Fire-cracked rock - Factbites

Fire-cracked rock - Factbites
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Topic: Fire-cracked rock

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	Fire-cracked rock - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In archaeology, fire-cracked rock is rock of any type that has been altered and split by deliberate heating.
		Central Texas in the United States is well-known archaeologically for its burnt-rock middens, piles of FCR -- often exceeding several tons of material -- which resulted from the wholesale processing of oak acorns during prehistoric times.
		In other cases, FCR results from stone being used to heat water; this occurs when the stones are heated and dropped directly into containers made of skin or pottery, thus boiling the water.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fire-cracked_rock (153 words)

	1985 Field Report-2
		A small concentration of fire-cracked rock along with a fresh bone and some calcined fragments was found roughly 46 m west of the cabin while 125 m to the east, a large concentration of fire-cracked rock with associated bone was recorded.
		Both fire-cracked rock and at least one linear chert flake were found in the water in front of Locality 1, which is located approximately 75 m north of the stream outlet.
		Fire-cracked rocks were first observed in the roots of a fallen spruce tree and subsequent testing revealed additional fire-cracked rock along with fish bone and powdered calcined bone.
	www.canadianarchaeology.com /cmcc/1985rep2.htm (3884 words)

	Glossary
		Rocks may be classified stratigraphically on the basis of lithology (lithostratigraphic units), or properties (such as mineral content, radioactivity, seismic velocity, electric-log character, chemical composition) in categories for which formal nomenclature is lacking.
		It is concerned not only with the original succession and age relations of rock strata but also with their form, distribution, lithologic composition, fossil content, geophysical and geochemical properties -- indeed, with all characters and attributes of rocks as strata; and their interpretation in terms of environment or mode of origin, and geologic history.
		Igneous rocks constitute one of the three main classes into which rocks are divided, the others being metamorphic and sedimentary.
	www.mnmodel.dot.state.mn.us /glossary.html (12155 words)

	1985 Field Report-I
		On this ridge, fire-cracked rocks were visible from the surface and two small test units revealed powdered calcined bone, fire-cracked rock and at least one chert flake in the yellow sands underlying the thin lichen and moss ground cover.
		Numerous rocks, apparently broken by fire, but not as small as fire-cracked rock on prehistoric sites nor exhibiting the same characteristic angular break pattern, were found in two of the artifact scatters (these ranged in size between about 16 square metres to over 120 square metres).
		Fire-cracked rocks were noted eroding from the edge of a low ridge (2 m) on the north side of the bay,
	www.canadianarchaeology.com /cmcc/1985rep1.htm (2842 words)

	Burned Rock Midden Formation
		Once the fire has burned down and the stones are sufficiently hot, a layer of vegetation is laid down to protect the food from hot coals and rocks.
		As suggested here, the content of burned rock middens is largely a function of the size of the zone of borrowing and the activities, both before and during oven use, that fall within that zone.
		If sediment was used to cap earth ovens in burned rock midden deposits, then it is highly probable that the collection of sediment to build these caps resulted in the disturbance of the surrounding ground surface during the process of borrowing.
	www.cookstonetechnology.com /site_formation_midden.htm (2264 words)

	The Narrows Rock Art in Archeological Context
		The Stratum 3 matrix in this unit contained large quantities of fire-cracked rock, charred nutshell, and fragments of burned bone.
		It contained a large amount of fire-cracked rock, charred nutshell, and burned bone.
		The rock art was produced in the course of fall/winter occupation by a small number of people related in material culture to Arkansas River Valley Spiro and/or Fort Coffee phases.
	rockart.uark.edu /narrowsarch.html (4696 words)

	Paint Rock Petroglyphs
		CVAS went to Paint Rock May 1, 1999, for a tour of the pictographs, the largest concentration of prehistoric drawings in Texas, with well over 1,500 brightly colored images covering a limestone bluff over the Concho River.
		Native American petroglyphs near Paint Rock, Texas, were created so that sunlight would fall on specific figures on the winter and summer solstices, a University of Texas astronomer thinks.
		Test excavations at the Paint Rock site, in an area below the limestone bluffs where the pictographs are located, are now complete.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Academy/8791/paintrock.html (1508 words)

