Swanley, Ben its yearly output attains 3,500 tons of jam 850 tons of candied peel, and more than 100,000 bottles of bottled fruit.
	dwardmac.pitzer.edu /Anarchist_Archives/kropotkin/fieldsch5.html (7929 words)

	Kropotkin, Self-Valorization and the Crisis of Marxism
		He had to seek out and identify, at every level, from the local workshop and industry to the global organization of the economy, signs of the forces of cooperation and mutual aid working at cross purposes to the capitalist tendencies to divide all against all.
		Thus, when he spoke of "the pronounced tendency of the factories toward migrating to the villages," he was indulging neither in wishful thinking nor mere prophecy.
		But whereas Marx, and orthodox Marxism, focused almost exclusively on the factory, the development of autonomist Marxist theory has traced the extension of capitalist domination throughout social life and outlined the emergence of the "social" factory, i.e., the integration of private life (home, school, etc) into the reproduction of capitalism.
	www.eco.utexas.edu /Homepages/Faculty/Cleaver/kropotkin.html (6365 words)

	CHAPTER 4: WORK AND PAY
		His two books, "The Conquest of Bread" and "Fields, Factories and Workshops," are very full of detailed information, and, even making great allowances for an optimistic bias, I do not think it can be denied that they demonstrate possibilities in which few of us would otherwise have believed.
		They smile when we boast about the rotation system having permitted us to take from the field one crop every year, or four crops each three years, because their ambition is to have six and nine crops from the very same plot of land during the twelve months.
		They do not understand our talk about good and bad soils, because they make the soil themselves, and make it in such quantities as to be compelled yearly to sell some of it; otherwise it would raise up the level of their gardens by half an inch every year.
	human-nature.com /reason/russell/chap4.html (5112 words)

	Fields, field- WordWeb dictionary definition
		Somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected
		- discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field of study, study, bailiwick, branch of knowledge
		"the army was in the field awaiting action"
	www.wordwebonline.com /en/FIELDS (312 words)

	Roots of the Catholic Worker Movement: Peter Kropotkin inspired Peter Maurin and Dorothy Day
		Individual artisans could not make things as cheaply as factories could, so they were forced to go out of business and seek work in the factory, for a wage.
		One of the greatest evils associated with the factory system was the endless division of labor for the sake of efficiency.
		He noted that where small factories did exist, either using running water to turn a wheel, or obtaining power by some other method, they were often the source for new inventions and technologies.
	www.cjd.org /paper/roots/rkropotk.html (3711 words)

	[No title]
		In }{\i\lang1033 Fields, Factories, and Workshops, }{\lang1033 for example, he adduced detailed regional [page 8] economic studies in support of his view that better-conceived and realized methods of organization and production could enable relatively populous societies to feed their people.
		Just outside the town\rquote s periphery, in any case, would be factories, timber yards, and markets served by a railway line, which would branch to encircle the town.
		Use of the cleanest known forms of energy would minimize expense as well as pollution, and \ldblquote all machinery [would be] driven by electric energy, [so that] the cost of electricity for lighting and other purposes [would be] greatly reduced\rdblquote (25).
	www.morrissociety.org /agregation.boos.rtf (6865 words)

	Three Acres And Liberty--Ch. 1-5
		To exploit the cattle as employers exploit the factory hands, he gives the cows a cool, shady place and food, and they stand there all day long to their profit and his.
		That it possesses many advantages in addition to providing profitable employment; among others, that the worker must come out into the open air and sunshine; must exercise, and put forth exertion,--all of which are conducive to health, and, most important of all, he knows that all he raises is to be his own.
		Thin it's off f'r th' fields where all day he sets on a bicycle seat an' reaps the bearded grain an' th' Hessian fly, with nawthin' but his own thoughts an' a couple iv horses to commune with.
	www.soilandhealth.org /03sov/0302hsted/030203/030203c1-5.html (12573 words)

	Emma Goldman - Definition of Anarchism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This revised Thomas More's Utopian idea of storehouses, "From each according to his means, to each according to his needs." Kropotkin wrote "The Conquest of Bread" in 1892, in which he sketched his vision of a federation of free Communist groups.
		In 1899 he wrote "Memoirs of a Revolutionist", an autobiographical work, and "Fields, Factories, and Workshops", which put forward ideas on the decentralization of industry necessary for an Anarchist society.
		He later proved by biological and sociological evidence that cooperation is more natural than coercion ("Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution" :: 1902).
	home.comcast.net /~cindyknight3/anarchism_history.html (1385 words)

