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	Encyclopedia: Fifth Generation Computer
		Computers using vacuum tubes were called the first generation, transistors and diodes the second, ICs the third, and those using microprocessors the fourth.
		A computer workstation, often colloquially referred to as workstation, is a high-end general-purpose microcomputer designed to be used by one person at a time and which offers higher performance than normally found in a personal computer, especially with respect to graphics, processing power and the ability to carry...
		Moreover the project found that the promises of logic programming were largely illusory, and they ran into the same sorts of limitations that earlier artificial intelligence researchers had, albeit at a different scale.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Fifth-Generation-Computer (1146 words)

	Fifth generation computer systems project - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The fifth generation computer systems project (FGCS) was an initiative by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create a "fifth generation computer" (see history of computing hardware) which was supposed to perform much calculation utilizing massive parallelism.
		To succeed in this ambitious project, the driving organization Institute for New Generation Computer Technology (ICOT) spent billions of yen in creating a specialized hardware and an operating system entirely written in a variant of Prolog programming language, as this was believed to be a truly parallelizable language.
		The FGCS Project did not meet with commercial success for reasons similar to the Lisp machine companies and Thinking Machines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fifth_generation_computer_systems_project (483 words)

	info/guide/f/fi/fifth_generation_computing - Info and Guide. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Whereas previous computer generations had focused on increasing the number of logic elements in a single CPU, the fifth generation, it was widely believed at the time, would instead turn to.
		Fifth generation computer systems project - Fifth generation computer systems project The fifth generation computer systems project (FGCS) was an initiative by Japan, begun in 1982, to create a "fifth generation computer" (see history of computing hardware) which was supposed to perform much calculation utilizing massive parallellism.
		The computer was constructed by a team led by Trevor Pearcey and Maston Beard, working in large part independently of similar efforts across Europe and the United States, and ran its first test program some time in November 1949.
	pheeds.com /info/guide/f/fi/fifth_generation_computing.html (2175 words)

	Artificial intelligence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Such a system is generally assumed to be a computer.
		AI systems are now in routine use in many businesses, hospitals and military units around the world, as well as being built into many common home computer software applications and video games.
		Evolutionary computation: applies biologically inspired concepts such as populations, mutation and survival of the fittest such as genetic algorithms and ant algorithms to generate increasingly better solutions to the problem.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Artificial_intelligence (1298 words)

	Encyclopedia: Fifth-generation programming language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The main difference between fourth-generation programming languages and fifth-generation languages is fourth-generation languages are designed to build specific programs while fifth generation languages are designed to make the computer solve the problem for you.
		Japan especially put a lot of research and money into their Fifth generation computer systems project hoping to design a massive computer network of machines using these tools.
		The PIM/m-1 machine, one of the few fifth generation computers ever produced The fifth generation computer systems project (FGCS) was an initiative by Japans Ministry of International Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create a fifth generation computer (see history of computing hardware) which was supposed...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Fifth_generation-programming-language (535 words)

	Fifth Generation Computing Conference Report
		The Fifth Generation project is a large Japanese research project aiming at producing a new kind of computer by 1991.
		The project director, Kazuhiro Fuchi gave the keynote speech and compared the three project stages to "hop, step, and jump," saying that they had now taken the step and were getting ready to jump in the final part of the project when they will produce a massively parallel machine.
		Actually, to some extent, the biggest result of the Fifth generation project came by before they even started on their own research, since the very fact that the Japanese were doing a big computer project scared a lot of European and American decision makers half to death.
	www.useit.com /papers/tripreports/fifthgeneration.html (2710 words)

	Fifth-generation programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While fourth-generation programming languages are designed to build specific programs, fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve the problem for you.
		In the 1990s, fifth-generation languages were considered to be the wave of the future, and some predicted that they would replace all other languages for system development, with the exception of low-level languages.
		Most notably, Japan put much research and money into their fifth-generation computer systems project, hoping to design a massive computer network of machines using these tools.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fifth-generation_programming_language (212 words)

	The fifth generation: Japan's computer challenge to the world.
		Their goal is to develop computers for the 1990s and beyond--intelligent computers that will be able to converse with to converse with humans in natural language and understand speech and pictures.
		Their Fifth Generation plans say unequivocally that the Japanese are the first nation to act consciously upon the realization that the new wealth of nations can be viewed as something besides financial capital, secured from manufactures goods or land rental, as it was in Adam Smith's time.
		Most have come eagerly, hungry for the chance to work directly on projects of momemtous significance and with responsibilities that wouldn't ordinarily be allowed them until they'd accumulated years of seniority at their various firms and laboratories.
	www.atarimagazines.com /creative/v10n8/103_The_fifth_generation_Jap.php (4936 words)

