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Topic: Finnish nickel

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	Finnish mark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The markka (Finnish) or mark (Swedish) was the currency of Finland from 1860 until February 28, 2002, when it ceased to be legal tender and was replaced by the euro (€), introduced January 1.
		With numbers, Finnish uses the partitive singular forms: "10 markkaa" and "10 penniä" (the singular is penni).
		In 1952, a new coinage was introduced, with smaller iron (later nickel plated) 1 and 5 markka coins alongside aluminium-bronze 10, 20 and 50 markka and (from 1956) silver 100 and 200 markka denominations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Finnish_markka (930 words)

	Rahapaja - Coin info / Circulation coins / Material in euro coins
		In comparing the amount of nickel in the mark coins in circulation at the end of 2001 to that in the coins that entered circulation at the beginning of 2002, it can be stated that the number of coins containing nickel decreased by 95.5% with the introduction of the euro coins.
		Nickel has been used in coins for more than 100 years, and it has not been found to cause significant allergic reactions, even for people who frequently handle money in their work.
		Nickel is used in coins because it is resistant to corrosion and wear.
	www.mint.fi /en/material (564 words)

	Fire and Ice: History
		The demand for the Germans to leave Finland was made by Finnish Foreign Minister Carl Enckell on September 2 to the German ambassador in Helsinki.
		This surprise operation would land Finnish troops behind the German front lines and was seen as the maneuver needed to force a general German retreat from Finland.
		The Finnish attack on the Germans at Tornio began on October 1 with the landing advance by the 3rd Divisions 11th Infantry Regiment.
	www.wfyi.org /fireandice/history/lapland.htm (1647 words)

	Lapland Forest Damage Project: Conclusions
		The most typical characteristic of the pollution climate in Finnish Lapland is in the occasional rises in the concentrations of atmospheric sulphur dioxide to fairly high levels when the winds blow from the north-east or east, where the Kola Peninsula's industrial centres lie.
		Moreover, the concentrations of nickel and copper in the air rise significantly during north-easterly and easterly winds.
		The vitality of the forests in Finnish Lapland is subject to variation: the needle-loss symptom of the late 1980s has receded, but the weather conditions of the early 1990s suggest that the Scleroderris canker fungus cause increasing damage in the near future.
	www.metla.fi /julkaisut/muut/elproj/concl.html (3454 words)

	The end of the Winter War
		On Feb. 15th, Mannerheim was forced to state that the Finnish counter attacks in the Lähde-sector in Summa had been unsuccessful and the II Corps was ordered to withdraw to the intermediate line (Väliasema in Finnish).
		While the Finnish delegation expressed that the demands were extremely hard for the Finnish people to accept, not to mention the economical effects.
		At 1530 hrs, the Finnish military flag was first lowered into half-mast, hoisted Back to Top, and finally lowered in the Castle of Viipuri (unlike the Soviet sources indicated after the war, the Red Army never conquered Viipuri during the Winter War, reaching only the suburbs in early March without ever taking the city center).
	www.winterwar.com /War'sEnd.htm (3439 words)

	Invasion of Finland
		A further period of repression after 1910 stimulated growth in Finnish nationalism and taking advantage of the breakdown of authority during the Russian Revolution, the Finns proclaimed their independence on 29th July 1917.
		Certain foreign quarters believe that the hostilities may serve as a justification for the seizure of the Finnish copper and nickel mines, both of which metals are solely needed in the Soviet Union.
		Mannerheim was appointed by decree and not elected, as is customary.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSfinland.htm (2037 words)

	Nickel Mining Journal Report
		Nickel production was higher as a result of a number of expansions and east/west trade also increased slightly partly due to higher exports from Cuba.
		Despite the fall in nickel consumption in 1996, a growth of 26% over the four years was very healthy and 12996 was a year in which the inventory building in stainless the previous year was corrected.
		The nickel processing in South Korea and Taiwana is shown at the smelter stage from which the nickel is supplied (i.e., in the Canadian and Australian figures) in order to avoid double counting.
	www.biomet.com.au /EPCM/Nickel.htm (1981 words)