	Anarchism - MSN Encarta
		Flourishing species and human civilizations were not the winners of the “survival of the fittest”, as the Social Darwinists argued; rather cooperation had been the key: mutual aid rather than naked competition was a more successful strategy.
		In The Conquest of Bread (1888) and Fields, Factories, and Workshops (1899) Kropotkin mapped out a future society that would be owned by communes of producers reliant on the latest technology in order to generate sufficient amounts of goods.
		Kropotkin envisaged a society where mental and manual labour would be blended through integral education.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761568770/Anarchism.html (1210 words)

	Workers Without Bosses - Workers' Self-Management in Argentina - Argentina/Uruguay/Parguay Workplace struggles - ...
		The truth, is that all of the political actors (anarchists and non-anarchists) were weak, and that opened a wide field for a certain type of "spontaneous, apoliticised" action, but that could perfectly identify some of the root of the problem.
		This is true even for the occupied factories: we talk mainly about a bunch of them, in a universe of around 200, and we are eager to generalise on the basis of the few -not taking into account that some of them are linked to the parties of the establishment.
		Going back to the autonomist strand, it is definitely a not so important actor: their presence was mainly limited to the MTD (piquetero movement) of Solano.
	www.anarkismo.net /newswire.php?story_id=627&print_page=true (4840 words)

	IHS Child Slave Labor News :: International Child Slave Labor
		There are no international laws that guarantee the safety of employees, and in actuality, current laws encourage the practice of generating products in places with deplorable conditions and extremely low wages.
		Child labor has expanded astronomically in Pakistan, young boys in Bangladesh are dragged from their homes and forced into servitude, and working conditions in India for children employed in carpet-making factories are heartrending.
		Children make up about a quarter of the unskilled work force, and can be found working in fields, factories, and workshops across the world.
	ihscslnews.org /view_article.php?id=98 (559 words)

	ZNet \|Vision & Strategy \| Worker Self-Management in Argentina
		They must be masters of the factories, masters of their own labor, to conduct it at their own will.
		We, the workers, shouldnât just assume the workersâ management in the fields, factories and workshops, but also, in the rest of society.âÂ A lot is still to be learned about worker self-management.
		The occupied factories and enterprises are proving that they are organizing to develop strategies in defense of Latin American workers susceptible to factory closures and poor working conditions.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=41&ItemID=10329 (3141 words)

	The Conquest of Bread \| libcom.org
		Peter Kropotkin's "The Conquest of Bread", along with his "Fields Factories and Workshops" was the result of his extensive research into industrial and agricultural production; originally published by G. Putnam's Sons, New York and London, 1906.
		Whereas Marx's main contribution to economics was his analysis of the commodity relationship in Capital - capitalism rather than communism - Kropotkin assesses what would need to be done, and most importantly how, in a communist society.
		Inquiry proves that French Police were chasing dead boys.
	libcom.org /library/the-conquest-of-bread-peter-kropotkin (127 words)

	Kropotkin, Piotr Alekseyevich, Prince - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		He insisted that cooperation and mutual aid were the norms in both the natural and social worlds.
		From this perspective he developed a theory of social organization—in Fields, Factories and Workshops (1898) and elsewhere—that was based upon communes of producers linked with each other through common custom and free contract.
		Returning to Russia following the February Revolution of 1917, he attempted to engender support for a continued Russian effort in World War I and to combat the rising influence of Bolshevism.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-kropotki.html (322 words)

	H.2 What parts of anarchism do Marxists particularly misrepresent? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As Avrich summarises, "[p]laced in small voluntary workshops, machinery would rescue human beings from the monotony and toil of large-scale capitalist enterprise, allow time for leisure and cultural pursuits, and remove forever the stamp of inferiority traditionally borne by manual labour." [Op.
		It is the steady enlargement of the field covered by private initiative, and the recent growth of large organisations resulting merely and simply from free agreement.
		The bases of this organisation are already completely given: they are the workshops and the federation of workshops, the creation of fighting funds, instruments of struggle against the bourgeoisie, and their federation, not only national, but international.
	anarchism.ws /faq/secH2.html (18301 words)

