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Topic: Fifth Modernization

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	The meeting in brief (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		During the debate, the discussions avoided emphasizing the technical details of modernization, which tend to be site-specific, and focused instead on generic and strategic actions that should be implemented to accompany modernization efforts and therefore increase their chances of success.
		Clear objectives of modernization are required for a clear identification of the end-users' current constraints and potentialities, and of the obstacles to be overcome.
		The third important message is that modernization requires a consistent strategy at state or national level to cope with the cost of interventions, to organize and prepare the irrigation community to overcome the challenges of modernization, to implement the necessary institutional changes and to define and ensure the enforcement of water rights or service rights.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/003/X6626E/x6626e02.htm (5561 words)

	Chinese democracy movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The origin of the movement can be seen with the brief liberalization known as Beijing Spring which occurred after the Cultural Revolution.
		The founding document of the movement can be considered to be the manifesto, the Fifth Modernization authored by Wei Jingsheng, who was sentenced to fifteen years in prison for authoring the document.
		In the document, Wei argued that the holding of power by the laboring masses was essential for modernization, that the Communist Party was controlled by reactionaries, and that the people must struggle to overthrow the reactionaries via a long and possibly bloody fight.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement (1165 words)

	FifthModernization
		Take the Four Modernizations as the key link and follow the principle of stability and unity and be brave (?) to serve the revolution (?) as an old ox does.
		If we do not want democracy as our only choice or, in other words, if we want modernized economics, science, military science, and so forth, then there must be modernization of the people and of the social system.
		Without this fifth modernization all others are merely another promise.
	www.sp.uconn.edu /~gwang/id140.htm (3796 words)

	Tiananmen’s Legacy: The Forgotten Rebellion, by Sascha Matuszak
		The protests in the Spring of 1989 are famous throughout the West: images of student rallies, hunger strikes and the lone bespectacled student facing down a line of tanks are etched into the memories of many westerners above the age of 21.
		The battle fought in Beijing that year focused on rampant corruption and the lack of a Fifth Modernization – democracy.
		The positions taken by the government and the students back then were anti-bourgeois liberalization and stability for the former, anti-nepotism and pro-democracy for the latter.
	www.antiwar.com /matuszak/ma092102.html (977 words)

	APRU - Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The significance of the Congress also lay in its resolution on an open-door policy and its commitment to the project of Four Modernizations – in agriculture, industry, science and technology, and national defence.
		In subsequent years, Chinese people did not need to spend their daily life participating in "political gatherings" and "struggle sessions." Interpersonal relationships became more relaxed and less politicized in nature.
		To conclude, the emergence in China of youth culture in general and "youth problem" films in particular was closely associated with the open-door policy, the influx of Western culture and the country’s modernizing process.
	www.usc.edu /ext-relations/news_service/apruwww/StudentPapers/FinishedPapers/ZhouPaper.html (2772 words)

	WEI JINGSHENG
		His first visit filled him with inspiration: in a single night he wrote his celebrated essay, "The Fifth Modernization-Democracy." With virtually no revisions, it was posted on Democracy Wall by a friend at 2 o'clock in the morning of December 5, 1978.
		In the spirit of China's first unorchestrated, large-scale protests since 1949, the April Fifth Movement, the Democracy Wall movement let loose a flood of new and previously taboo ideas, creating the only sustained, spontaneous, critical political discussion the People's Republic had known.
		This was "The Fifth Modernization-Democracy," signed with the pen-name Wei Jingsheng was to use throughout the Democracy Wall movement, Jin Sheng (golden voice).
	www.echonyc.com /~wei/Story.html (1076 words)

