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	Bombing of Tokyo in World War II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first raid on Tokyo was the Doolittle Raid of April 18, 1942 when sixteen B-25 Mitchells were launched from the USS Hornet (CV-8) to attack targets including Yokohama and Tokyo and then fly on to airfields in China.
		The firebombing of Tokyo and other Japanese cities is considered a war crime by some.
		Tokyo was not considered as a target for a nuclear attack, although Tokyo Bay was apparently examined as a target for a non-lethal demonstration.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_in_World_War_II (1111 words)

	Encyclopedia: Firebombing of Tokyo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As capital of Japan, Tokyo was an obvious target as part of an assault on the "basic economic and social fabric of the country".
		The first raid on Tokyo was the Doolittle Raid of April 18, 1942 when sixteen B-25 Mitchells were launched from the USS Hornet to attack targets including Yokohama and Tokyo and then fly on to airfields in China.
		The first such raid on Tokyo was on the night of February 23 - 24 when 174 B-29s destroyed around one square mile (3 km²) of the city.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Firebombing-of-Tokyo (1055 words)

	Tokyo on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Tokyo proper consists of an urban area divided into wards, a county area with farms and mountain villages, and the Izu Islands stretching to the S of Tokyo Bay.
		The city of Tokyo is the administrative, financial, educational, and cultural center of Japan and a major industrial hub surrounded by numerous suburban manufacturing complexes.
		Tokyo is also one of the world's most important cities in terms of economic power and influence, and it serves as the corporate and communications hub for the E Pacific Rim.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/T/Tokyo.asp (625 words)

	Museum Recalls US Firebombing of Tokyo Which Killed 100,000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		TOKYO - When hundreds of American B-29 bombers sent waves of fire racing through Tokyo 57 years ago today, Katsumoto Saotome ran for his life, stumbling over burned corpses.
		Though later overshadowed by the mushroom clouds over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the firebombing of Tokyo wrought devastation comparable to that caused by the two atomic attacks, Saotome said.
		Among the survivors who gathered to remember yesterday was an American B-29 navigator who was in a prison camp near Tokyo's Imperial Palace when the bombs began to rain down.
	www.commondreams.org /cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/headlines02/0310-01.htm (383 words)

	American Experience \| Victory in the Pacific \| People & Events \| PBS
		Shortly after midnight on March 10, 1945, more than 300 American B-29 airplanes began dropping incendiary bombs over Tokyo in a coordinated attack called "Operation Meetinghouse." Their targets were large airplane parts factories, as well as small cottage industries that were dispersed throughout densely populated neighborhoods.
		By March 1945 almost two million people had left Tokyo, but those who remained lived in a city where 98% of the buildings were made of wood and paper.
		Her husband, an army officer, was on the outskirts of town guarding a military base the night of the attack.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/pacific/peopleevents/p_hashimoto.html (773 words)

	International Military Tribunal for the Far East - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (also referred to as the IMTFE, the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, or the Tokyo Trial) was held to try the leaders of Japan for crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity committed during World War II.
		Also, because the IMTFE only prosecuted officials of the defeated Japanese forces, some have felt that possible Allied violations of the laws of war were ignored.
		For example, the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the firebombing of Tokyo and other cities have been described as crimes against humanity, and the Soviet Union 's invasions of Manchuria and parts of Japan have been criticized as crimes against peace.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tokyo_Trial (536 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Asia / Tokyo marks WWII firebombing anniversary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Marking an attack that brought the full force of total war to Tokyo, the Japanese bowed their heads in prayer Thursday in remembrance of the massive 1945 U.S. air raid that incinerated wide swaths of the capital and killed 100,000 in a single night.
		TOKYO -- Marking an attack that brought the full force of total war to Tokyo, the Japanese bowed their heads in prayer Thursday in remembrance of the massive 1945 U.S. air raid that incinerated wide swaths of the capital and killed 100,000 in a single night.
		The raid on Tokyo, which followed a similar attack on Dresden, Germany, in February 1945, brought open warfare by the Allies on civilian targets to a new height.
	www.boston.com /news/world/asia/articles/2005/03/10/tokyo_marks_wwii_firebombing_anniversary?mode=PF (763 words)

	Sixty years ago, US bombing reduced Tokyo to ashes
		TOKYO, March 8 (AFP) - With its packed skyline and neon lights, today's Tokyo is a metropolis of constant life.
		Tears still roll down her face as she recounts the intensive US firebombing of Tokyo that killed an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 people in just three hours on the night of March 9-10, 1945.
		While Tokyo has risen like a phoenix to become one of the world's showcase capital cities in business and culture, Hashimoto said the realization that peace had come was a long process.
	www.politicalgateway.com /news/read.html?id=3145 (753 words)

