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	Figure of the Earth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The expression figure of the Earth has various meanings in geodesy according to the way it is used and the precision with which the Earth's size and shape is to be defined.
		Since the Earth is in fact flattened slightly at the poles and bulges somewhat at the equator, the geometrical figure used in geodesy to most nearly approximate the shape of the Earth is an ellipsoid of revolution.
		Dertermining the exact figure of the Earth is not only a geodetic operation or a task of geometry, but is also related to geophysics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth (1596 words)

	FIGURE OF THE EARTH - LoveToKnow Article on FIGURE OF THE EARTH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The determination of the figure of the earth is a problem of the highest importance in astronomy, inasmuch as the diameter of the earth is the unit to which all celestial distances must be referred.
		To avoid this an approximation was resorted to; the triangulation was divided into twenty-one parts or figures; four of these, not adjacent, were first adjusted by the method explained, and the corrections thus determined in these figures carried into the equations of condition of the adjacent figures.
		The average number of equations in a figure is 44; the largest equation is one of 77 unknown quantities.
	22.1911encyclopedia.org /E/EA/EARTH_FIGURE_OF_THE.htm (2550 words)

	CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Figure 1.6c: The Earth is a compositionally stratified planet with an overall density of 5.5 g/cm3 and has a radius of 6500 km.
		Figure 1.11: The earth’s crust is defined as the veneer of rocky material that surrounds the planet.
		Figure 19.4: The mantle is composed of peridotite, a dark-green rock composed primarily of Si, O, Mg and Ca.
	www.uh.edu /~geos6g/1330/intro.html (450 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Physics of the Earth - II The Figure of the Earth Bulletin of the National Research Council (1931)
		FIGURE OF THE EARTH at the beginning of a century, then at the end of the century it would be 13.2 seconds last according to the stars.
		He supposes that the rotation of the earth was originally so rapid that the solar sem;- diurnal tides had a period approximating to the natural period of vibra- tion of the earth for a disturbance of the tidal type, that is, a period o-t' about two hours.
		The near coincidence in period of the free vibration of the earth with the forced tidal vibration raised such enormous solar tides that the earth was disruptecl.
	www.nap.edu /books/ARC000033/html/81.html (5587 words)

	The Book of Earths: Upholders of the World
		Earth explain the mystery of the "rising and the setting of the Sun" any more or any better than the primitive idea that darkness came when the Sun was submerged in the sea, and that light came when the Sun sprang out of the sea.
		For as a tree, rooted in the Earth, is a part of it, so Earth, rooted in the universal waters, must be a part of the universe from which it derives life and nourishment.
		One of the old familiar figures of Earth is that hemispherical Earth of the Hindus (Plate II, C) supported on the backs of four elephants, which stand on the hemispherical shell of a gigantic tortoise floating on
	www.sacred-texts.com /earth/boe/boe08.htm (2440 words)

	PROOFS
		But, as the Earth is so nearly related to the heavenly bodies, and as observations of this kind illustrate more fully those doctrines we have already advanced, it is necessary to give some general ideas of the formation, motion, and figure of the earth, and other planets.
		It is, however, certain, that the density of the earth, instead of being 206 7/8, is 400; and consequently, the earth must have suffered a condensation in the proportion of 206 7/8 to 400.
		The mountains of the moon are indeed higher than those of the earth; but her tides are likewise stronger; because the earth, the size of which is much larger, produces the tides of the moon with superior force.
	faculty.njcu.edu /fmoran/vol1art2.htm (5841 words)

	The figure of the Earth (from Earth) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		The surface of the Earth as a mosaic of plates
		The layers of rock at the Earth's surface contain evidence of the evolutionary processes undergone by these components of the terrestrial environment during the times at which each layer was formed.
		Included in the Earth sciences are the geological, the hydrological, and the atmospheric sciences, which are concerned respectively with the nature and behavior of the Earth itself, the water, and the air.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9310 (887 words)

