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Topic: Fig wasp

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Family compact

	Who_pollinates_fig_trees
		Fig trees are unique in that the flowers are completely concealed within the fig, an enclosed inflorescence, with the hundreds of tiny florets lining the inside of a central cavity.
		These fig wasps are the sole pollinators of fig trees and in turn, fig wasps can breed nowhere else but inside figs, a relationship that is a classic example of an obligate mutualism (neither party can survive without the other) that has evolved over the last 90 or so million years.
		Each fig tree species is usually pollinated by one fig wasp species that is only associated with that fig species, a host-specific relationship that plays a major role in the prevention of hybridisation between different species of fig trees.
	www.figweb.org /Interaction/Who_pollinates_fig_trees/index.htm (376 words)

	Fig wasp: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A wasp is any insect of the order hymenoptera and suborder apocrita that is not a bee, sawfly, or an ant....
		Figs (ficus) are a genus of about 800 species of woody trees, shrubs and vines in the family moraceae, native throughout the tropics with a...
		The common fig Ficus carica is pollinated by Blastophaga psenes.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/f/fi/fig_wasp.htm (623 words)

	The obligate relationship between figs and their pollinating fig wasps presents a number of interesting evolutionary ...
		Fig trees are not distributed in a spatially uniform way, so traits that allow the fig to indicate its location to the wasp and the wasp to detect this signal must also have evolved, and indeed they have.
		Figs and wasps theoretically are in agreement regarding the proportion of females in the wasp’s offspring.
		Figs and fig pollinators: evolutionary conflicts in a coevolved mutualism.
	www.sbs.utexas.edu /shawk/figwasps.htm (3102 words)

	Fig wasp - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fig wasps are wasps of the family Agaonidae which pollinate figs or are otherwise associated with figs.
		The family as presently defined is polyphyletic, including several unrelated lineages whose similarities are based upon their shared association with figs; efforts are underway to resolve the matter, and remove a number of constituent groups to other families, particularly the Pteromalidae and Torymidae.
		The male's only tasks are to mate with the females while still within the fig syconium and chew a hole for the females to escape from the fig interior.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fig_wasp (354 words)

	Pollinating and nonpollinating wasps associated with figs
		Some nonpollinating wasp males are dimorphic and some leave the fig, differing from the pollinating wasp males that cut an escape hole for the females and die.
		Figs wasps are haplodiploid, with the female offspring getting both sets of parental genes while sons only receive maternal genes (Patel, 1998).
		Greef J.M., Ferguson J.W.H. Mating ecology of the nonpollinating fig wasps of Ficus ingens.
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/Entomology/courses/en507/papers_2001/spriggs.htm (3344 words)

	fig@Everything2.com
		Fig wasp larvae somehow prevent the fig from ripening, thus increasing the likelihood of their survival (i.e.
		There is still another kind of wasp (the "fig wasp" parasitic wasp) that drills a small hole into the fig and deposits her egg near a developing fig wasp larva; the larva hatching from the egg survives by eating the fig wasp larva.
		Figs were a favorite of Cleopatra, and the asp that killed her was supposedly delivered in a basket of the fruit.
	everything2.com /?node=fig (1733 words)

	Figs in Coastal Southern California
		These figs have three crops a year and their ripening must be timed to the ripening of the Smyrna figs.
		Fig trees of the same variety may exhibit extreme variability in shape, size, color of skin, color of pulp, and various other characteristics when grown just a few miles apart, not to mention when grown in different countries.
		When figs have two or three crops, each crop may differ in size and quality; some of this variation may be due to weather at the time of ripening, but mostly is due to inherent variability in the crops.
	home.att.net /~oc_crfg/fig-2.htm (2068 words)

	Crop Profiles
		Figs that require wasp-pollination consist of two groups of trees, the caprifig and the edible fig.
		Fig orchards are located as far as possible from other host orchards such as stone fruits and citrus since driedfruit beetles can fly several miles to find a suitable host.
		Spores are produced in the spring and are transferred by the fig wasp when it emerges from the fruit to "pollinate" the spring caprifig crop.
	www.ipmcenters.org /cropprofiles/docs/cafigs.html (2885 words)

	WASP AND BEE CONTROL
		Wasps and bees are beneficial insects, although they are generally considered to be pests because of their ability to sting.
		Wasps are predators, feeding insects and other arthropods to their young, which develop in the nest.
		When the wasps are dead, seal the entrance with caulk or something similar to prevent a new wasp queen from using the same entrance to build a new nest next year.
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/horticulture/DG3732.html (2479 words)

	fig. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		After entering the receptacle and laying its eggs, the wasp dies and its body and eggs are absorbed by the developing fruit; only the eggs laid inside the caprifig fruit survive.
		The name fig is also applied to various unrelated plants that either resemble the fig tree or bear figlike fruits.
		Figs are classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Urticales, family Moraceae.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fi/fig.html (361 words)