	Sabino Canyon: Our Desert Oasis -- Allen Dart's "The Sabino Canyon Ruin Survey: What We Found"
		Roasting Pit Several concentrations of fire-cracked rock on the site surface probably represent the locations of Hohokam roasting pits, in the which stones were tossed into firepits to retain heat long enough for overnight roasting of plant or animal foods.
		Other, smaller rock rings in various places at the ruin are similar to campfire rings used by Anglo- Americans today, and some of these may date to the historic period.
		Rock Ring An oval rock ring shown on the 1920-1921 Sabino Canyon Ruin map was evidently a rock-lined, circular structure.
	www.library.arizona.edu /images/sabino/dart.htm (1481 words)

	FY1997.txt
		Locus D is situated on the bank of Nankoweap Creek northwest of Locus A. It consists of a poorly-defined roomblock, carbon, sherds, and fire-cracked rock eroding from the bank.
		Features 2, 3, and 4 are fire-cracked rock concentrations.
		Charcoal, ashy soil, and fire-cracked rock are also present.
	www.nps.gov /grca/archaeology/text/FY1997.txt (22053 words)

	Stone tool
		Fire-cracked rock is rock of any type that has been altered and split by deliberate heating.
		Another type of stone that may be considered an artifact, but is manifestly not a stone tool, is burnt or fire-cracked rock, also abbreviated as FCR.
		FCR is occasionally confused with heat-treated[?] tool stone, but the latter is a different type of material resulting from a different heating process.
	www.eurofreehost.com /st/Stone_tool_2.html (250 words)

	The Nature of Fire-Cracked Rock: New Insights from Ethnoarchaeological and Laboratory Experiments
		Fire-cracked rock (FCR) is the archaeological by-product of the systemic use of hot rocks for cooking and heating purposes.
		In broad terms, experimental tests indicate igneous rock types withstand thermal weathering better than metamorphic or sedimentary rock types.
		Analytical results indicate that rock structure and the length of heat application have the most control over thermal weathering.
	anthropology.tamu.edu /abstracts/theses/jackson.htm (279 words)

	East Lydick Creek - Organics & FCR
		Since all geomorphic analyses of the area indicate that rock larger than small pebbles should not occur naturally in the vicinity of the site, identification of this material as definitely cultural in origin should not be questionable.
		However, it is difficult to imagine what sort of plant resources might have been available in the immediate vicinity that would have required such quantities of rock for processing.
		Laboratory processing of FCR recovered during Phases II and III consisted of cleaning and weighing the quantity of rock recovered from each provenience.
	www1.minn.net /~pemerson/annex/lydick6.htm (2394 words)

	Delaware Department of Transportation
		For example, in Feature 19, with the largest fire-cracked rock frequency, 24 percent of the jasper or chert flakes were burned, while in Feature 16, with a considerably lower fire-cracked rock frequency, 25 percent were burned.
		A second analysis focused on the mean weight of fire-cracked rock in each feature, charting the variation based on the average weight across all of the features.
		For example, concentrated amounts of fire-cracked rock in an archaeological site imply fire-related activity, and in a pit feature may indicate that the feature served as a hearth or cooking facility.
	www.deldot.gov /static/projects/archaeology/lums_pond/lums27.html (1233 words)

	Glossary E - L
		Fire Cracked Rock (FCR): Rock placed around a hearth that shows evidence of being heated.
		Heat Treated: Refers to the process of placing a rock or other raw material into the fire in order to produce a more stable/sturdy/attractive product.
		Flakes: The pieces of stone struck off a rock in the reduction sequence (flintknapping), each usually having a striking platform, bulb of percussion, and similar identifying features.
	www.uwlax.edu /mvac/Educators/Glossary/EL.htm (767 words)

	Delaware Department of Transportation
		There was relatively little fire-cracked rock elsewhere in the stratum suggesting that the material comprised the remains of one or more hearths, possibly disassembled by re-use of surfaces.
		A second concentration of mixed quartz and jasper debris lay near the center of the block, along with fire-cracked rock.
		The burned rock appeared to be remnants of a small fire-related feature, probably a hearth, lying on the northern edge of the artifact concentration.
	www.deldot.gov /static/projects/archaeology/lums_pond/lums43.html (414 words)

