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Topic: Finnish Army (1939)

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Finnish Infantry Division Generic Organisation

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	Finnish Army - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Finnish Army (Finnish: Maavoimat) is one of the branches of the Finnish Defence Forces.
		Army corps are supported by 130mm, 152mm and 155mm field guns and 122 mm multiple rocket launchers.
		In wartime, the army is composed of Jaeger, Infantry and Armoured Brigades.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Finnish_Army (506 words)

	Finnish Army (1939) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Finnish Army at the beginning of the Winter War in 1939 consisted of 9 field divisions, 3 brigades and a number of small independent battalions and companies.
		The II and III Corps were organised into the Army of the Isthmus which was located on the Karelian Isthmus, the likely location for the main Soviet Attack.
		Army of the Isthmus (Kannaksen Armeija, KarA) under Lieutenant General Hugo Viktor Österman was located on the Karelian Isthmus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Finnish_Army_(1939) (319 words)

	The Finnish Winter War 1939-1940
		The defensive plan of the Finnish high command was dated in 1934 and it had as its basic premise the idea of stopping an enemy attack on the Karelian Isthmus at a certain point where natural obstacles like the Vuoksi-river would suppress the enemy forces and prevent their operational possibilities.
		The other army corp of the Karelian Istmus Army was the III Army Corps (8th and 10th Divisions) commanded by Erik Heinrichs and deployed in the eastern Isthmus along the Vuoksi riverbend.
		Finnish troops (Er.P 17 and after 4th of Dec Er.P 25) were unable to delay the attackers and Salla village was burned in the 9th of December.
	www.feldgrau.com /wwar.html (7528 words)

	The Winter War 1939 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		After the fall of Poland in September 1939, Russia sought to extend its influence over the Baltic and between September and October 1939, Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia were all made to sign treaties “of mutual assistance” that allowed Russia to establish military bases in each of the three Baltic states.
		Finnish troops were well suited to the forests and snow-covered regions of Finland and they knew the lay of the land.
		The Russian Army also had another fundamental weakness: its command structure was so rigid that commanders in the field would not make a decision without the approval of a higher officer who usually had to get permission from a political commissar that his tactics were correct.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /winter_war_1939.htm (1516 words)

	Red Army - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Red Army (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The revolutionary army that helped the communists under Mao Zedong win power in China in 1949 was also popularly known as the Red Army.
		The early campaigns of the Red Army were marked by incompetence, and it suffered a number of humiliating defeats, notably in the Soviet–Polish war of 1920.
		The deficiencies of the Red Army were shown up in the Finnish ‘Winter War’ of 1939 to 1940, when the small, tenacious, and mobile Finnish Army inflicted early defeats on the invading force.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Red+Army (378 words)

	The Model 1939
		The Army was not fond of the finely adjustable sight’s of the images’s m/28-30, so a sight similar to the Civil Guard’s m/28-30 design was developed, but less sensitive in it’s adjustments.
		The initial rifle, the m/39 PH was the Finnish army’s first attempt to mate optics to the m/39.
		The Army did experiment with a shortened version of the m/27- m/28-30 bayonets to the new m/39 shape and configuration and designated the modified bayonets the m/42 for the year of project.
	www.mosinnagant.net /finland/finnish_mosin_nagantm39.asp (8392 words)

	Winter War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The relationship between the Soviet Union and Finland was tense and frosty—both the two periods of forced russification at the turn of the century, and the legacy ofthe failed socialist revolution in Finland contributed to astrong mutual distrust.
		Initially Finland had a mobilized army of only 160,000 men, but the Finnish troops turned out to be a fierce adversaryemploying guerrilla tactics, fast moving ski troops in white camouflage suits, and capitalizing on theirlocal knowledge.
		Fortunately, the army had not changed the caliber of its weapons after independence and was able to use Soviet ammunitions.
	www.therfcc.org /winter-war-18209.html (2063 words)