	Three Acres and Liberty eBook
		If he plants his rows of potatoes three feet apart, to allow for horse cultivation, he has 69 rows of 200 feet each; which makes him walk at least thirty-three miles over each acre.
		If he has a twenty-acre lot in potatoes, he walks each year more than 650 miles over the field and gets, let us say, 150 bushels of poor potatoes per acre, or 3000 bushels off his twenty-acre field.
		Now suppose he cultivates the soil, instead of just “raising a crop,” and gets 600 bushels of fine potatoes to the acre, he need plant only five acres, walk only 200 miles, and, because his potatoes are choice and early, get many times the price that his pedestrian neighbor gets.
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/4509/2.html (432 words)

	What are the Alternatives?
		Having models one can point to puts change really on the agenda." Then it points to two models, William Morris's fictional "News from Nowhere" and the actual case of the 1871 Paris Commune.
		Self-managing factory committees emerged in the Russian Revolution of 1917.
		"Since then factory committees and workers' councils have been the form of organisation thrown up again and again by workers in struggle."
	www.neravt.com /left/alternative.html (552 words)

	Reason magazine -- April 2001, Going Bezirke by John McClaughry
		It discusses Jefferson's advocacy of the small, independent "ward republic"; Kropotkin's anarchist dream of a decentralized Russia of fields, factories, and workshops; and Toulmin Smith's passion for the self-governing 19th-century English parish.
		Liebmann notes the parallel with well-developed U.S. state laws for the compulsory unitization of oil fields that underlie different parcels of land.
		As his subtitle, "Devolution, Fairness, and Equality," suggests, Liebmann is at pains to answer mostly liberal critics of his earlier works by showing that a judicious use of available techniques, including supervening review by some "higher" government, can prevent oppression of minorities.
	www.constitution.org /elec/going_bezirke.htm (1300 words)

	I.4 How could an anarchist economy function? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The goods produced by the collectivised factories and workshops are exchanged not according to highest price that can be wrung from consumers, but according to their actual production costs.
		Therefore, co-operatives would produce goods with different features and production would change to meet the demand these differences suggest (for example, factory A produces a new CD player, and consumption patterns indicate that this is popular and so the rest of the factories convert).
		it is the factory itself, the workmen [and women] who see to the good quality of the work.
	anarchism.ws /faq/secI4.html (20494 words)

	Free-ResearchPapers.com - Anarchy
		As the 20th century emerged anarchism began to peak and the definition of anarchism became concrete with the growth of new anarchist writers and movements.
		Here are my thoughts (they may, at first, seem to be off subject, but in the end you’ll nderstand why I begin the way I do): At the moment we live in a society in which there are two major classes - the bosses and the workers.
		All they have is their labor, which they use to make a living.
	www.free-researchpapers.com /dbs/a11/gqc77.shtml (1688 words)

	Kropotkin Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Beginning with a study of cooperation among animals (much of it from field notes he made while mapping Siberia), Kropotkin goes on to sketch forms of cooperation in different stages of human society.
		Although many details in the book have been challenged by specialists since, these do nothing to change the validity of the underlying argument.
		Fields Factories and Workshops [at Anarchy Archives] [at Anarchy Archives]
	www.thing.net /~grist/l&d/pk/pk2.htm (316 words)

	Anarchist communism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He outlined his economic ideas in The Conquest of Bread and Fields, Factories and Workshops.
		He maintained that, in anarcho-communism, "houses, fields, and factories will no longer be private property, and that they will belong to the commune or the nation" and that money, wages, and trade would be abolished.
		Individuals and groups would use and control whatever resources they needed as the aim of anarchist-communism was to place "the product reaped or manufactured at the disposal of all, leaving to each the liberty to consume them as he pleases in his own home."
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anarchist_communism (2468 words)

	Todays Factory Workshop Property to sell . (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Here is the list of Items to sell posted Today on Factory Workshop.
		Subscribe to alert when new Propertysell is posted at our website in Factory Workshop category.
		(11 -) Workshop on the Tau Charm Factory: Proceedings of the Workshop held at Argonne National Laboratory, June 1995 (AIP Conference Proceedings) Buy / More Details.
	www.softtanks.com /Local_SoldItems.php?Topic=Factory+Workshop (379 words)

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