	The Graham-Applegate Rancheria-Cooking with Granite
		Long after the fire has died down, the rocks continue to release the heat, making them ideal heating elements for different kinds of stone-age cooking "appliances." In prehistoric times, the people of central Texas made full use of this kind of cooking technology, constructing stone hearths in many different shapes and sizes.
		When the rocks cracked into small pieces from repeated heatings, they were tossed out and the oven pits re-lined with new rocks.
		Some of the rocks went into the construction of the houses, providing material for the wall supports and central hearths, but by far the greatest amount of rock was used in the cooking of food.
	www.texasbeyondhistory.net /graham/cooking.html (1217 words)

	Delaware Department of Transportation
		One flake and one fire cracked rock were found in a no-till bean field with less than one percent visibility.
		The number of fire-cracked rock suggests that a fairly intensive occupation might be present here.
		It is situated on a high bluff overlooking the floodplain and the 1985 and 1988 surveys produced one broad-bladed stemmed rhyolite point which had been heavily resharpened, two flakes, and 9 fire-cracked rock.
	www.deldot.net /static/projects/archaeology/early_action_segment/parcel27.html (699 words)

	Current Research: Subsistence Settlement Central Ind.
		Nine large pieces of granitic fire-cracked rock were identified, with a total weight of 4318.2 G. Area 2 is characterized by a combination of fire-cracked rock and chert debitage that first appears at the south edge of the north field about 120.0 meters east of River Avenue.
		Area 3, containing a heavy density of chert debitage relative to fire-cracked rock, follows, and is partly covered by, the unplowed field edge at the eastern extreme.
		Area 1 was an isolated scatter of fire-cracked rock located in a level place at the western edge of the field.
	www.gbl.indiana.edu /abstracts/97/97_2ss.html (1572 words)

	Current Research: Subsistence Settlement Central Ind.
		The scatter of fire-cracked rock extended from the center of Unit C into the east unit wall and grew larger toward the east.
		One hundred forty-one pounds of fire-cracked rock were discarded in the field, excluding the 110 pieces counted in the lab.
		The anomaly was identified by a darker soil with pieces of charcoal and a light density of pottery, lithics, and fire-cracked rock.
	www.gbl.indiana.edu /abstracts/97/97_4fe.html (1457 words)

	Micronesian Diary: Walung III (Kosrae)
		It was not only thick with charcoal, bone and fire-cracked rock, but we also recovered Tridacna flakes, coral tools of a type Nena says has never been recovered before on the island, and from the screen a beautifully executed diamoned-shaped bead or ornament with beveled edges on one side.
		With the exception of some basalt boulders in the wall debris and a few basalt cobbles among the fire-cracked rock, all the materials recovered from the site are from the sea: shell and coral.
		This is the first rough sort, intended to divide each sample bag into gross material categories (coral, bone, shell, charcoal, fire-cracked rock), with at least one category reserved for the unusual items that need a more intensive examination and recognizable artifacts.
	www.intangible.org /Features/micronesia/text/Kos10.html (2422 words)

	Werowocomoco
		All of the artifacts recovered from the ditch features were Native (lithic debitage, shell-tempered pottery, and fire-cracked rock) even though English colonial artifacts occurred in the plow zone above the features.
		Within one of the two ditches we identified a hearth feature containing fire-cracked rock and several Roanoke simple-stamped sherds.
		Given this juxtaposition, the ditches were either dug and filled extremely early in the English colonial occupation of the site, possibly as boundary ditches, or they are remarkably prominent Native landscape features.
	powhatan.wm.edu /insideExcavations/virtualVisit.htm (1184 words)

	Delaware Department of Transportation
		The general separation seen in the chipped stone and fire-cracked rock refits supported the contention that the fire-cracked rock and stone artifact assemblages were real, and that different activity areas might be present.
		The refits of fire-cracked rock (Plates 34 and 35) showed a close correspondence with the spatial clusters (Figure 67).
		Data resulting from the refitting analysis was found to be useful when overlaid on the general artifact distribution plots.
	www.deldot.net /static/projects/archaeology/lums_pond/lums58.html (232 words)

