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	clayart - subject 'kilns & firing - pit firing' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		pit fire party at nottingham arts, san marcos ca.
		pit fire party at nottingham, san marcos ca.
		giant pit fire party at nottingham oct. 25th.
	www.potters.org /category087.htm (216 words)

	Firing Techniques Khnemu Studio Raku-fired, Pit-fired and Smoke-fired pottery by studio artist Dawn Soltysiak
		This starves the fire of oxygen from air, leaving the combustion no choice but to utilize molecular oxygen from the glazes and clay body, leaving bright metallic ion and irridescent luster behind.
		This firing method is very stressful to the vessel (as well as to the artist), as many pieces are lost during this final stage of creation.
		When the fire burns down to red hot embers, the pit is covered and left to cool.
	members.ispwest.com /rsolty/FiringTechniques.html (626 words)

	UW-Milwaukee: Archaeological Research Laboratory -
		A fire was lit in the firing pit in order to dry it out and preheat it; this was allowed to burn for about an hour and fifteen minutes, until the pit floor was covered with a layer of coals and ash to a depth of several centimeters.
		At 3:15 cold ashes from a previous fire at the pit were spread carefully over the live coals outside the inner ring of vessels.
		Partially dried mown grass and brush were spread rapidly on the vessels and earth from the excavated fire pit was spread in a layer 2-3cm thick over the grass wherever it began to smolder, smothering the coals and vessels.
	www.uwm.edu /Dept/ArchLab/experimental/pitfiring_2003.html (1021 words)

	[No title]
		Yes, because you want the clay to be “open” during the pit fire to readily accept the fumes and permit multiple hues and shades of color on the clay surface.
		At cone 08 or hotter you loose the sheen of the burnish or terra sigillata.
		The trench style of pit fire does not require preheating as the pots are in a natural draft that gradually heats them from the top or one side.
	www.eduardolazo.com /pitinstruct.html (3141 words)

	Pit fired pottery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pit fired pottery is the oldest known method of firing clay-- and the ultimate source of all the modern firing variations used by potters.
		Unfired pots are nestled together in a pit in the ground and are then covered with burnable materials such as wood shavings, leaves, metal oxides, salts, sawdust and dried manure.
		Staining pit fired ware through the application of horse hair was recently discovered by Pueblo tribes of the South West.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pit_fired_pottery (310 words)

	Hawaii Craftsmen - Art/Craft Media - Clay Pit Firing
		The first form of firing clay was done in a camp fire by primitive man. A camp fire is referred to as an "open face pit." The pit enables the fire to be contained and maintains the heat allowing higher temperatures to be reached.
		The fire doesn’t have to be a huge pillar of flame, it can be as small as a fire in a washtub in your backyard.
		Firing beads is one of the easiest and most successful ways to use the pit-fire method.
	www.hawaiicraftsmen.org /media_clay_raku.htm (935 words)

	Pit firing
		Pit firing your pottery gives you the perfect excuse.
		The pit should be about 2ft (60cm) deep, 3ft (1m) wide and long enough to fit all the pottery and firewood.
		The pieces must be bisque fired before the pit firing, since the pit firing will be too fast and uneven and greenware is likely to get broken while packing the pit.
	www-swiss.ai.mit.edu /~adams/Pottery/pit.html (758 words)

	PIT FIRED PIT FIRE PIT FIRING CLAY POTTERY POTS Pictures Photos Traditional California Indians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Indigenous pottery makers dig a shallow pit in the Earth, place the clay ollas pottery in the pit, and pile the dried yucca stocks on top and set fire to it.
		The pit firing process is usually burned during the night, after the wind dies down, to allow the pottery to heat and cool down more evenly.
		Kumeyaay Paipai superstition warns against anyone observing the pit firing process - because looking at or allowing anyone to see the burn fire is considered bad luck and will cause the pots to crack - so the potters took a chance letting the photographer take these pictures.
	www.kumeyaay.info /museums/modern_clay_pottery/pit_firing_pottery.html (369 words)

	[No title]
		Pit firing is one of the most primitive methods for firing ceramic ware.
		The pit is fired for four to six hours, reaching temperatures of approximately 1850°F (orange—red glowing embers) and allowed to cool naturally.
		Pit fired pottery is not intended to by used for food or water.
	www.eduardolazo.com /pitfired.html (335 words)

	Ceramics Today - How to do a Pit-Firing
		It's a simple firing technique used in many ancient cultures across the globe and popular with potters today.
		Dig a pit of the appropriate size, depending on the amount of work to be fired.
		Towards the end of the burning process, bury the pit in earth or sand, which will cut off the oxygen supply and create a strong reducing atmosphere inside the mound.
	www.ceramicstoday.com /howto/htpitfire.htm (252 words)