	Angelo S. Lazzarotto, PIME - Progress in Religious Freedom in China?
		The brief season of the Democracy Wall had indicated how full of obstacles the road to a "fifth modernization" was and how difficult it would be for anyone in the civil society to exercise a greater degree of personal initiative.
		A modern society cannot be governed in the old feudalistic style, where the ruler, representing Heaven, is the supreme arbiter of religious "orthodoxy".
		New China is rightly proud of the dignity and respect it has gained on the international scene, but it would be naïve to think that other nations, who recognize the Pope's right of supervising Catholic life within their boundaries, have abdicated part of their sovereignty.
	www.sedos.org /english/lazzarotto.htm (7411 words)

	>>> AsiaNews.it <<< Wei Jingsheng: “At least 20 million people want to quit the communist party”
		Wei is well-known for his proposal to Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to bring about a “fifth modernization”: democracy.
		Two years later, the Wall of Democracy (see photo) was set up near one of the main crossroads of the capital: a corner where democracy activists could post their dazibao.
		On 5 December 1978, Wei posted on the wall the text which would make him famous — “the Fifth Modernisation” — where he developed the idea that the country’s economic progress (the “four modernisations” upheld by the communist regime) must pass through democratisation, otherwise the people would not enjoy any benefits.
	www.asianews.it /view.php?l=en&art=3567 (1064 words)

	Untitled Document
		Wei's Democracy Wall movement manifesto, "Democracy: The Fifth Modernization," posted on December 5, 1978, is one of the most cogent and uncompromising documents to come out of the movement.
		It calls on the Party to add democratization to the list of "four modernizations" (industry, agriculture, science and technology, and national defense) that the leadership was then advocating.
		The main thing is that the people must acquire a clear vision of the goal and an accurate assessment of the obstacles, and must, without hesitation, be able to crush the pathetic insects that try to hinder their progression.
	www.upf.es /materials/huma/central/historia/xinaXXI/blochist/docums/jingshen.htm (3401 words)

	The Courage to Stand Alone - The Great Brain Injury Scam - Freedom Magazine Published by Church of Scientology
		So inspired by what he saw, Wei wrote "The Fifth Modernization: Democracy" the same night.
		Wei's tract stated that Deng Xiaoping's "Four Modernizations" program of economic reform -- agriculture, industry, science and technology -- could never result in a true transformation without a "Fifth Modernization": democracy.
		The irreverence of the "Fifth Modernization" brought the first-time author immediate notoriety and was the inciting incident for his involvement in other political activities.
	copyrights.freedommag.org /page30.htm (1569 words)

	OpinionJournal - Extra
		How to maintain democratic order is the domestic problem requiring solution by the people themselves, and there is no need for the privileged overlords to worry about it.
		Therefore, judging from past history, a democratic social system is the major premise or the prerequisite for all developments--or modernizations.
		The reason is that human beings need a prosperous society to produce realistic fruits and to provide them with maximum opportunity to pursue their first goal of happiness, namely freedom.
	opinionjournal.com /extra?id=85000561 (1739 words)

	TIMEasia.com \| Visions of China: Democracy Wall \| 9/27/99
		The posters tended to be timid, emphasizing that communism was a desirable and effective form of government, but that it needed to be changed in just a few regards.
		On the night I posted my essay, "The Fifth Modernization," there were almost 300 people around the wall--even though it was in the middle of the night.
		I argued that democracy should be added to the government's agenda and that without it our society would never achieve the standards of living and levels of production we hoped for.
	www.time.com /time/asia/magazine/99/0927/democracy_wall.html (654 words)

	affil hospitals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Anesthesia service for obstetric cases is provided on a 24-hour basis on the third floor; this complex is undergoing a $6 million state-of-the art expansion and modernization.
		The fifth to ninth floors contain patient rooms built around central cores for support services and include surgical intensive care and coronary care units, respiratory therapy, and other diagnostic services.
		The Louisville Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC) is a 210-bed facility and is the second teaching hospital of the University.
	www.louisville.edu /~dwalko01/affilhosps9899.htm (346 words)