	[No title]
		Projected expenditure is estimated at 600-700 billion yen, which is a big number in any currency.
		A previous Japanese ten year project, The Fifth Generation Computer Systems Project, evoked a relatively dramatic and swift world response, which resulted in new collaborative efforts in both Europe and the United States.
		To understand soft logic requires one to have a vision of a "grand challenge" of computing, and to understand that the motivation for soft logic is to create a basis for mounting an attack on that grand challenge.
	www.cs.ualberta.ca /~goebel/articles/RWC.text (734 words)

	ipedia.com: Fifth generation computer systems project Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The fifth generation computer systems project was an initiative by Japan, begun in 1982, to create a "fifth generation computer" which was supposed to perform much calculation utilizing massive parall...
		The fifth generation computer systems project (FGCS) was an initiative by Japan, begun in 1982, to create a "fifth generation computer" (see history of computing hardware) which was supposed to perform much calculation utilizing massive parallelism.
		The project also produced applications to run on these systems, such as the parallel database management system Kappa, the legal reasoning system HELIC-II, and the theorem prover MGTP.
	www.ipedia.com /fifth_generation_computer_systems_project.html (407 words)

	Artificial intelligence - Future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A human brain is neither a large inference system, nor a huge homogenous neural net, but rather a collection of specialised modules.
		Cyc is a 22 year old project based on symbolic reasoning with the aim of amassing general knowledge and acquiring common sense.
		These projects are unlikely to directly lead to the creation of AI, but can be helpful when teaching the artificial intelligence about English language and the human-world domain.
	future.wikicities.com /wiki/Artificial_intelligence (811 words)

	Background: Ehud Shapiro - The World Technology Network
		Electronic computers and living organisms are similar in their ability to carry out complex physical processes under the control of digital information --- electronic gate switching controlled by computer programs and organism biochemistry controlled by the genome.
		Coming to the Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics at the Weizmann Institute of Science in 1982 as a post-doctoral fellow, Shapiro was inspired by the Japanese Fifth Generation Computer Systems project to invent a high-level programming language for parallel and distributed computer systems, named Concurrent Prolog.
		A report on the programmable, automonous molecular computing machine was published by Nature in 2002, followed in 2003 by a report in PNAS on the use of a DNA molecule as the source of both data and fuel for a molecular computer.
	www.wtn.net /2004/bio19.html (778 words)

	Prolog - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was an attempt to make a programming language that enabled the expression of logic instead of carefully specified instructions on the computer.
		Prolog is used in many artificial intelligence programs and in computational linguistics (especially natural language processing, which it was originally designed for).
		Some predicates are built into the language, and allow a Prolog program to perform routine activities (such as input/output, using graphics and otherwise communicating with the operating system).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prolog (2544 words)

	Fifth Generation Computer - Japan's Super-Computer
		The Fifth-Generation Computer was to be the end result of a massive government/industry research project in Japan during the 1980s, which aimed to create an "epoch-making computer" that would leapfrog more evolutionary designs by using the Prolog programming language to create a desktop system with supercomputer-like performance and usable artificial intelligence capabilities.
		The project imagined a parallel processing computer running on top of massive databases, as opposed to a file system, using a logic programming language to access the data.
		Moreover the project found that the promises of logic programmer were largely illusitory, and they ran into the same sorts of limitations that earlier artificial intelligence researchers had, albeit at a different scale.
	www.japan-101.com /business/fifth_generation_computer.htm (1042 words)

	History_Of_Computer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		History of computing hardware (before 1960s) History of computing hardware (1960s-present) History of operating systems The history of computing hardware (continued from history of computing hardware) picks up with the development of the integrated circuit.
		Many of these computers were superficially similar, having a usually very cheap-to-manufacture keyboard integrated into the processor unit and displaying output on a home television.
		Fifth generation computer systems project The fifth generation computer systems project (FGCS) was an initiative by Japan, begun in 1982, to create a "fifth generation computer" (see history of computing hardware) which was supposed to perform much calculation utilizing massive parallellism.
	bonose.com /History_Of_Computer-12.html (643 words)

	Fifth Generation Computer System (FGCS) summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A summary of the Fifth Generation Computer System Project and
		Generation Computer Project was established as a long-term plan extending
		The committee's proposals for the FGCS Project are summarized as
	www.atip.org /public/atip.reports.93/fgcs.93.html (2709 words)

