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Topic: Finite impulse response

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Digital filter

Filter design

	Finite Impulse Response filters
		A Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter produces an output, y(n), that is the weighted sum of the current and past inputs, x(n).
		The filter coefficents are a windowed sinc funtion, plotted in figure 5 and the amplitude response is plotted in figure 6.
		FIR filters are computationally expensive to implement but need not introduce phase distortions - useful in processing high quality speech.
	svr-www.eng.cam.ac.uk /~ajr/SA95/node13.html (291 words)

	Finite Impulse Response Filter - Hydrogenaudio Knowledgebase
		Figure: Impulse response h(n) of a digital filter and frequency response of the digital filter (lowpass filter).
		To implement the fir filter, an input signal x(n) is convolved with fir filter's impulse response h(n), resulting in a filtered output signal y(n).
		Recursive filters (iir; infinite impulse response) are an extension of this, using previously calculated values from the output, besides points from the input.
	wiki.hydrogenaudio.org /index.php?title=Finite_Impulse_Response_Filter (233 words)

	Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters
		An FIR filter can be implemented non-recursively by convolving its impulse response (which is often used to define an FIR filter) with the time data sequence it is filtering.
		FIR filters are somewhat simpler than Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters, which contain one or more feedback terms and must be implemented with difference equations or some other recursive technique.
		IDL's DIGITAL_FILTER function computes the impulse response of an FIR filter based on Kaiser's window, which in turn is based on the modified Bessel function.
	idlastro.gsfc.nasa.gov /idl_html_help/Finite_Impulse_Response_(FIR)_Filters.html (301 words)

	Programmable finite impulse response processor with scalable dynamic data range - Patent 6163788
		A programmable finite impulse response processor, by which a convolution calculation between input data and filter coefficients is performed based on Booth algorithm.
		The tap comprises a coefficient latch, a Booth decoder, an adder, a 2-to-1 multiplexor (MUX), and an accumulation latch.
		To achieve these objects and advantages, and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the invention is directed towards a programmable finite impulse response processor, by which a convolution calculation between input data and filter coefficients is performed based on Booth algorithm.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6163788.html (3484 words)

	The Principles of Impulse Response Effects
		Impulse response uses the simple mathematical technique of creating a weighted moving average of the sample values in a digital wave.
		The delay impulse is not adjacent to the zero impulse, as in a filter, but its position is calculated by multiplying the desired time delay (in seconds) by the sampling rate of the input audio data.
		Another potential of impulse response is the routing of data from an individual impulse, or group of impulses, through other processes such as a wave shaping synthesizer (ie: distortion/overdrive).
	www.themusicpage.org /articles/impulse.html (3505 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Unlike the continuous-time impulse function (a pulse which is infinitely tall and has zero-width, but has finite area), the discrete-time impulse sequence is easy to create in practice.
		FIR filters are also sometimes called non-recursive filters, since the output is only dependent on recent past inputs and not on prior values of the output.
		FIR filters are also often called all-zero filters, because the characteristics of the transfer function H(z) are determined by the placement of the zeros in the z domain (determined by the a(m) coefficients).
	www.ece.unh.edu /courses/ece707_3/Docs/DSP/FIR_IIR.htm (693 words)

	Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters
		An FIR filter can be implemented non-recursively by convolving its impulse response (which is often used to define an FIR filter) with the time data sequence it is filtering.
		FIR filters are somewhat simpler than Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters, which contain one or more feedback terms and must be implemented with difference equations or some other recursive technique.
		IDL's DIGITAL_FILTER function computes the impulse response of an FIR filter based on Kaiser's window, which in turn is based on the modified Bessel function.
	www.physics.nyu.edu /grierlab/idl_html_help/signal17.html (553 words)

	Introduction to Digital Filters - FIR (finite impulse resonse), IIR (infinite impulse response), low pass, high pass
		Simple filters are usually defined by their responses to the individual frequency components that constitute the input signal.
		The passband response is the filter's effect on frequency components that are passed through (mostly) unchanged.
		An FIR filter is usually implemented by using a series of delays, multipliers, and adders to create the filter's output.
	www.netrino.com /Publications/Glossary/Filters.php (1051 words)

	1
		FIR filters are one of two primary types of digital filters used in Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications (the other type being IIR).
		The impulse response is "finite" because there is no feedback in the filter; if you put in an impulse (that is, a single "1" sample followed by many "0" samples), zeroes will eventually come out after the "1" sample has made its way in the delay line past all the coefficients.
		Circular buffers are often provided by DSP microprocessors to implement the "movement" of the samples through the FIR delay-line without having to literally move the data in memory.
	www.ele.uri.edu /~sairajan/fir1.htm (697 words)