	"AXIS & LEGION MILITARIA" - Axis & Legion Militaria
		All across the Finnish borders, the Soviet forces were penetrating deep into the country.
		After major offensives from the Finnish Southeastern and Karelian Armies and countless battles, the Finns recover their territory lost during the Winter War.
		By the end of June 1944, the Finnish forces were thrown back to the border, where they succeeded in digging in.
	axis101.bizland.com /Finland2.htm (1590 words)

	Jatkosota 1941-44
		The Finnish foreign policy during the 1920s and 30s, and the unyielding stand in the negotiations with the Soviet Union in Fall 1939 led to the Finnish-Soviet Winter War (November 30th 1939 - March 13th 1940).
		The Finnish people couldn’t understand the Soviet air attacks on the civilian targets, in where 892 were killed and 1 856 wounded.
		The Finnish military expenditure increased to 63,2 % of the States annual expenditure in 1940 (the estimated defense allocations were exceeded by nearly 700 %).
	www.mosinnagant.net /finland/samione.asp (2064 words)

	4.2 General information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The battle was long and hard between proponents for Finnish as the national language of Finland and the proponents for Swedish as the language linking Finland to Germanic nations of Western Europe.
		Finnish military rule in White Sea Karelia during the Continuation War meant the erection of concentration camps, and the internment and eventual death of many Russians, communists, and other "undesirables", a large number of them children.
		Finnish architecture has won international fame; it is represented by people such as Eliel Saarinen (and his son Eero Saarinen, who worked chiefly in North America) Wivi Lönn (1872-1966), and Lars Sonck (1870-1956) who were pioneers of the national romantic style.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/nordic-faq/part4_FINLAND/section-1.html (2779 words)

	helmet info
		Model 1936 was not used in Finnish army, partly because it's strength was questionable, partly because most helmets captured during Winter war had no liners.
		Finnish army had in use a limited amount of Soviet helmets at the end of Continuation war.
		Finnish army had also small amounts of Polish (about 1000 pieces), Danish etc helmets in use during Continuation war.
	www.pottia.net /pottia/potta5e.htm (1137 words)

	Shofar FTP Archives: orgs/german/foreign-office/soviet-relations-documents.006
		The Finnish Government' upon request of the Government of the Reich, grants the through-transport of matriel with escort personnel from the northern ports of the Baltic Sea by way of Rovaniemi and the northern Arctic Ocean Road to Kirkenes in Northern Norway.
		The Government of the German Reich shall duly indicate to the Finnish Government the ports of debarkation selected, the number of the transport vessels, the dates of sailing and arrival, and the scheduled daily stages of the transports in Northern Finland.
		The Finnish question was still unsolved, and he asked the Fhrer to tell him whether the German-Russian agreement, as far as it concerned Finland, was still in force.
	www.vex.net /~nizkor/ftp.cgi/orgs/ftp.py?orgs/german/foreign-office/soviet-relations-documents.006 (19491 words)

	Coast Defence Ships of the Finnish Navy
		Finnish Kone ja Silta yard 1924-25: 6 variations, different machinery, 78 m length, main guns 2-210 m.
		Armour deck was made from 30 mm nickel steel and weather deck from 15 mm nickel steel.
		Armor plates (either Krupp C or nickel steel with 1.4-1.8% Ni and 0.5-0.8% Cr) were often fixed directly to frames, that is, there was no normal plating under them.
	users.tkk.fi /~jaromaa/Navygallery/Coastal/coastal.htm (3288 words)

	German English: N
		Nickel was and is a diminutive of Nikolaus, "Nicholas".
		The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Nickel, by J.R. Lancaster, 1988.
		Nickel and the Skin: Immunology and Toxicology, by Howard I. Maibach and Torkil Menne, 1989.
	germanenglishwords.com /rlgn.htm (777 words)