	AllRefer.com - Finland - Military Heritage \| Finnish Information Resource
		When most of the Finnish officer corps threatened to resign in 1924 over the dominance of the Russian-trained leadership, most of the Russian officers were moved aside and the jaeger officers began to occupy the higher echelons, bringing the influence of German military doctrine and training methods with them.
		The Finnish army was able to inflict sharp defeats in battles on the Karelian Isthmus and in northeastern Finland.
		The fully mobilized Finnish army of 400,000 was numerically superior to the opposing Soviet forces, which had been thinned to meet the need for troops to resist the German onslaught on the central front.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/finland/finland163.html (1607 words)

	ipedia.com: Winter War Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The relationship between the Soviet Union and Finland was tense and frosty—both the two periods of forced russification at the turn of the century, and the legacy of the failed socialist revolution in Finland contributed to a strong mutual distrust.
		Initially Finland had a mobilized army of only 160,000 men, but the Finnish troops turned out to be a fierce adversary employing guerrilla tactics, fast moving ski troops in white camouflage suits, and capitalizing on their local knowledge.
		Finnish immigrants in the US and Canada returned home, and many volunteers traveled to Finland (one of them actor-to-be Christopher Lee) to join Finland's forces.
	www.ipedia.com /winter_war.html (2160 words)

	Helmet models used by Finnish army
		After its own tests the Finnish Army approved "the German type of helmet to be used by the army" in 1920.
		Finnish Army used mixed Hungarian and German helmets as it's basic model until 1960's, some stayed in service until 1970's.
		Finnish Army had in use a limited amount of Soviet helmets at the end of Continuation War.
	www.pottia.net /pottia/finnhelm.htm (2222 words)

	Battlefront - Producers of fine metal and resin miniatures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Finnish army is organised along German lines, due to the background of an influential group of officers who served in a German Jäger battalion in World War I. A Finnish Jalkaväkidivisioona or Infantry Division consists of three infantry regiments, a light reconnaissance detachment and a field artillery regiment.
		The standard Finnish army uniform was a simplified version of the German field uniform, with the 1935 pattern German helmet.
		Finnish infantry are also often shown in photographs wearing a field grey cap similar to German mountain troops and occasionally Soviet style fur hats.
	www.battlefront.co.nz /Article.asp?ArticleID=574 (2162 words)

	Vapaa Sana
		It was obvious that the Red Army’s intent was to conquer and occupy the country in a few weeks.
		The Red Army’s glorious march to Helsinki turned into a road of agony to ordinary soldiers who were not prepared for very harsh and sub-arctic winter circumstances.
		As Finnish defenses under the extreme pressure began to crumble, the Allied western countries, especially Great Britain, France and expatriate Poles planned to form a considerable expeditionary force to assist Finland to ward off the attacking enemy.
	www.vapaasana.com /endofwinterwar.htm (1060 words)

	The Russo-Finnish War
		The Finnish army may have been motley, but they were perfectly suited for the landscape --- many were farmers from the region, and they fought a guerrilla war not unlike that of Indochina 25 years later.
		Sometimes the Russian soldiers were so hungry that they stopped military action at the moment that they overran a Finnish kitchen, creating a "sausage war." In counterattack, the Finns practically destroyed the now well-fed but lethargic battalion, and some Russians died still chewing on their wurst.
		At the beginning, the Russian army was an unknown; at the end of the conflict, the world knew that it was powerful; the world also knew how the Russians had mishandled what could have been a two-week conquest of a sparsely populated country.
	www.ralphmag.org /winter-warZJ.html (820 words)

	FINNISH ARMY 1918 - 1945: ARTILLERY PART II
		Finnish soldiers found the guns to be surprisingly accurate and having quite effective projectiles.
		Finnish use: 48 guns donated by France during Winter War, but they arrived too late to be used in that war.
		Finnish military found the gun to have effective projectiles, good accuracy and quite a good range, but the bulk and weight of the gun made both using and transporting it difficult.
	www.jaegerplatoon.net /ARTILLERY2.htm (3159 words)

	THE FINNISH M1891 MOISIN-NAGANT RIFLE
		Because the Finnish rifles are easily available on the surplus market at reasonable prices, I've put together this article to provide shooters and collectors with some information on these weapons.
		Finnish M1891s can be identified by several features which set them apart from Russian or Soviet guns.
		The two easiest clues that a rifle is Finnish is the marking "SA" in a square box stamped on the breech end of the barrel.
	www.building-tux.com /dsmjd/tech/m1891m-n.htm (1496 words)