	Calimyrna Figs In California
		Magnified view of the Ficus carica fig wasps (Blastophaga psenes): The winged female (left) is shiny fl with a threadlike ovipositor at the tip of her abdomen.
		It is virtually impossible for female wasp to deposit her eggs inside the ovaries, her ovipositor is too short to penetrate the long, threadlike styles.
		The fig wasp larva is clearly a seed predator feeding inside the ovary of a normal flower.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /pljune99.htm (2857 words)

	AllRefer.com - fig, Plant (Plants) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		It differs from other genera of the family in that the hundreds of tiny female flowers are borne on the inside of a syconium, a fleshy fruitlike receptacle with a small opening at the apex.
		After entering the receptacle and laying its eggs, the wasp dies and its body and eggs are absorbed by the developing fruit; only the eggs laid inside the caprifig fruit survive.
		Figs are classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Urticales, family Moraceae.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/F/fig.html (400 words)

	Sexual Suicide
		In about half of the fig species (referred to as monoecious), male flowers and the long and short-style female flowers occur in the same bisexual syconium; but in all other fig species (referred to as dioecious or gynodioecious), the seed-producing, long-style female flowers only occur in unisexual syconia on female trees (with no male flowers).
		The tunnels were cut by the male fig wasps to enable the winged females to escape.
		For example, when a female fig wasp enters a receptive syconium to lay her eggs, her fate is irreversibly determined.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /ww0701.htm (6239 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Fig wasps are wasps of the family Agaonidae which pollinate figs or are otherwise associated with figs.
		The family as presently defined is polyphyletic, including several unrelated lineages whose similarities are based upon their shared association with figs; efforts are underway to resolve the matter, and remove a number of constituent groups to other families, particularly the Pteromalidae and Torymidae.
		The males' only tasks are to mate with the females while still within the fig syconium and to chew a hole for the females to escape from the fig interior.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=fig_wasp (619 words)

	Classic partnership isn't so tidy after all - Fig-Wasp Upset - research indictes two species of wasp pollinate fig ...
		In four out of eight fig species tested in Panama, genetic markers reveal that the supposedly single type of wasp living in the flower turns out to be two species, reports Drude Molbo of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) based in Balboa, Panama.
		Fig partnerships with multiple wasps may turn out to be "routine," Molbo and her colleagues suggest in an upcoming Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
		Rethinking wasps and figs may rock some established ideas, but Herre says the finding does solve some puzzles in theories of resource allocation between sons and daughters.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_17_163/ai_101339489 (581 words)

	Fig wasp diversity
		Fig wasps are circumtropical in distribution, with about 640 described species in the world.
		Berg and Wiebes' book on African fig trees and fig wasps (1992) forms the foundation for our taxonomic knowledge of fig wasps from the Afrotropical region, but as with any systematic treatise where work is ongoing this book was out of date almost as soon as it was published.
		Jean-Yves Rasplus and Carole Kerdelhué are revising the Epichrysomallinae and Sycophaginae.
	www.figweb.org /Fig_wasps/Diversity/index.htm (289 words)

	Figs - Nutritious fruits - Nature's Wonderland - Jewish Kids
		The tiny fig wasps life is just about one day; it usually dies on the same day on which it is born, when it crawls out of the protective covering ("gall") in which the egg hatched.
		The fig wasp is born inside the male fig (caprifig).Flowers on the stem side of the interior serve as hatchery and nusery for the insects.
		Fig growers, who are now wiser to the life of the tiny fig wasp, make sure that the wasp will find their Calimyrnas, instead of another male fig.
	www.chabad.org /article.asp?aid=114761 (1654 words)

	Cloudbridge Project in Costa Rica: The Fig-Wasp Relationship
		Each species of fig has its own particular species of small wasp (“fig wasps,” or chalcid) that pushes its way into the fig when it is still green and hard and pollinates the tree.
		The fig tree chemically detects the presence of the egg and surrounds it with plant tissue.
		Without their tiny symbiotic wasps, the figs would not ripen and the tree could not procreate, and would eventually become extinct.
	cloudbridge.org /fig-wasp.htm (564 words)