	Federal Bureau of Investigation - FBI History - Famous Cases
		Upon its receipt in Washington on June 26, 1953, the nickel was subjected to the thorough scrutiny of a team of FBI scientific experts.
		As the search for the source of the hollow nickel expanded across the United States, hollow subway tokens, "trick" coins, and similar objects were submitted to the FBI Laboratory by Agents in various parts of the country.
		Since he had studied the Finnish language and was very proficient in its use, Hayhanen was assigned as an interpreter to an NKVD group and sent to the combat zone to translate captured documents and interrogate prisoners during the Finnish-Soviet war.
	www.fbi.gov /libref/historic/famcases/abel/abel.htm#hollow (4305 words)

	The Sami and World War II
		Most of the Finnish Sami were members of the Long Distance Patrol because of their ability to cover several kilometers a day on skis and their ability to navigate unfamiliar terrain.
		As a result of the Continuation War, the North was devastated and Rovaneimi, the capital of Finnish Sapmi was left in ruins (http://www.bradmans.com/scripts/display.cgi?type=hgc&city=211).
		These Finnish troops were mostly Sami because this area that they were trying to drive the Germans out of was their home, Sapmi.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/sami/dieda/hist/wwii.htm (4371 words)

	Fire and Ice: History
		The relationship with the Soviet Union was still very uneasy and the Finnish military had to be prepared in case these relations took another turn for the worse.
		This information was passed on to Finnish leadership but it was still unclear as to whether there would be war between Hitler and Stalin or if this talk of war was nothing more than talk.
		The Finnish president was met with a proposal which stated that if Finland was attacked by the Soviet Union, Germany would come to Finland’s aid.
	www.wfyi.org /fireandice/history/continuation40.htm (1035 words)

	Finnish Spitz Standard FCI
		However it is known that hundreds of years ago dogs of the same type as Finnish Spitz were already being used for all game hunting over the whole country.
		It has been developed from pure natural stock and is an essential part of the Finnish culture.
		The Finnish Spitz was named as the National Dog of Finland in 1979.
	www.saunalahti.fi /~samans/Helmi/standard.html (808 words)

	Aviation Wings and Badges of WW2 - Finnish Air Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Nickel was used to make alloys of steel (particularly stainless steel) which provide for improved corrosion resistance (shipbuilding) and outstanding high temperature performance (aircraft engines)].
		By the spring of 1941, the Finnish military was cooperating with the German high command in planning for Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, scheduled for June 1941.
		Ironically, more Finnish bombers were lost to German antiaircraft fire in the final months of the conflict than were lost in the previous 3 years of war against the Soviets.
	www.ww2wings.com /wings/finland/finlandmain.shtml (2364 words)

	Finland - The Lapland War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Fighting broke out between German and Finnish forces even before the Soviet-Finnish preliminary peace treaty was signed, and the fighting intensified thereafter, as the Finns sought to comply with the Soviet demand that all German troops be expelled from Finland.
		The Finns were thus placed in a situation similar to that of the Italians and of the Romanians, who, after surrendering to the Allies, had to fight to free their lands of German forces.
		The Finns' task was complicated by the Soviet stipulation that the Finnish armed forces be reduced drastically, even during the campaign against the Germans.
	countrystudies.us /finland/21.htm (379 words)

	Finland - The Continuation War
		Although the Finnish people knew only the barest details of the agreements with Germany, they approved generally of the pro-German policy, and they were virtually unanimous in wanting to recover the ceded territories.
		It was not politically expedient for the Finnish government to appear as the aggressor, however, so Finland at first took no part in the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22.
		In July 1941, the Finnish army began a major offensive on the Karelian Isthmus and north of Lake Ladoga, and by the end of August 1941, Finnish troops had reached the prewar boundaries.
	countrystudies.us /finland/20.htm (1252 words)

	Finland and the Second World War
		A further period of repression after 1910 stimulated growth in Finnish nationalism and taking advantage of the breakdown of authority during the February Revolution, Finland's national assembly proclaimed its independence 29th July 1917.
		Led by General Carl Mannerheim, Finnish forces defeated left-wing forces at the Battle of Viborg on 29th April 1918.
		Finnish defences were gradually overwhelmed and on 4th September 1944, Mannerheim, now president of Finland, was forced to sign a peace treaty with Joseph Stalin.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWfinland.htm (2400 words)

