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| | Tvärminne Symposium |
 | | A good summary is provided by Sammallahti (1998: 119–122) in his presentation of the historical background of the Sámi languages: according to him, there are two Finno-Ugrian, two Finno-Permian, one Finno-Volgaic, and three Finno-Sámi sound changes; the actual number is, however, lower, because some of them represent different phases or effects of the same process. |
 | | Finno-Ugrian languages, in the widest sense of the word, share a few core vocabulary items, though when critically examined, the number of satisfactory etymologies appears smaller than was thought earlier (Janhunen 1981; Sammallahti 1988). |
 | | Rather, new languages are created so that the transitional dialects between the main dialects of the proto-language disappear through assimilation to the main dialects or other languages, which yields clear-cut units that can no longer profoundly influence each other but continue to change independently. |
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