	George Weiblen
		Preferences of fig wasps and fruit bats for figs of functionally dioecious Ficus pungens.
		On the origin of the fig: phylogenetic relationships of Moraceae from ndhF sequences.
		DNA-based phylogenies of fig wasps: partial co-cladogenesis between pollinators and parasites.
	geo.cbs.umn.edu (590 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Deep mtDNA divergences indicate cryptic species in a fig-pollinating wasp
		Comparisons of the phylogenies of figs and fig wasps support a long history of co-radiation [8] and also show that cospeciation has played a significant role [9].
		Indeed, some mismatches between figs and wasps at deep phylogenetic levels suggest that host shifts have occurred at times during their coevolutionary history [9,15].
		Wasps were allowed to emerge naturally from their syconia and were then stored in 95% ethanol at -20C.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2148/6/83 (5314 words)

	fig wasp definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		fig wasp definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		Search for "fig wasp" in all of MSN Encarta
		fig-pollinating wasp: a wasp that breeds in caprifigs and pollinates the flowers of wild fig trees.
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_1861690289/fig_wasp.html (80 words)

	Machado Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Current interests include studying the genetic consequences of evolution in subdivided populations, the extent of cospeciation between Neotropical figs and their pollinators, the geographical context of speciation and cospeciation in the mutualism, and the potential for genetic introgression across different fig species due to pollinator host switches (see fig research).
		In particular, the extremely subdivided population structure of fig wasps, and the ease of approximately estimating that structure without genetic data, make fig pollinating wasps an ideal system for conducting studies of the genetic consequences of evolution in subdivided populations.
		Population genetic and evolutionary studies are being conducted in the context of a NSF grant (DEB-0108475) to study the dynamics of Wolbachia in fig communities.
	eebweb.arizona.edu /Faculty/machado/research_wasp.htm (458 words)

	One fig, one wasp? Not always!
		Wasps began to pollinate and co-evolve with figs 90 million years ago, even before continental drift separated Old and New World groups.
		However, genetically identical wasps may also be found on two different fig hosts, suggesting that new associations may also form from time to time.
		Ref. Cryptic species of fig pollinating wasps: Implications for the evolution of the fig-wasp mutualism, sex allocation and precision of adaptation.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-04/si-ofo042503.php (534 words)

	NOVA \| Jewel of the Earth \| Stories in the Amber (non-Flash) \| PBS
		This fig wasp proves that plants of the fig genus existed in the amber forest, even though no direct evidence of fig trees or shrubs has turned up in Dominican amber.
		Judging from the wasp pupa beside it, the worker had raided a wasp nest and was in the process of carrying its prize back to the nest when it had the misfortune of stepping or falling into a blob of resin.
		Though social wasps are one of its prey, such beetles do not have to encounter a wasp in order to parasitize it.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/jewel/stor-nf.html (1236 words)

	Fig wasp - Definition, explanation
		This is the reverse of Strepsiptera and the bagworm, where the male is a normal insect and the female never leaves.
		Figs have three kinds of flowers: male, short female, and long female.
		Pollinating fig wasps (Agaoninae) are specific to specific figs.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/f/fi/fig_wasp.php (200 words)

	Fruit bats plant Fig Trees, important historical food source
		The bats digest their meal of figs quickly, the seeds pass through the bats' digestive tracts and are expelled in feces or droppings as the bats fly or roost.
		The thousands of internal fig flowers are pollinated by a tiny female wasp that is a bit bigger than a gnat or midge.
		The dead fig wasp bodies are digested by a substance in the fig named ficin, an enzyme that digests protein, like the papain in
	www.batplants.co.uk /figfinaldraft.htm (1428 words)

	fig — Infoplease.com
		strangler fig - strangler fig strangler fig, common name for a number of tropical plant species, most of them are...
		Figs - Figs I shan't buy my Attic figs in future, but grow them.
		FIG Working Week 2005 & GSDI-8, Cairo, Egypt: 'from pharaohs to geomatics' provided the theme for a world class gathering in an unique......
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0818657.html (497 words)

	Harvest: Barley, Wheat, Produce of Vines/Trees
		Be ye ashamed, O ye husbandmen; howl, O ye vinedressers, for the wheat and for the barley; because the harvest of the field is perished.
		The vine is dried up, and the fig tree languisheth; the pomegranate tree, the palm tree also, and the apple tree, even all the trees of the field, are withered: because joy is withered away from the sons of men.--Joel 1:1-12
		This is the only method by which the Smyrna fig, one of the favorite varieties, can be produced, and it was necessary to import the capri fig and the wasp before Smyrna figs could be grown in California.
	philologos.org /bpr/files/h005b.htm (5950 words)

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