	Early conceptions (from Earth) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		The definition of the figure of the Earth—i.e., its size and shape—usually does not involve the description of mountains and valleys but, rather, the size and shape of the mean sea-level surface and its continuation under the land.
		Because of the irregular mass distributions in the Earth and the resultant gravity anomalies, the geoid is not a simple mathematical surface and consequently is not a suitable reference surface for a geometric figure of the Earth (see below).
		As reference figures of the Earth, but not for its topography, simple geometric forms are used that approximate the geoid.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9316 (1169 words)

	Geoid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is often referred to as a close representation or physical model of the figure of the Earth.
		According to C.F. Gauss, it is the "mathematical figure of the Earth", in fact, of the gravity field.
		A GPS receiver on board may show the height variations relative to the (mathematically defined) reference ellipsoid, the centre of which coincides with the Earth's centre of mass, the centre of orbital motion of GPS satellites.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geoid (551 words)

	Geodesy Page by James Q. Jacobs
		The mechanical ellipticity of the earth (dynamical flattening) is determined by observation and differs from the geometrical because the earth is not of uniform density.
		is the intersection of the lunar orbital plane with the earth's ecliptical (solar orbital) plane.
		is the extension of the earth's (precessing and nutating) instantaneous spin axis to intersect with the celestial sphere.
	www.jqjacobs.net /astro/geodesy.html#definitions (1924 words)

	The Earth and the Moon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Earth's strong magnetic field is able to deflect from the Earth many of the dangerous particles from the Sun.
		Virtually all the volcanic CO of the early Earth was removed by the oceans and is currently in the Earth's rocks.
		The tidal forces are gradually causing a slowdown in the Earth's rotation, and as a side effect, the Moon is moving further away from the Earth.
	www.earth.uni.edu /~morgan/astro/course/Notes/section4/new17.html (7338 words)

	Pole Shifts - Crystalinks
		The equatorial bulge, the rotation axis' angle of inclination to the ecliptic plane, the gravitational tidal forces of the Sun, Moon and planets, have an affect on the Earths' orbit that produces the famous precession of the equinoxes.
		Axial Tilt: the ecliptic is the plane of the Earth's ellipsoidal orbital path around the sun; the rotation axis is currently inclined to the ecliptic by an angle of 23.5 degrees: this is called the obliquity, or tilt, of the axis.
		The Earth's rotation acts on these nonsymmetrically deposited masses of ice, and produces centrifugal momentum that is transmitted to the rigid crust of the Earth.
	www.crystalinks.com /poleshifts.html (1735 words)

	The Book of Earths: The Tetrahedral Earth
		Plate XLVIII is a drawing of the Earth as a Tetrahedron or three-sided pyramid; it appeared in the New York World, October 24, 1926, as an illustration to a review of Théophile Moreux's Astronomy To-day.
		20], supposed to be three-fourths covered by water attracted towards the centre of gravity of the figure, represents generally all the continents and oceans on the globe in their actual relative positions.
		These are the words that gave the image that produced this latest figure to be drawn of the Earth, a tetrahedron or three-sided pyramid, with four continents and four oceans, spinning in space.
	www.sacred-texts.com /earth/boe/boe34.htm (1167 words)

	Earth Science on the Earth Simulator I - Union [U]
		Accurate modeling of seismic wave propagation in fully three-dimensional (3-D) Earth models is of considerable interest in seismology in order to determine both the 3-D seismic wave velocity structure of the Earth and the rupture process during a large earthquake.
		We include the full complexity of the Earth, i.e., a 3-D seismic wave velocity and density structure, a 3-D crustal model, the elliptical figure of the Earth as well as topography and bathymetry.
		Frequency domain responses are commonly used to analyze a steady state part of the geomagnetic variations to detect the conductivity structure of deep interiors of the earth, whereas time-domain approaches are also useful for analyzing the transient responses of the induction due to the external magnetic disturbances observed during large magnetic storms.
	www.agu.org /meetings/wp04/wp04-sessions/wp04_U21A.html (2238 words)