	IADSPL : Filter Implementation (page 42)
		An impulse is a signal which has a value of zero everywhere except for a single sample which has a value of one.
		The impulse response of a filter is the output of a filter when the input to the filter is an impulse.
		FIR filters have a finite impulse response because any output sample is only calculated from a finite section of the input signal.
	www.mega-nerd.com /Res/IADSPL/page42.html (128 words)

	Finite Impulse Response FAQ: Basics
		FIR filters are one of two primary types of digital filters used in Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications (the other type being IIR).
		The impulse response is "finite" because there is no feedback in the filter; if you put in an impulse (that is, a single "1" sample followed by many "0" samples), zeroes will eventually come out after the "1" sample has made its way in the delay line past all the coefficients.
		Circular buffers are often provided by DSP microprocessors to implement the "movement" of the samples through the FIR delay-line without having to literally move the data in memory.
	www.dspguru.com /info/faqs/fir/basics.htm (776 words)

	Sampling the Impulse Response
		Sampling the impulse response has the advantage of preserving resonant frequency locations, but its big disadvantage is aliasing.
		Before a continuous impulse response is sampled, it should be lowpass filtered to eliminate all frequency components at half the sampling rate and above.
		A sampled impulse response is an example of a nonparametric representation of a linear, time-invariant system.
	ccrma.stanford.edu /~jos/pasp05/Sampling_Impulse_Response.html (360 words)

	FIR Filter Design by Windowing (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The window method begins with an ideal lowpass filter, whose impulse response is of infinite duration, and truncates it, producing a finite impulse response.
		To obtain a causal FIR filter, the impulse response of the ideal lowpass filter is shifted in time by 15 ((L-1)/2) samples and windowed.
		The impulse response of the shifted ideal lowpass filter is shown in the third.
	www.eelab.usyd.edu.au /ee_database/basic/fir.html (317 words)

	Finite impulse response
		A finite impulse response (FIR) filter is a type of a digital filter in discrete time, that is normally implemented through digital electronic computation.
		A finite impulse response filter has a number of useful properties which sometimes make it preferable to an infinite impulse response filter: FIR filters are inherently stable, require no feedback, and can have linear phase (i.e.
		the phase response of the filter is a linear function of frequency, excluding the possibility of wraps at).
	www.faqfolio.com /faqfolio/f/fi/finite_impulse_response.html (159 words)

	Multi-channel spatialization system for audio signals - Patent 5438623
		The outputs of the impulse response filters are subsequently reconverted to analog signals, filtered, mixed and fed to a pair of headphones.
		The HRTF imposes a unique frequency response for a given sound source position outside of the head, which can be measured by recording the impulse response in or at the entrance of the ear canal and then examining its frequency response via Fourier analysis.
		This binaural impulse response can be digitally implemented in a 3-D audio system by convolving the input signal in the time domain with the impulse response of two HRTFs, one for each ear, using two finite impulse response filters.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5438623.html (4149 words)

	Discrete-Time Signals & Digital Filtering
		The magnitude response indicates the ratio of a filtered sine wave's output amplitude to its input amplitude.
		The impulse response of an FIR filter is only as long as the maximum delayed input term in its difference equation.
		The maximum possible gain of an FIR filter is given by the sum of input terms, scaled by their coefficients, in its difference equation.
	www.music.mcgill.ca /~gary/614/week1/signals.html (1302 words)

	27.1.3 An analysis of polar filtering
		In general, results using the finite impulse filter were inferior to those using the fourier filter based on a comparison with an integration using very small time steps and no filtering.
		However, since the response fuction of the simple finite impulse filter with weights (1/4, 1/2, 1/4) is a cosine, multiple applications yield successively more smoothing at lower wavenumbers.
		However, the finite impulse filter will produce much less smoothing of long waves when time tendencies are filtered.
	www.gfdl.gov /%7Esmg/MOM/web/guide_parent/s7node70.html (382 words)

	Linear Filtering and Filter Design (Image Processing Toolbox) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Two-dimensional FIR filters are natural extensions of one-dimensional FIR filters.
		FIR filters can be designed to have linear phase, which helps prevent distortion.
		Another class of filter, the infinite impulse response (IIR) filter, is not as suitable for image processing applications.
	www.weizmann.ac.il /matlab/toolbox/images/linfilt9.html (126 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Finite impulse response
		The Z-transform of an FIR filter has only zeros and no poles.
		The number of coefficients in an FIR filter is its order (sometimes referred to as "taps").
		An FIR filter has linear phase if and only if its coefficients are symmetric about the center coefficient.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Finite_impulse_response (295 words)

	Finite Impulse Response FIR Filter
		The core of the FIR algorithm is embedded in the function sum_of_products which implements the chain of multiply-accumulations.
		As the model is clocked and operates on bit-level data, this FIR filter description can be used (and indeed was used) as a reference model for the design of a synthesisable FIR filter.
		You are welcome to use the source code we provide but you must keep the copyright notice with the code (see the Notices page for details).
	www.doulos.com /knowhow/vhdl_designers_guide/models/finite_impulse_response_fir_filter (315 words)

