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	Fifteen puzzle
		Fifteen little tiles, numbered 1 to 15, were placed in a four by four frame in serial order except for tiles 14 and 15, which were swapped around; the lower right-hand square was left empty.
		The object of the puzzle was to get all the tiles in the correct order; the only allowed moves were sliding counters into the empty square.
		The puzzle's theory reveals that the more than 20 billion possible starting arrangements of the tiles fall into just two groups: one in which all the tiles can be maneuvered into ascending numerical order (call this group I), and one in which tiles 14 and 15 will be inverted (group II).
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/F/Fifteen_Puzzle.html (596 words)

	Sam Loyd's fifteen
		I must note that the theory of the puzzle, as presented in the puzzle's history page, relates only to two configurations: the original one with all the counters in the right order and the one with the counters 14 and 15 interchanged.
		For a given puzzle configuration, let N denote the sum of the total number of inversions and the row number of the empty square.
		The graph of the puzzle is always bipartite, and, therefore, puz(Fifteen) has two connected components, one consisting of odd and another of even permutations.
	www.cut-the-knot.org /pythagoras/fifteen.shtml (903 words)

	Cut The Knot!
		Richard Wilson [3], in 1974, gave a complete treatment of puzzles on graphs of which the Fifteen puzzle is a particular case.
		For the odd size projective plane puzzles we can use the middle column and first row moves and apply the sequence used with the Klein bottle puzzle (or use the middle column and middle row and apply the sequence used with the torus puzzle).
		The special case of the Fifteen puzzle on the cylinder and the Möbius strip is left as an exercise.
	www.maa.org /editorial/knot/slider.html (2318 words)

	N-puzzle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is a sliding puzzle that consists of a grid of numbered squares with one square missing, and the labels on the squares jumbled up.
		The puzzle was "invented" by Noyes Palmer Chapman, a postmaster in Canastota, New York, who is said to have shown friends, as early as 1874, a precursor puzzle consisting of 16 numbered blocks that were to be put together in rows of four, each summing to 34.
		In the USSR the Minus Cube was manufactured, a 3D variant of the 15-puzzle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fifteen_puzzle (736 words)

	14-15 puzzle / Boss puzzle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He did not invent the puzzle, nor did he invent the version with 14 and 15 swapped, nor was he the first to offer a $1000 prize for anyone who could swap the 14 and 15.
		The 15 puzzle was a big craze in the early part of 1880, lasting only a few months.
		The puzzle is usually a 4x4 square, with 15 square tiles.
	www.geocities.com /jaapsch/puzzles/fifteen.htm (1332 words)

	Puzzle Help - Items 061-072
		Recently the Fifteen Puzzle was recreated by Binary Arts Corp. in smooth, polished metal and decorative enamel, just as it appeared during the 1930s.
		Speaking of the 5 band puzzle rings, at the site you'll find instructions to two different types of these rings - 5 Band Instructions© and 5Q Instructions©, so we hope you'll be successful in finding what you're looking for.
		Puzzle World describes (with step-by-step illustrations) how to put together a 4 band puzzle ring.
	www.puzzles.com /PuzzleHelp/PuzzleHelpItems61_72.htm (2365 words)

	Fifteen Puzzle
		The Fifteen Puzzle is a classic numerical puzzle that was originally introduced in 1880.
		The Fifteen Puzzle comes with its own carrying case and book of challenges.
		Fifteen Puzzle Details: Puzzle tray is about 2.5" x 2.5", stainless steel with enamel tiles, red carrying case, instruction booklet with over 30 challenges.
	www.officeplayground.com /fifteen.html (134 words)

	Sam Loyd's Fifteen
		When it appeared in 1879 as The Gem Puzzle, the 15 Puzzle was accompanied by a cryptic instruction: Place the blocks in the box irregularly, then move until in regular order.
		The curious fact about the puzzle is that each configuration of the tiles represents a permutation of 16-element set N
		which, in the case of the 15 puzzle, means that the parity of a permutation equals that of the length of its cycle decomposition.
	www.cut-the-knot.org /Curriculum/Combinatorics/Fifteen.shtml (501 words)

	Puzzle: Fifteen Cent Flip
		The object of the puzzle is to switch the dime and the nickel using the fewest possible moves.
		As Gardner notes, this puzzle is easy to do if you slide the coins for long enough; the challenge is to solve the puzzle in the fewest possible moves.
		This kind of puzzle is ideal for the elementary classroom and beginning puzzle solvers because it allows for success at every level.
	www.aimsedu.org /puzzle/15centFlip/15centFlip.html (418 words)