	ICOT
		The Fifth Generation Computer Systems project was motivated by the observation that "Current computers are extremely weak in basic functions for processing speech, text, graphics, picture images, and other non-numeric data, and for artificial intelligence type processing such as inference, association, and learning" (ICOT 1982).
		A fifth-generation computer system in this early ICOT vision is distinguished by the centrality of problem solving and inference; knowledge-base management; and intelligent interfaces.
		This system was envisioned as "a database machine with 100 to 1000 GB capacity" able "to retrieve the knowledge bases required for answering a question within a few seconds" (ICOT 1982).
	www.wtec.org /loyola/kb/c5_s3.htm (5229 words)

	7/86 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - Basic Technology Promotion Center - Fifth Generation Computer Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Japanese efforts to develop artificial intelligence the use of computers to draw inferences and make judgments -- is gaining momentum as 19 major companies have recently established the Artificial Intelligence Joint Research Society and the Artificial Intelligence Center.
		The company is to work in close coordination with 5th generation computer development project.
		It utilizes "Prolog" the 5th generation computer language as one type of number processing system which can obtain numerical results from number input.
	www.japanlaw.info /lawletter/july86/ekf.htm (313 words)

	ICOT (Fifth Generation Computing) 1992 (Final conference) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		project needs to be judged against its own claims, rather than ours.
		project focusing upon one particular language, although it was a stage in
		This project will be finished at the end of this year.
	www.atip.org /public/atip.reports.92/icot.692.html (3895 words)

	Parallel Basic Software - Chikayama (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The principal objective of the project is in dissemination of the technologies developed in the FGCS main project based on concurrent logic programming.
		To reach the objective, the software systems developed in the FGCS project on parallel inference machines (PIMs) required a more widely available platform for their broader utilization.
		General Report of the FGCS Follow-on Project - Shunichi Uchida (1994)
	citeseer.lcs.mit.edu /chikayama94parallel.html (409 words)

	Future Generation Computer Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		151--151 Hiroshi Kashiwagi The Japanese super-speed computer project.
		Philip C. Treleaven and Apostolos N. Refenes Fifth generation and VLSI architectures 387--396 Hajime Sasaki Trends of VLSI in Japan.
		H. Marchand On commercial expert systems projects 213--216 Philip Cooper Expert systems in management science.
	www.math.utah.edu:8080 /pub/tex/bib/toc/futgencompsys.html (5407 words)

	Computers - Programming - Languages - Logic-based - Newsletter - News - Reviews - Education - Ratings
		Resulting from the Exbed project, this general-purpose programming language supports data abstraction and rule-based programming and is based on but is not a formal extension of CLU.
		Maude is a reflective language based on equational rewrite principles, useful for modeling and solving a wide range of computational problems.
		In the last few years, ever more events overlapping in technical scope with LICS (Symposium on Logic in Computer Science) are scheduled with no coordination, often causing conflicts: 1995 LICS and FPCA were at the exact same time and place.
	www.newsletter-library.com /Computers/Programming/Languages/Logic-based (574 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Uses disks that are attached directly to the computational processors.
		Significant in that it does use client caches in a parallel file system.
		Caches are kept coherent with a centralized directory-based protocol for exclusive-writer, multiple-reader semantics, supporting sequential consistency.
	www.cs.dartmouth.edu /pario/bib/bibtex/itoh:pimos.bib (76 words)

	Computer_Hardware (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		the driving organization Institute for New Generation Computer Technology (ICOT) spent billions of Yens in creating specialized hardware and an operating system entirely written in prolog, as this was believed to be a truly parallellizable language.
		The fifth generation computer systems project was aimed at becoming a
		AFP - Computer hardware giant IBM said it was mulling whether to "repatriate" a mamoth eight billion dollars of unrealized profits from outside the United States under the provisions of a special one-off government tax holiday act.
	bonose.com /Computer_Hardware-36.html (692 words)

	Computers Programming Languages Logic-based (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Conferences: Logic-Related - In the last few years, ever more events overlapping in technical scope with LICS (Symposium on Logic in Computer Science) are scheduled with no coordination, often causing conflicts: 1995 LICS and FPCA were at the exact same time and place.
		The Maude System - Maude is a reflective language based on equational rewrite principles, useful for modeling and solving a wide range of computational problems.
		XE - Resulting from the Exbed project, this general-purpose programming language supports data abstraction and rule-based programming and is based on but is not a formal extension of CLU.
	www.memq.com /find/Computers/Programming/Languages/Logic-based (701 words)

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