	VIS Representative Images (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		This is an image of Earth's Northern Auroral Oval in the ultraviolet spectrum superposed on an image of Earth's surface for 23 September 1996 (96/267) at 03:17:43 UT.
		This is an image of Earth's Northern Auroral Oval in the ultraviolet spectrum superposed on an image of Earth's surface for 23 September 1996 (96/267) at 03:25:50 UT.
		The VIS Earth Camera is predominantly sensitive to the atomic oxygen emissions at 130.4 nm and 135.6 nm.
	eiger.physics.uiowa.edu /~vis/examples (1485 words)

	DEFENSE MAPPING AGENCY TECHNICAL REPORT 80-003
		In the past, military geodesy was largely involved with the practical aspect of the determination of exact positions of points on the earth's surface for mapping or artillery control purposes while the determination of the precise size and shape of the earth was a purely scientific role.
		The English claimed that the earth must be flattened, as Newton and Huygens had shown theoretically, while the Frenchmen defended their own measurement and were inclined to keep the earth egg-shaped.
		While the sphere is a close approximation of the true figure of the earth and satisfactory for many purposes, to the geodesists interested in the measurement of long distances-spanning continents and oceans-a more exact figure is necessary.
	www.ngs.noaa.gov /PUBS_LIB/Geodesy4Layman/TR80003A.HTM (5217 words)

	AGU Web Site: A Beginner's Guide to the Earth's Magnetosphere
		The magnetosphere is the region of space to which the Earth's magnetic field is confined by the solar wind plasma blowing outward from the Sun, extending to distances in excess of 60,000 kilometers from Earth.
		A shock wave also stands in the flow upstream of the cavity (in Figure 1), which forms because the speed of the solar wind relative to the Earth is much faster than that of wave propagation within it.
		In Figure 1a, the interplanetary magnetic field is compressed against the magnetopause and draped over it by the flow, but ultimately the field lines slip around the "sides" of the magnetosphere, frozen into the magnetosheath plasma.
	www.agu.org /sci_soc/cowley.html (3002 words)

	Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography (1897) pp. 389-392. Explanation of the plates
		Plate 2.----The figure of the earth and the heaven, as Cosmas and the ancient Fathers conceived it.
		Plate 6.----A representation of the oblong rectangular figure of the earth which we inhabit, with its surrounding ocean, which is itself surrounded by the other earth which was the seat of Paradise and the abode of man before the Flood.
		The four gulfs are shown, and the conical mountain in the north-west whence the earth slopes downward to the south.
	www.ccel.org /p/pearse/morefathers/cosmas_13_plates.htm (837 words)

	figure of speech - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about figure of speech
		These figures include euphemism, hyperbole, metaphor, metonymy, onomatopoeia, oxymoron, personification, pun, simile, synecdoche, and zeugma.
		The list of such figures is usually based on one dating from discussions of literary and rhetorical style in Greece in the 5th century
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /figure+of+speech (223 words)

	The Flat Earth and its Advocates: A List of References: Science Reference Guides (Science Reference Services,Library of ...
		The earth being flat instead of round, the sun is not stationary but moves.
		An experimental inquiry into the true figure of the earth, proving it a plane, without orbital or axial motion, and the only known material world; its true position in the universe, comparatively recent formation, present chemical condition, and approaching destruction by fire, &c., &c.
		White, Arthur V. The shape of the earth; some proofs for the spherical shape of the earth given in astronomical and geographical text-books examined, and shown to be unsound.
	www.loc.gov /rr/scitech/SciRefGuides/flatearth.html (1254 words)