	Adventures in Remodeling/The Fifteen Puzzle
		It took some doing to figure out, and we realized that it was exactly like those plastic puzzles where you have to move the pieces around using one open spot to get them back in order.
		The fifteen puzzle was invented by Sam Loyd in the 1870s, and appeared in the scientific literature shortly thereafter.
		The beginning configuration of the yard, including a metal storage shed that came with the house, the remnants of last year's garden, and an RV that belongs to a friend of Scott's.
	www.networds.com /remodel/2001/fifteen_puzzle.html (470 words)

	Free sliding blocks puzzle game (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The puzzle was a simple board with fifteen numbered squares on it.
		In Loyd's puzzle, the squares were numbered from 1 to 15, but numbers 14 and 15 had been switched.
		Shuffle Puzzle is a version of Loyd's puzzle, unlike mr.
	freegames.kristanix.com /shufflepuzzle.html (122 words)

	Fifteen Puzzle - The 15 Puzzle Book by Jerry Slocum & Dic Sonneveld (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The quest for the origin of the 15 Puzzle was itself an historical puzzle of sorts, with a 'solution'
		It can be argued that the Fifteen Puzzle in 1880 had the greatest impact
		• Proof that the 15 puzzle is mathematically impossible to solve.
	www.elversonpuzzle.com /The-15-Puzzle-Book.html (330 words)

	15 Puzzle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It's yet another Java version of the (in)famous "15 puzzle." The pieces are to be arranged in ascending order, with the hole in the bottom right corner.
		Well, one obvious reason is that the graphics are made to resemble an actual physical puzzle, with all the little grooves and ledges that hold it together.
		But if you happen to feel that click control is the only decent way to operate the 15 puzzle on a computer, then just press the "Toggle control" button.
	www.javaonthebrain.com /java/puzz15 (176 words)

	Diamond Bob's Diamond 8-Ball Puzzle
		There is a restriction that differentiates it from a simple 3x3 version of the fifteen puzzle.
		As with the fifteen puzzle, only even permutations are achievable, so there are actually 8!/2 = 20,160 positions with the centre empty, or 9!/2 = 181,440 positions with the empty spot anywhere.
		Denote these by L and R. A clockwise shift of all the five balls in a loop is indicated by the relevant letter (L or R), and an anti-clockwise shift by the letter followed by an apostrophe (i.e.
	www.geocities.com /jaapsch/puzzles/eightbll.htm (518 words)

	Fifteen Puzzle
		Originally introduced in 1933, this reproduction of the classic numerical slide puzzle is constructed of smooth, polished metal & decorative enamel.
		Originally introduced in 1933, this faithful reproduction of the classic numerical slide puzzle is constructed of smooth, polished metal and decorative enamel, pleasing both the eyes and the hands.
		This is the "slide the numbers" puzzle I played with as a kid.
	www.fatbraintoys.com /toy_companies/thinkfun/fifteen_puzzle.cfm (326 words)

	Free fifteen download: download fifteen game
		The legendary pirate Euchmich is dead, and as his iron grip on the fifteen seas is released, the world is thrown into turmoil.
		The aim of Fifteen logical game is to sort the figures in ascending order from left to right and from top to down accordingly.
		This is a version of Samuel Loyd's fifteen puzzle, or as some like to call it, a sliding block puzzle.
	www.gamealbum.com /keyword/fifteen (784 words)

	How to Solve a Fifteen Puzzle - WikiHow
		A fifteen puzzle is a puzzle made of square metal with fifteen tiles sliding across it, all engraved with numbers.
		Randomize the fifteen puzzle, or have a friend mix it up for you, so that you don't cheat.
		Try not to use the fifteen puzzle vertically, because the tiles will fall around and possibly get stuck.
	www.wikihow.com /Solve-a-Fifteen-Puzzle (673 words)

	Java 2: Puzzle of Fifteen Tiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The puzzle consists of fifteen square tiles, labelled numerically from 1 to 15.
		A craze for the puzzle hit the world, one which was not rivalled until the Rubik's Cube of the 1980's.
		In the 'Puzzle of Fifteen', exactly half of all arrangements belong in state space 'A', (including the solution arrangement), and exactly half belong in state space 'B', (including, of course, Loyd's arrangement!).
	www.cs.bham.ac.uk /~mdr/teaching/modules04/java2/Tiles.html (2364 words)

	The Fifteen puzzle
		The Fifteen Puzzle has been around for over a hundred years, and has been a craze for almost every generation.
		The basic form is of a 4 by 4 grid usually made with sliding tiles in a tray.
		Hopefully, understanding the principles used in the fifteen puzzle would help a person understand the problem and to find the best way to go about achieving a solution, whether they want a solution that is fast in time or number of moves, or just to solve it for fun.
	www.math.ubc.ca /~cass/courses/m308-02b/projects/grant/fifteen.html (2216 words)