	Claygirl of California...Raku/Pit Fire
		If this is the first Raku firing of the day, the Raku kiln needs to be brought to temperature as well as the pottery you are about to Raku slowly and evenly.
		In the saggar firing process, the pottery pieces are placed into a container usually a metal can of some sort, and wrapped with combustible material (your pottery pieces can be wrapped with organic/inorganic materials such as tortilla shells, fertilizer, manure, and copper wire if desired).
		A tunnel is dug in the sand underneath the pit for ventilation.
	www.claygirl.com /raku.html (2103 words)

	Firing FACTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The terms oxidation and reduction firing refer to the environment in the kiln, particularly during the final few hundred degrees of temperature rise.
		Reduction firing produces more subtle variations in color and produces pots which are more difficult to reproduce because of the difficulty of controlling the reduction environment exactly the same way with each firing.
		The soda or vapor firing is similar to the salt firing, except that the salt is substituted with sodium carbonate (soda ash) or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda).
	mysite.verizon.net /vze8dwai/ceramics/id14.html (1188 words)

	Pit Fire Storyboard: pictures of the pottery pit firing process by Lauren Bellero
		This type of firing is a return to a more traditional or primitive method and is a further connection with the earth.
		The fire rages for about 2 hours and then, while the embers still burn brightly, it is covered with sheet metal.
		Because we don’t have the space, and a pit fire of this size is not possible on our property in suburban central NJ, my pit is located on an old sawmill site near our cabin in Canada.
	mudslingers.home.att.net /Pit/pages/pitfirestory.htm (545 words)

	Welcome to CLAY STUFF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Art classes and other interested groups are invited to participate in a living history pit firing of their pottery creations (round pinch pots work best.) After a quick tour of the Clay Creek grounds, students will see how an 1836 potter digs the clay.
		Dan starts a fire with flint and steel to pit fire student pieces (pre-made at school, burnished and bisque fired.) The centuries old process produces fl, white, and earth-colored pots to be treasured for years to come.
		The pit fire experience lasts 2 1/2 hours and is designed for grades four through twelve or adult groups.
	members.aol.com /danthepotter/claypit.htm (212 words)

	Pit Fire
		The firing was done in a firepit at a beach, well away from any buildings.
		We line the pit with eight inches of sawdust (from hardwood - the resin in softwood leaves undesirable marks on the piece [1]), then place the pots gently upon and in the sawdust.
		The fire is started, then the pit is covered with some metal sheets.
	www.hknot.com /gallery/pitfire.html (582 words)

	Claystation Technical
		A pit firing is one of the most universal, primitive firings executed today.
		Firings of this type were an adaptation to firing the ware in bon fires.
		At some point it was discovered that digging a pit in the ground and firing the ware in a pit led to higher temperatures resulting in a more hard, enduring fired clay.
	www.claystation.com /technical/firing/pit_techniques/intro.html (420 words)

	Firing Techniques: Raku, Soda, Wood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Raku is a pottery technique in which the ware is quickly fired, removed from the kiln while it is hot and the glaze is molten, ad completed in a post-firing phase outside the kiln.
		Twice firing is common practice in almost every field of ceramics, despite the fact that it is historically a relative newcomer.
		The articles are divided into seven categories: raku meets American Indian pottery, pit firing as a unique American technique, pit and sawdust firing in brick chambers and barrels, saggar firing, burnishing and fl firing, forming techniques for pit and saggar firing, and experimental kilns and related firing methods.
	www.bigceramicstore.com /Books/firingbooks.htm (2059 words)

	Pit Firing Technique \| Alex Mandli \| Pit Fired and Saggar Fired Ceramic Clay Pottery
		As they did, I load my work into a pit (a 3' x 4' hole in the ground), and fire the ware in combustible materials (fuel).
		Where the fire burns hot, the surface of the form will be gray to white.
		In spring 2005, I led a pit fire demonstration and workshop at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (view photos).
	www.alexmandli.com /techniques/pit_firing.html (335 words)

	Kiln - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Anagama kiln firing; one of the largest of its kind in North America.
		The final characteristics are determined by the composition and preparation of the clay body, the temperature at which it is fired, and by the glazes that may be used.
		The process of "Firing" the clay to produce a ceramic is also known as sintering.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kiln (1812 words)