	MANNERHEIM - Commander-in-Chief - The Winter War
		After the negotiations between Finland and the Soviet Union had failed, the Red Army attacked Finland on 30 November, 1939, with the intention of crushing the Finnish Army and establishing the Soviet regime in Finland.
		Rapid advances, in the style of "Blitzkrieg", were unsuccessful, greatly owing to the familiarity of the Finns of their own terrain, which they could take full advantage of, and which prevented the enemy from taking advantage of their superior numbers in the winter conditions.
		The red army had suffered substantial losses – altogether 100,000 casualties during the Winter War – and had difficulties in organizing their maintenance and supply, but, on the other hand, the resistance of the Finns too, began to give way, as reinforcements were hard to come by.
	www.mannerheim.fi /10_ylip/e_talvis.htm (371 words)

	FMP - Finnish Steel Helmets
		Only a small part of the army was although equipped with helmets before the WW II and when the war broke in Europe in 1939 more helmets were urgently bought from Hungary and Italy.
		Russian steel helmets m/36 were not used by the Finnish troops although several tens of thousands were captured during the Winter War.
		Finnish Army lost also several thousand steel helmets during the Winter War.
	www.geocities.com /finnmilpge/fmp_helmet.html (237 words)

	Finnish Junkyard
		Inside the circle was INT if it was made for the Army or SKY if it was made for Civil Guard and the two numbers stated the year.
		The Finnish fork-spoon combo was made from steel by Hackman, Kellokosken metallitehdas, OY sahanterä(this firm marked fork-spoon compos with letters OSY and is often thought as a SKY marking) and other smaller companies.
		The canteen in the left is the earlier Finnish made model that reminds the German one.
	www.saunalahti.fi /~junkyard/canteens.html (763 words)

	"AXIS & LEGION MILITARIA" - Axis & Legion Militaria
		Field Marshal Mannerheim who was Commander-in-Chief mobilized 300,000 men, 112 guns and 113 airplanes against a Russian army of 450,000 troops, 2000 tanks, 2050 guns and 1000 airplanes that were massed on the eastern border of Finland.
		By 24 July the Karelian Army was 24kms beyond the 1939 border to the Tuulos River.
		After major offensives from the Finnish Southeastern and Karelian Armies and countless battles, the Finns recover their territory lost during the Winter War.
	axis101.bizland.com /Finland2.htm (1590 words)

	Winter War Article, WinterWar Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The relationship between the Soviet Union and Finland was tense and frosty—both the two periods of forced russification at the turn of the century, and the legacy ofthe failed socialist rebellion in Finland contributed to astrong mutual distrust.
		Diplomatically, Finland was squeezed betweenAllied hopes for a prolonged war and Scandinavian fears of a continued warspreading to neighboring countries (or of the surge of refugees that might result from a Finnish defeat).
		With the spring thaw approaching, the Russian forces risked becoming bogged down in theforests, and a draft of peace terms were presented to Finland on February 12.Not only the Germans were keen to see an end to the Winter War, but also the Swedes, who feared a collapse in Finland.
	www.anoca.org /finland/soviet/winter_war.html (2087 words)

	FINNISH ARMY 1918 - 1945: AT-RIFLES PART I
		Live fire tests of summer 1939 finally proved that 20 mm was much more effective then 13 mm and decision about choosing 20 mm as calibre of AT-rifle was made.
		Finnish use: Only prototypes made, three of the prototypes were used during Winter War (one as AAMG, second in Landsverk armoured car and the third one as heavy machinegun/antitank-machinegun).
		Ammunition used was Finnish design, other ammunition of same calibre class used at that time (such as 13.2 mm x 99 Hotchkiss, 12.7 mm x 99 and 12.7 mm x 108) didn't reach muzzle velocities this high.
	www.jaegerplatoon.net /AT_RIFLES1.htm (2302 words)