	Fifteen Puzzle - Description (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Fifteen Puzzle is more than a hundred years old, and still going strong.
		It consists of fifteen pieces that can be moved around inside a frame.
		The second enrichment, is that the solitary puzzle can now be played as a game with a friend.
	simpler-solutions.net /fifteenpuzzle/description.htm (199 words)

	The 15 Puzzle plus metal 15 puzzle
		The puzzle is to solve the more than 30 challenges by sliding the numbers around to make different number patterns.
		This puzzle is a faithful reproduction of the original Fifteen Puzzle which was sold during the 1930's called "The IMP".
		Then identify the real inventor, track the puzzle's long, twisted route to market, and explain why the inventor's name has essentially remained a secret for 125 years"....
	www.mrpuzzle.com.au /prod850.htm (305 words)

	About the Fifteen puzzle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Fifteen puzzle is attributed to the famous puzzle expert
		Samuel Loyd, who invented thousands of mathematical puzzles in the 19-th century.
		Read more and more and more about this puzzle.
	migo.sixbit.org /puzzles/fifteen/about.html (156 words)

	Puzzle of 15 mathematical logic Game
		The game is available for play right here or you can take it with you as a free PDA software application that is sure to get your wheels turning.
		See if you have what it takes to solve the logic puzzles that successfully stumped the minds of millions.
		One will be given away each month to the contestant who can solve the puzzle in the least amount of moves.
	www.puzzleoffifteen.com (173 words)

	SlocumPuzzles.com - The 15 Puzzle Book (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Books by famous mathematicians tell that a deaf mute invented the 15 puzzle, but encyclopedias, other books and web sites say it was invented by Sam Loyd who Martin Gardner called “America’s greatest puzzle designer”.
		The true story of the puzzle is told here for the first time.
		Proof that the 15 puzzle is mathematically impossible to solve.
	www.slocumpuzzles.com (241 words)

	Fifteen Download - Strategy Games
		ME Win2k-XP Kristanix Shuffle Puzzle Homepage Visit them Kristanix Shuffle Puzzle Screenshot Screenshot Program Description This is a version of Samuel Loyd`s fifteen puzzle, or as some like to call it, a sliding block puzzle.
		Kristanix Shuffle Puzzle Download - Puzzle Games Free download of Kristanix Shuffle Puzzle This is a version of Samuel Loyd`s fifteen puzzle, or as some like to call it, a sliding block puzzle.
		It is considered to be one of the fifteen states that comprise the so-called "Cradle of Humanity".
	www.canadiancontent.net /tech/download/Fifteen.html (700 words)

	Fifteen Puzzle
		The Fifteen Puzzle has resurfaced many times over the years, often with some small twist or claim of originality.
		This model by Thinkfun® is a faithful reproduction of the one originally called "The IMP," which was introduced in 1933.
		This stainless steel puzzle is for children 8 to adult.
	www.maststoreonline.com /browse.cfm/4,3941.htm (109 words)

	The Elverson Puzzle Company
		Board Game makes it easier and more enjoyable to solve sudoku puzzles of ANY difficulty level WITHOUT the need for paper, pencils, and erasing!
		- one of the most popular puzzles of all time. This is a book that anyone interested in puzzles will enjoy!
		Farkle is a fun dice game that is easy to learn and very addictive! It can be played with any six dice, but what makes Farkle Deluxe so special are the size of the dice.
	www.elversonpuzzle.com (240 words)

	Fifteen Puzzle: Ziggle
		The Fifteen Puzzle is a perfect way to tune out the rest of the world and master your own challenge.
		This retro 1880 puzzle has been re-created in smooth, polished metal and decorative enamel, making it a pleasure to mess up!
		The collection of "Ziggles" is meant to engage their fingers, minds, and muscles in tasks that totally differ from your subject.
	www.trainerswarehouse.com /prodinfo.asp?number=BKZ15 (162 words)

	Fifteen Puzzle Game Games from Growing Tree Toys
		A world's best seller, the stainless steel and enamel version of Fifteen Puzzle Game from ThinkFun was introduced originally in 1933 - and this little puzzle has been challenging minds every since!
		To play Fifteen Puzzle, just scramble the 15 numbered tiles, and then try to slide them back in numerical order.
		Fifteen Puzzle Game also comes with an instruction book featuring 30 different challenges to keep minds working.
	www.growingtreetoys.com /product/4090 (181 words)

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