	GLOSSARY - Impulse Response ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The impulse response of a filter (or system) is the output response due to the application of an impulse to is input.
		Thus the impulse response of the filter is limited to the duration associated with the length of the delay line.
		If this feedback were say 0.5 the impulse response would reduce by 0.5 in one feedback period, by.25 in two periods, by.125 in 3 periods etc. It would however (neglecting Truncation) never become zero and hence a recursive filter has an infinite impulse response (IIR) and hence these filters are also known as IIR Filters.
	www.magma.ca /~masonjl/Glossary/glos5ztx.htm (299 words)

	Part II: Digital Filters
		As an example, the impulse responses for a hi-pass and lo-pass FIR filter of order 40 [40 kb], crossed over at 3000 Hz, shows the ringing of the hi-pass and lo-pass filters.
		The combined impulse response can be made truly perfect by the simple expedient of defining the hi-pass coefficients as the negatives of the lo pass, except for the center tap which is 1 minus the lo pass center.
		A comparison of the impulse responses [44 kb] for the same four filters discussed above shows a substantial similarity in all of the responses except for the IIR design, which not surprisingly has significantly greater ringing.
	www.silcom.com /~aludwig/Signal_processing/Digital_filters.htm (1294 words)

	Introduction to Computer Programming with MATLAB
		To obtain the impulse response of a system specified in the frequency domain we can use an inverse Fourier transform to get a sampled impulse response then truncate or window the impulse response to a suitable length. The inverse Fourier transform is described in lecture 9.
		generates a truncated impulse response in h[] of length n samples, corresponding to a low-pass filter with a cut-off at a normalised frequency w. In MATLAB filter design functions, frequencies are normalised to half the sampling rate, i.e.
		In general you need truncated impulse responses that are long enough to capture the majority of the energy in the full impulse response.
	www.phon.ucl.ac.uk /courses/spsci/matlab/lect8.html (1032 words)

	FIR - Fast InfraRed, Finite Impulse Response
		FIR is a acronym that can contains many meanings which are listed below.
		There may be many popular meanings for FIR with the most popular definition being that of Fast InfraRed, Finite Impulse Response
		FIR is also derived from Finite Impulse Response
	www.auditmypc.com /acronym/FIR.asp (189 words)

	QEX Article - FIR Filters
		This method takes advantage of the fact that the frequency response of the filter is really a periodic function with the same period as that of the sampling frequency used to sample the analog input signal.
		The coefficients for a lowpass FIR filter of 127 taps were generated and are plotted in Figure 3.
		Because of the sample-and-hold, the traditional impulse sampling function that is referred to in discrete time signal processing textbooks as "ideal sampling" is convolved with a rectangular pulse, equal in duration to the time between clock pulses.
	www.john-wiseman.com /technical/qex_fir.htm (6638 words)

	Amiga FIR Filter Designer V2.3
		Such is the characteristic of the impulse response of FIR filters.
		One noticeable feature of FIR filters in general is their linear phase, because the delay is equal for all frequencies.
		The FIR Filter Designer V2.3 features a powerful data plotter module, called Prism, which displays the impulse response of the designed FIR filter in the frequency domain either as magnitude, phase, imaginary or real.
	www.cellsoft.de /amiga/firsupport.htm (603 words)

	Digital filters
		FIR filters have a very useful property: they can (and usually do) exhibit linear phase shift for all frequencies, a feat impossible for an analog or IIR filter.
		See Smoothing for graphs of the frequency responses of these filters (the phase response is uniformly zero because the filtering is acausal).
		Design of the FIR filter coefficients used with SmoothCustom is most easily accomplished using the Igor Filter Design Laboratory (a separate product which also requires Igor Pro).
	www.wavemetrics.com /products/igorpro/dataanalysis/signalprocessing/digitalfilters.htm (487 words)

	Infinite Impulse Response Filters (IIR)
		The recursive part of the filter causes the response to an impulse input to endure (theoretically) forever.
		A distinct advantage of IIR filters over FIR filters is that IIR filters can yield an equivalent magnitude response using a much lower filter order.
		The ``ring-down time" is referred to as the time the transient response dominates the output of the IIR filter.
	www.emt.tu-graz.ac.at /publications/diplomarbeiten/da_hoebenreich/node21.html (1100 words)

	Finite Impulse Response
		When building the FIR filters in Altera, we must consider the number of logic elements that will be used in the Altera.
		When comparing between IIR filter and FIR filter, the number of delay functions (D flip-flops) used for IIR filter is lesser to achieve the desired filter performance.
		Since only 19% of logic elements is used in Altera for the design of 8 Tap 8 bits signal bus FIR filter, a 12-bit signal bus can be designed and implemented on the Altera with 10 taps in the future.
	www.eng.newcastle.edu.au /~c3025002/conclusion.htm (240 words)

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