	Wei Jingsheng
		With an essay of great strength, "The fifth modernization", WEI maintains that the four sectors of modernization proposed by Deng (agriculture, industry, science and defense) would be incomplete without a fifth one: democracy.
		Arrested on 29 March 1979 for "having disclosed secrets of State" to a foreigner, WEI was sentenced to five years in jail for "counter-revolutionary crimes".
		It means instilling a new force into the struggle for human rights and democracy throughout the People's Republic of China, which represents one fifth of humanity.
	www.radicalparty.org /china/ap-wei.htm (375 words)

	[No title]
		Deng Xiaoping had displaced the Maoists and reform in the shape of his "Four Modernizations" (industry, agriculture, science/technology and national defense) was being implemented.
		One of its most enthusiastic participants, a young man named Wei Jingsheng, boldly advocated for a "Fifth Modernization" - democracy and human rights: In his words, "The leaders of our nation must be informed that we want to take our destiny into our own hands.
		Without this fifth modernization, the four others are nothing more than a new-fangled lie." My classmates and I were crushed when the democracy movement was suppressed and Wei was put on trial and sentenced to 15 years in prison.
	www.cco.caltech.edu /~aigp22/news/1996/jan96.html (2284 words)

	OpinionJournal - America the Beautiful
		Wei had written and posted on a wall an essay entitled "The Fifth Modernization--Democracy." In it, he argued that China's authorities could crusade all they wanted to for progress in technology and such--the so-called four modernizations of that particular era of Communist Party sloganeering.
		Wei argued, without "the fifth modernization," meaning democracy, China could never be a truly modern nation.
		It could send a useful signal to some of our real potential allies in this modern age, meaning the people of China, not their rulers, if Secretary of State Colin Powell, or maybe even President Bush himself, were to meet first with Mr.
	www.opinionjournal.com /columnists/cRosett?id=85000559 (1079 words)

	ipedia.com: Four Modernizations Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Four Modernizations (simplified Chinese: 四个现代化; traditional Chinese: 四個現代化; pinyin: si4 ge xian4 dai4 hua4; abbreviation: 四化), were the goals of Deng Xiaoping’s reforms.
		The People's Republic of China decided to accelerate the modernization process by stepping up the volume of foreign trade, especially the purchase of machinery from Japan and the West.
		The Four Modernizations were alluded to in a wall poster by Chinese activist Wei Jingsheng which called for a Fifth Modernization, democracy.
	www.ipedia.com /four_modernizations.html (195 words)

	THE COURAGE TO STAND ALONE
		In 1978, Wei posted on a wall a long paper called ''The Fifth Modernization'' - his first protest writing.
		It was an articulate argument maintaining that China's Four Modernisms - agriculture, industry, science and defense - were not enough, that the country also needed democracy.
		Besides Wei's letters, other sections of ''The Courage To Stand Alone'' include the transcript of his 1979 trial, the text of ''The Fifth Modernism'' and a short biography of Wei by China scholar Sophie Woodman.
	www.lubbockonline.com /news/061297/courage.htm (743 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Originally jailed in 1979 for his participation in the Democracy Wall movement, it was his direct, unrepentant challenges to the Communist Party that drew the attention of the populace, as well as the authorities.
		His essay "The Fifth Modernization" challenged the notion that economic and social progress could take place in China without full participation of citizens in the political process.
		His arrest and subsequent 18 years in prison were meant to send a message to others harboring similar feelings about the government.
	www.artsforamnestyinternational.org /Pict026.htm (226 words)

	Speak Truth To Power Defender (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1995, on his fifth trip, he was caught.
		While Wu spent sixty-six days in detention, awaiting news of his fate, a worldwide campaign for his release was launched, including demands that Hillary Clinton boycott the Bejing women’s summit.
		But that same year, the second "W," Wei Jingsheng, was imprisoned for expressing himself, for calling for the fifth modernization of democracy for China.
	www.speaktruth.org /defend/profiles/profile_49.asp (2695 words)