	The Seattle Times: Nation & World: 1945 Tokyo firebombing left legacy of terror, pain
		TOKYO — For decades, Teruo Kanoh never revealed the terror locked in his heart the night in 1945 when American bombs turned Tokyo into a raging fireball.
		The Tokyo firebombing has long been overshadowed by the U.S. atomic attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which preceded the Japanese surrender that ended World War II the following August.
		The Tokyo attack was aimed in part at demolishing Japanese morale and hastening a surrender.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/nationworld/2002201396_tokyo09.html (823 words)

	Hitler's problem: lack of authenticity
		Nevertheless, the question remains, as you say, whether the firebombing of Tokyo was a necessary and justified act of war or a vicious (as in, springing from vice) act of vengeance.
		Since that was the intent of the firebombing of Dresden and the use of the atomic bombs on Japan along with the attempt to cause Japan to unconditionally surrender.
		The firebombing of Tokyo was the act of barbarians.
	www.amnation.com /vfr/archives/001130.html (18666 words)

	Why We Did It - 003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Bombing civilian centers was anathema at the beginning of the war, but after the London blitz and the day-and-night raids against Germany in 1943-44, city-bashing had become routine, accepted by a war-weary public.
		Stimson was an old-school gentleman, the unofficial chairman of the East Coast establishment.
		Stimson was still stewing over the May 25th firebombing of Tokyo several days later when he called General Groves and demanded to know the target list for the A-bomb.
	www.childrenofthemanhattanproject.org /LC/I-002b.htm (673 words)

	The Militant - April 29, 2002 -- Museum opens on 1945 U.S. firebombing of Tokyo
		Some of the facts about the 1945 U.S. firebombings of Tokyo are being forced into the light of day, in spite of decades of cover-up by the U.S. rulers, with the complicity of their counterparts in Japan.
		Still in dispute were the terms of Tokyo's capitulation, as the Japanese rulers balked at Allied insistence on unconditional surrender, including the emperor's abdication.
		The firebombing attacks were brought to an end as the U.S. rulers rushed to unleash their newest weapon.
	www.themilitant.com /2002/6617/661764.html (1153 words)

	Infamy
		Tokyo's had a hard century, all in all- it was flattened and burned in the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, and no sooner got built back up than it was bombed flat by the US during WWII.
		The firebombing of Tokyo was a fairly bastardly action.
		It was more justifiable than, say, the firebombing of Dresden (Tokyo was, after all, a city of some military importance), but still primarily a tremendously destructive act of terror.
	www.steelypips.org /japan/Infamy.html (1862 words)

	Respectful Insolence (a.k.a. "Orac Knows"): 60 years ago tonight: The Firebombing of Tokyo
		This is an attack that is rarely discussed, at least in comparison to the debate and controversy the bombings of Dresden and Hamburg engendered, even though the firebombing of Tokyo killed far more people in one night than both of those bombings combined, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000.
		The attack on Tokyo is also rarely discussed even in the context of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, even though more people died 60 years ago tonight in Tokyo than died as a result of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki.
		True, Tokyo was the capital and therefore the nerve center of the Japanese war machine, and, by the logic that had prevailed by the end of the war, certainly the governmental and military complexes in the city were legitimate targets.
	oracknows.blogspot.com /2005/03/60-years-ago-tonight-firebombing-of.html (1510 words)

	The Tokyo Fire Raids, 1945
		He was in Tokyo on the night of March 9, 1945 when the wet winter weather made a surprise change to mild temperatures and gusty winds.
		The district hugged Tokyo Bay and was densely-packed with wooden homes lining winding streets that followed random paths - all the ingredients necessary for creating a perfect fire storm.
		The fiery air was blown down toward the ground and it was often the refugees' feet that began burning first: the men's puttees and the women's trousers caught fire and ignited the rest of their clothing.
	www.eyewitnesstohistory.com /tokyo.htm (2070 words)

	Tokyo Japan Travel - Land of the giants
		The huge white edifice elevated by enormous pillars behind the sumo stadium is the Edo Tokyo Museum, the largest in Japan.
		The Tokyo Zone covers the post Meiji city, WWII and post-war reconstruction, and the History Zone is an overview from the Palaeolithic to the Showa Era.
		It is rather poignant to see the American exhibits in the knowledge that the carnage would be repeated two decades later in WWII - the firebombing of Tokyo by the US Air Force, especially fierce on March 10 1945, killed an estimated 100,000.
	metropolis.japantoday.com /tokyotravel/tokyojapantravel/373/ryogoku.htm (1194 words)