	Clay Monk’s Journal » Blog Archive » Island Pit Fire Party
		It was done quickly, less than 6 hours from lighting the fire to taking the last pot out; it generated very little smoke; it resulted in just one broken pot and one slightly damaged one out of a total of 20 or so; and it got strong, dramatic colors on most pots.
		In contrast to my Thanksgiving firing in the BBQs, the packed pots here were all wrapped in either a single sheet of newspaper or placed in a paper sack.
		Experienced pit fire participants usually come to the firing with their pots already packed with their own packing materials, so the pit can be loaded right away.
	www.claymonk.com /blog/?p=24 (1988 words)

	pit fire
		The pit was smothered at around 11:00pm Friday night.
		Pit-firing is a primitive firing technique in which ceramic wares are placed in a trench that is dug into the ground.
		This process allows carbon to form in and on the surface of the ceramic ware, which is our desired outcome, aesthetic rather than utilitarian.
	www.ferrum.edu /artdept/pitfire.htm (207 words)

	Kat Morrell Ceramics
		I feel that the transformative power of fire is captured in my work and evokes a primitive, primal sense of the forces of nature.
		As the fire burns, flames of turquoise, purple and blue lick the vessels and leave their memories on the surfaces.
		Because these vessels are crafted in the fire and emerge from the ashes, they are also used as funeral urns to provide safe harbor for loved one’s ashes.
	home.comcast.net /~katmorrell/ceramics.htm (494 words)

	Pit firing at Dillon Beach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Pit firing starts out by digging a hole in the sand.
		The bottom of the pit is lined with sawdust, then comes seaweed, copper carbonate, the pottery, and some more sawdust.
		Finally, after four to six hours, the pottery starts to emerge from the ashes, showing the colors that are a result of the interaction of the flames and fuel with the pottery.
	home.att.net /~kennethpotter/pit-firing-at-Dillon-Beach.html (140 words)

	deseretnews.com \| Governor's undiplomatic firing of 'pit bull' hurts Utahns
		The firing was uncalled for and the method was outrageous, to say the least.
		Roger was called into the commerce director's office, fired and told to be out of his office in 20 minutes.
		I was on the committee when he was hired, and we spent considerable time choosing someone who knew the utility business and was of the caliber to deal with all the players.
	deseretnews.com /dn/view/0,1249,600122842,00.html (476 words)

	Raku Pit Firing in Coloma, CA; Paul Turpin
		Pit firing is an ancient method still used by many cultures, including Nativie Americans, and certainly creates a unique look.
		When we arrived to unearth our treasures (after the second firing) people were there aleady and had wedged each pottery treasure into a depression in the sandhill.
		The idea is that the fire continues to burn after it is covered over, but smokes (like in the cans of paper in a Raku firing) to create that reduciton effect and the cool colors.
	webs.directcon.net /plt204/pitfire.html (505 words)

	Pit firing information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This is the loading of a pit firing which took place next to the ocean in Pescadero CA.
		Then the pit was covered with corrugated iron sheeting to trap the heat and help it burn slow once all the wood was lit and burning hot.
		The pit was kept uncovered on the ends to allow for enough air flow and left overnight to burn out.
	www.pitfire.com /pit_firing.htm (1016 words)

	New Page 1
		In June, the Certificate III class from Hornsby TAFE, ie "the Beginners", participated in a primitive style pit firing on a property at Kulnura on the Central coast.
		The pit was left to burn for a week and when we reconvened to unpack it, there were still burning embers and many of the pots were still too hot to handle.
		The effects were very successfull, ranging from the pure fl of the saggar fired pieces, to a range of pinky greys from the copper carbonate.
	www.employees.org /~sissons/pit.htm (336 words)

	Pit Firing How To FAQ #1 Pit Firing Techniques
		The problem that I always encountered with pit firing was the lack of heat and not getting my pieces to fire completely through.
		You would not want to fire with a clay that takes becomes more vitreous at a lower temp because it will not take the fuming that you want it to.
		Other pieces are fired in the open though and have chemicals placed around them.
	vickihardin.com /pitfiring.htm (320 words)

	Feat of Clay
		After a night in the fire, the color and even the form of the urns are masked by the feathery layers of white and gray ash.
		Instead, the colors are created naturally by spraying the urn with a salt-water solution before firing and wrapping it in materials such as copper mesh, steel wool and various leaves.
		The firing is done in a pit of cinder blocks, with a wood fire that is fed for about 30 minutes, then covered overnight.
	www.spiritone.com /~kketal/Earth_index.html (585 words)

	Pit Fired Pottery, Smoke Fired Pottery and Copper Work at Ed Gray Studio / Primative Pit Firing
		Preparing for a pit firing requires attention to a particular and time-honed process.
		The material in the pit is lit around the outside edges, which slowly burns and increases in temperature to approximately
		When there is nothing left but charred embers, I put the cover on the pit for the cool down period.
	www.edgraystudio.com /html/studio/primative_pit_firing.html (158 words)

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