	Conversation with Wei Jingsheng - p. 2 of 5
		So, the most crucial task is to get all the activists and demonstrators united into one common effort, because this is the only way we'll succeed.
		Your essay and wall poster on the fifth modernization, how was it so simple and yet so powerful in its impact?
		By "The Four Modernizations," the communists meant, "You people, listen to us, we'll give you this modernization and that modernization," etc. But the meaning of what I said was, "That is not right -- you should listen to the people's concerns.
	globetrotter.berkeley.edu /people/Wei/wei-con2.html (636 words)

	Asiaweek.com
		Wei first came to the notice of the West at the close of 1978, when his The Fifth Modernization: Democracy poster appeared on Beijing's Democracy Wall.
		An unknown electrician at the city zoo at the time, Wei wrote: "Democracy, freedom and happiness for all are our sole objectives in carrying out modernization.
		Without the Fifth Modernization, all other modernizations are nothing but a new lie."
	www.asiaweek.com /asiaweek/97/0815/feat4.html (1258 words)

	Syllabus for EAC389T (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		If you discover that you would like to read additional materials on China, I would be happy to suggest further general or topical readings.
		A good textbook for modern Chinese history, which goes into more detail than the Grasso textbook, is Jonathon Spence's Search for Modern China.
		Wei Jingsheng, "The Fifth Modernization," The China Reader, pp.
	www.albany.edu /eas/eac389t.html (1180 words)

	Sample No. 31
		ZHANG: The accused, Wei Jingsheng, edited the reactionary magazine "Exploration" and wrote reactionary articles such as: "Democracy—the Fifth Modernization, and other matters," "Human Rights, Equality, and Democracy," slandered Marxismeninism-Mao Zedong Thought, slandered our socialist system as a feudal monarchy concealing itself under a cloak of socialism.
		Unless the social system is reformed, unless fascist dictatorship is uprooted, unless democracy is thoroughly implemented and the people's democratic rights safeguarded, Chinese society cannot progress.
		Without the fifth modernization—democracy—modernization is nothing but a new lie.
	www.renditions.org /renditions/sps/s_31.html (1023 words)

	Top Chinese Dissident to Speak at University of Richmond
		He published his famous treatise, "The Fifth Modernization," during the "Beijing Spring" of 1978.
		The treatise expressed the view that without democracy, China could never truly modernize.
		Jailed for more than 18 years as a prisoner of conscience, he was finally exiled to the U.S. in 1997.
	oncampus.richmond.edu /news/press/jan02/Jingsheng.html (241 words)

	Presidential Lectures: Bei Dao - Bei Dao and his Audiences
		One manifestation of the 1978 period of uncertainty was Wei Jingsheng’s essay "Democracy, the Fifth Modernization." Another was a small magazine of poetry and fiction, printed in blurry characters on rough brownish paper, bilingually entitled Jintian / Today.
		But being a good citizen in modern China requires one to believe, actively, in a number of things, and to demonstrate belief by participating in rituals such as the study session, the "expression of attitudes," the public condemnation and the self-criticism.
		Wei Jingsheng, "The Fifth Modernization: Democracy" (December 5, 1978), in The Courage to Stand Alone, translated by Kristina M. Torgeson (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1998), pp.
	prelectur.stanford.edu /lecturers/dao/daoaudience.html (2425 words)

	Chinese Human Rights Reader Entry Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In November of the same year, Wei was sentenced to fifteen years’ imprisonment on charges of counterrevolutionary activities and leaking military secrets to foreigners; he was not released until 1993.
		What proved to be Wei’s undoing was not so much his conception and discussion of human rights, nor his demand for a fifth modernization, that is, democracy, as his critique of Deng Xiaoping as a new despot and his all-out criticism of socialism.
		This page copyright © 2001 by Stephen C. Angle and Marina Svensson, and M.E. Sharpe, Inc. Permission is hereby granted for all non-commercial uses of these materials.
	sangle.web.wesleyan.edu /chrr/reader/intros/39.html (428 words)

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