	THE EARTH MOTHER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Aztecs recognize her both as a serpentine form of the Earth Mother, and more importantly as the mother of their patron deity Huitzilopochtli (.WAV), the war god who brought the Aztecs to the island in Lake Texcoco from which they would build their empire.
		The Earth was seen as an indiscriminate devourer, consuming life in order to generate it anew.
		While in some myths the earth was in fact formed from the back of the great crocodilian beast Cipactli, the crocodilian aspects are not as pronounced here.
	members.aol.com /emdelcamp/mother.htm (688 words)

	Figure of the Earth
		By the figure of the earth is meant the set of parameters that define the size and shape of the earth.
		Determining the figure of the Earth from 3000 BC to the 18th century Lapland and Peruvian survey expeditions.
		The History of the theories of attraction and the Figure of the Earth.
	www.fig.net /hsm/figure_earth.htm (234 words)

	EARTH, FIGURE OF - Online Information article about EARTH, FIGURE OF
		EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf.
		Thus if l be the length of a measuring bar, h its height at any given position in the measurement, r the radius of the earth, then the length radially projected on to the level of the sea is l(1-h/r).
		In this method of triangulating, the sides of the triangles are generally from 20 to 30 miles in length—seldom exceeding 40.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /DRO_ECG/EARTH_FIGURE_OF.html (8047 words)

	NOAA National Ocean Service Education: The Elements of Geodesy
		The Elements of Geodesy: The Figure of the Earth
		The Earth's shape is nearly spherical, with a radius of about 3,963 miles (6,378 km), and its surface is very irregular.
		The Earth's mass is unevenly distributed, meaning that certain areas of the planet experience more gravitational "pull" than others.
	www.nos.noaa.gov /education/kits/geodesy/geo03_figure.html (375 words)

	Eco - Papers: "Maps, Mazes and Monsters" by Adele Haft
		The second group represents the earth as a sphere divided into areas that are habitable and uninhabitable, known and unknown.
		Bounded by the 'uninhabitable frigid zones' at the earth's northern and southern extremities, the temperate zones were separated from one another by a central, equatorial tract too 'parched' for human habitation (64).
		In the early fourth century, Lactantius had denied the sphericity of the earth, thereby eliminating the 'ridiculous and false' belief of the pagans in the Antipodes (70).
	www.themodernword.com /eco/eco_papers_haft.html (11997 words)

	Is There Scientific Evidence for the Existence of God? How the Recent Discoveries Support a Designed Universe
		This result is illustrated in Figure 3, where the intensity of radiation from the sun and the biological utility of radiation are shown as a function of the wavelength of radiation.
		It is remarkable that both the Earth's atmosphere and water have "optical windows" that allow visible light (just the radiation necessary for life) to pass through with very little absorption, whereas shorter wavelength (destructive ultraviolet radiation) and longer wavelength (infrared) radiation are both highly absorbed, as seen in Figure 3.
		Earth owes its relative climatic stability to its stable 23-degree axis of rotation.
	www.leaderu.com /real/ri9403/evidence.html (9933 words)

	Is the Earth an Oblate or a Prolate Spheroid? by Alfred Russel Wallace
		In Dr. Pratt's letter in your journal of April 28, he seems to argue that modern astronomers and geometers are in error as to the true form of the earth.
		His words are: "In conformity with the assumed oblate figure of the earth, arcs of the meridian should progressively diminish from the equator to the poles.
		That the earth, at the sea level, is not a sphere.
	www.wku.edu /~charles.smith/wallace/S115-116.htm (568 words)

	Nat'l Academies Press: Physics of the Earth - II The Figure of the Earth Bulletin of the National Research Council
		Nat'l Academies Press: Physics of the Earth - II The Figure of the Earth Bulletin of the National Research Council
		Physics of the Earth - II The Figure of the Earth Bulletin of the National Research Council
		Subsidiary Committee on the Figure of the Earth, Committee on Physics of the Earth
	www.nap.edu /catalog/9574.html (92 words)

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