	Tutkimusraportti 132
		At the 50% level the Kotalahti and Vammala nickel belts show an almost similar distribution of nickel and copper grades, but their average sizes are different.
		Total geological in situ resources of Finnish nickel deposits have been estimated to be some 950 Mt with an average grade of 0.39% Ni and 0.29% Cu, which could be equivalent to a metal content of some 2.6 Mt nickel and 2.5 Mt copper.
		Between 1941-1994, the ore output of all nickel mines in Finland was about 42.3 Mt, at an average grade of 0.61% Ni and 0.25% Cu, which is calculated to be equivalent of some 260 300 t of nickel and 103 800 t of copper.
	www.gsf.fi /info/tr132su.html (449 words)

	fUSION Anomaly. Finland
		The Finnish economy is dominated by manufacturing, which in the late 1960s overtook agriculture and forestry as the chief source of employment.
		Beginning about AD 1050, Finnish tribes were converted to Christianity by the Swedes, who eventually took control of Finland, administering it as fiefs.
		In the 19th century a nationalist awakening took place among the Finnish population, centered on the resurgence of the Finnish language.
	fusionanomaly.net /finland.html (1252 words)

	NATO Publications
		Finland is proceeding to carry out medical examinations of the Finnish person-nel that has served or is currently serving in the area.
		At the request of the Ministry of Defence, the Biomonitoring Laboratory, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) determined the levels of certain heavy metals from a group of 167 Finnish KFOR soldiers stationed in the Balkan region for about one year.
		The nickel level in all samples analysed was the same or below the Finnish reference limit, 0.06 jmol/l.
	www.nato.int /du/docu/d010124d.htm (567 words)

	[No title]
		Kati Aaltonen will be joining the Nickel Development Institue on 1st July 2003 as European Environment Project Officer.
		It defines nickel as "a refined nickel primarily produced from ore or matte or
		Similarily, a nickel alloy is defined as "a material that conforms to a specification that
	www.nickelinstitute.org /index.cfm/ci_id/12247.htm (285 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Pechenga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		PECHENGA [Pechenga], Finnish Petsamo, town, NW European Russia, an ice-free port at the head of Pechenga Fjord on the Barents Sea and near the Norwegian border.
		Ceded by Russia to Finland in 1920, it was a supply base in the German-Finnish drive on Murmansk during World War II.
		Norilsk Nickel: Russia wrestles with an old polluter.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/p/pechenga.asp (246 words)

	THE SOVIET-FINNISH WAR (1939-40)
		President, that the independence of the Finnish Republic as a State was recognised spontaneously by the Soviet Government on December 31, 1917, and that the sovereignty of Finland is guaranteed by the Treaty of Peace between the RSFSR and Finland, signed on October 14, 1920.
		The Finnish government’s rejection of the Soviet proposals and its categorical rejection of the compromises proposed by Moscow demonstrated that it was being backed by one or more foreign powers to cling to a boundary which represented a serious threat to the security of the Soviet Union.
		The Finnish government replied on 27 November, denying that their troops had been responsible for the incident complained of and proposing, firstly, that discussions should take place on the mutual withdrawal of both Finnish and Soviet troops from the frontier and, secondly, that a joint inquiry should be held into the incident:
	harikumar.brinkster.net /CommunistLeague/CL-FINLANDWAR90.html (11585 words)

	Reasons for Finland joining World War II
		The WW2 still lives in the Finnish souls through the war veteran activities and ever-open Karelian question by the people who, like the writer, lost their homes in the treaties in 1940 and 1944 with the Soviet Union.
		A Finnish historian describes the Finnish operations that Finland's foreign policy and warfare was defensive and unscrupulous in order to maintain the independence.
		The big error made by the Finnish was that the Finnish Army conquered a big part of (Russian) East-Karelia in 1941, in other words, the Army went there over the border of before-the-war-Finland.
	www.kolumbus.fi /rastas/nyky/reasons_ww2.html (1376 words)

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