	Sheffield Archaeology - Scrooby Top, fire-cracked rock
		Fire Cracked Rock from Enclosure Ditch Southern Terminal
	www.shef.ac.uk /arcus/projects/scbfcr1.html (25 words)

	The University of Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist -- Cowan Site ground stone & cobble tools
		For example, some fire-cracked rock specimens were derived from what had originally been ground stone and cobble tools such as manos and metates.
		Alternatively, some fire-cracked rock pieces were re-used as tools such as anvils and as abraders in processing hematite.
		We have noted that in many previous studies, fire-cracked rock is often given little more than a cursory examination.
	www.uiowa.edu /~osa/gcp/cowan/ground_stone.htm (834 words)

	August 3, 2002
		A spokeshave made of Bayport chert (associated with a prehistoric occupation) was also recovered (see 520R480) and all of the units are producing fairly large numbers of flakes and fire cracked rock.
		There is still some earthenware and a fair amount of prehistoric material (flakes and fire cracked rock).
		Decorated earthenware included a fragment of a Red Transfer double curved cup, Brown Transfer, and a Polychrome Handpainted sherd (note the red stem - see 515R480).
	www.chippewanaturecenter.com /Oxbow/8-3-02.htm (494 words)

	Indians on Long Island
		A large concentration of fire-cracked rock is situated in the south-central part of the village, an indication of one large hearth or several smaller ones.
		Within the groupings, the archeologists found pieces of fire-cracked rock, rock bested to such a high temperature that it had cracked.
		Like the fire-cracked rock, each piece of junk is an artifact that leads to another clue.
	www.longwood.k12.ny.us /history/indian/arch1.htm (1369 words)

	FSTS 21AN106
		The presence of fire-cracked rock (associated with stone boiling) and St. Croix/Onamia ceramics, (types usually associated with intensified wild rice use in Minnesota), suggest that processing of wild rice was the main activity.
		The ground-penetrating radar survey at 21AN106 found several places that appeared to be clusters of fire-cracked rock, which the archaeologists believed might be former fire hearths.
		Some of this material was found in loose clusters that may have been fire hearths, but the rocks had been scattered through several thousand years of burrowing by animals.
	www.fromsitetostory.org /tcm/21an0106/21an0106.asp (1370 words)

	East Lydick Creek - Introduction
		Finally, variations in density of fire-cracked rock in different parts of the site area were thought to reflect, at the least, discrete activity areas within components, if not separate occupation episodes.
		Large gaps existed between sets of shovel tests containing cultural materials other than fire-cracked rock, but the entire area had a general geomorphic consistency and spatial relationship to the Lydick Lake basin, so the full extent of the tested area was recorded as a single archaeological site.
		A second question addressed the probable cultural function of the large quantities of fire-cracked rock at the site.
	www1.minn.net /~pemerson/annex/lydick1.htm (4580 words)

	9) Late Archaic Period
		Fire-cracked rock is produced from heating rock for stone boiling or for baking in earth ovens.
		A cluster of fire-cracked rock resting on a compact clay surface (floor?) was encountered.
		Evidence from the Fort Rock Basin indicates that the location of residential centers was a function of local water budgets and wetland health, population density, and time, and that these centers shifted among basin lowlands, basin uplands, or out of basin centers in response to changes in social or natural environments.
	www.ncn.com /~gilsen/webdoc9.htm (4041 words)

	Lindner, C.R., Grouse Bluff: An Archaeological Introduction
		Perhaps it was a facility that involved the use of rocks heated elsewhere, or possibly it was a hearth not intensively utilized.
		The rocks were mostly fragmentary but included a slab that overlay a cluster of large flakes suggestive of a heat-treatment facility to make chert more easily chipped.
		The surface could have risen with the addition of dirt brought in on feet and moccasins, the shatter of sandstone hearth rocks, and even soil intentionally spread to form a fresh surface as the ground became bare so that discarded chert flakes posed a threat by their sharp edges.
	www.ulster.net /%7Ehrmm/hvrr/lindner.htm (7454 words)

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