	Fighting the Russians in Winter: three case studies
		Among the four Soviet armies initially involved in the invasion, the Ninth Army was to bisect Finland at its narrow waist by driving for the northern end of the Gulf of Bothnia.
		All of those units enjoyed the comfort of Finnish Army tents, each of which was easily transported on one skifflike sled called an akhio, which was harnessed to three skiers, with a fourth behind it to steady the load.
		When the Third Panzer Army was retreating west of Moscow in December 1941, a Russian force of ski troops, cavalry, and sleigh-mounted infantry cut off the 6th Panzer Division, which was the rear guard of the LVI Panzer Corps.
	www-cgsc.army.mil /carl/resources/csi/Chew/CHEW.asp (15835 words)

	Kev Os 4 Finnish Army WWII Wartime Photos and Militaria
		In November of 1939, peace talks between Finland and Russia broke down and Russia invaded Finland with a massive army of almost 1 million soldiers and thousands of tanks and cannons.
		But, in what was to be the 2nd coldest winter since 1828, the Russian army broke down under the onslaught of cold and the heroic Finnish defenders, who used the terrain and weather to their advantage.
		This KevOs4 Finnish re-enactor group is dedicated to studying the history of the Light Infantry Units in battle against the Russian army around Viipuri, in the Karelia Isthmus, during the Winter War and Continuation War.
	www.kevos4.com (654 words)

	Chronology 1939
		The German army, air force, and navy launched a concerted attack on Poland, utilizing Blitzkrieg tactics to annihilate the Polish army.
		While the Poles could field an army of 600,000 men, they were unable to mobilize efficiently or coordinate their defense.
		The Finnish government rejected a series of demands by the Soviet government, which were similar to concessions the Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian governments granted the Soviet Union.
	www.indiana.edu /~league/1939.htm (6628 words)

	Avalanche Press
		The Red Army formed the 106th “Karelian National” Rifle Division in the fall of 1939 from Finnish-speaking conscripts residing in the border regions.
		Though the Finnish Civil War veterans would have been in their late 30s or older, the Finnish government called men to the colors in the same age groups.
		Winter Fury contains Red Finnish units, but when Blood on the Snow was designed — in the days before the fall of the Soviet Union — we unfortunately relied solely on Finnish sources and secondary works based on them.
	www.avalanchepress.com /RedFinns.php (593 words)

	Finnish M39 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In 1939 the Finnish Army and Civil Guard adopted a standard rifle known as the M39.
		Tikka and B barrel M39s were assembled post war and in some cases cut down from M91s, hence the Tikka M39s with early dates.
		Finnish tang markings can be any Russian or Soviet marks, but are usually 1919 or earlier.
	7.62x54r.net /MosinID/MosinM39.htm (208 words)

	Finnish Army (1939) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Finnish Army (1939) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		The Finnish Army at the beginning of the (additional info and facts about Winter War) Winter War in 1939.
		Finnish Army of the Isthmus under (A general officer ranking above a major general and below a full general) Lieutenant General Hugo Viktor Österman.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/f/fi/finnish_army_(1939).htm (174 words)

	Larry Alan Thorne, Major, United States Army
		Thorne was born in Finland in 1919, entered the Finnish army in 1938 and fought in the 1939-40 war against the Soviet Union.
		Thorne joined the U.S. Army and his expertise in guerrilla warfare led him into the Special Forces Group, where he was commissioned a first lieutenant, eventually rising to the rank of captain and commanding a Special Forces team in Vietnam, before joining SOG.
		Thirty of the Finnish Army infantrymen who accompanied T”rni on numerous dangerous missions in World War II are still alive, among them Finland's former President Mauno Koivisto.
	www.arlingtoncemetery.net /larry-thorne.htm (4284 words)

	Data of the Finnish Army in the Winter War, Part 2
		As the Army had a chronic shortage of units, the battalions of the KT-Pr.
		Throughout the war, came new orders to raise new units, and while the requests for replacements were given in December-January through official channels, from February onwards (after the Red Army started it's major offensive) the losses mounted so fast, that requests were made simply by a phone call.
		The number of artillery pieces in the Finnish army
	www.winterwar.com /forces/FinArmy2.htm (806 words)

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