	ABC 7 News - Tokyo Marks WWII Firebombing Anniversary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		TOKYO (AP) - Amid recollections of horror and solemn vows of peace, Japan on Thursday commemorated the day 60 years ago when U.S. bombers burned Tokyo to the ground in a firebombing that killed 100,000 people, nearly all of them civilians.
		Hundreds of survivors burned incense and clasped their hands in prayer for the victims at a memorial hall for the air raid in downtown Tokyo on Thursday morning, and a series of speakers pledged to forever avoid the scourge of war.
		Along with the February 1945 bombardment of Dresden, Germany, the attack on Tokyo marked a new chapter in the Allies' willingness to incinerate whole cities - and their civilian residents - in the quest for World War II victory.
	www.wjla.com /news/stories/0305/212573.html (737 words)

	Bill Totten's Weblog: World War Two American Atrocity ...
		The bombing incinerated over fifteen kilometers of central Tokyo, left over a million homeless and opened the curtain on an orgy of destruction in the final months of the Pacific War that included dozens of similar raids on Japanese cities and culminated in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August.
		The Tokyo fire bombing was the apprenticeship for a generation of future Cold War warriors.
		Today, the gleaming plantation of concrete and glass spires in downtown Tokyo, built over the carbonized remains of the victims of the 1945 firebombing, is testimony to Japan's remarkable talent for reinvention, and for forgetting.
	billtotten.blogspot.com /2005/03/world-war-two-american-atrocity.html (1290 words)

	This Day In History>>1945 The Firebombing of Tokyo...............Two Spirit
		The firebombing of Tokyo was the first major bombing operation of this sort against Japan.
		The conflagration quickly engulfed Tokyo's wooden residential structures, and the subsequent firestorm replaced oxygen with lethal gases, superheated the atmosphere, and caused hurricane-like winds that blew a wall of fire across the city.
		As a result of the attack, 10 square miles of eastern Tokyo were entirely obliterated, and an estimated 250,000 buildings were destroyed.
	unsolvedmysteries.com /usm411353.html (663 words)

	Foreign Policy In Focus Policy Report: Firebombing and Atom Bombing: An Historical Perspective on Indiscriminate Bombing
		The firebombing of Tokyo, or for that matter the bombing of any city, whether it be Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Dresden, or London, cannot be fully comprehended unless it is examined in the context of the history of indiscriminate bombing throughout the twentieth century.
		Indiscriminate bombing of civilians during major warfare was first conducted by both the German and the Allied forces during World War I. Initially both sides refrained from targeting civilians or residential areas, but due to the rudimentary nature of their aircraft and aerial bombing techniques, bombs inevitably went astray, killing civilians in their wake.
		We must be careful not to get bogged down in an argument such as whether or not the firebombing of Tokyo was strategically justifiable, and whether or not the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were strategically justifiable.
	www.fpif.org /papers/0505bomb.html (2774 words)

	Air Force Times - News - More News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Tokyo firebombing has long been overshadowed by the subsequent U.S. atomic attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki preceding the Japanese surrender that ended World War II.
		While critics in Japan and elsewhere decry such attacks as war crimes, others say the Tokyo assault took place against a backdrop of the increasing brutality of total war fueled in part by the militarism of the Axis powers.
		The paintings are on exhibit in Tokyo as part of the several commemorations, though these pale in scale and impact to the ones remembering the atomic bombings.
	www.airforcetimes.com /story.php?f=1-292925-709641.php (1041 words)

	The Great Tokyo Air Raid - An Enormous War Crime
		In sheer magnitude, the calamity brought by the firebombing surpassed both Hiroshima and Nagasaki, at least according to the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey conducted shortly after the war.
		But the devastation of Tokyo, along with that of Hamburg and Dresden, was laid aside the moment an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, then on Nagasaki.
		With the advent of a weapon capable of snuffing out a large city in a flash, the sense suddenly took root that "the continuity of life was, for the first time, put into question," as Mary McCarthy put it.
	www.rense.com /general29/asdi.htm (1110 words)

	1945
		USAAF B29's firebomb Nagoya, the heaviest raid on the Japanese homeland so far, with 3,500 tons of bombs being dropped, which destroys the Mitsubishi works.
		Tokyo radio says that 4.93m Japanese have been displaced by the bombing in the last three months.
		Tokyo is reported as 85% bomb damaged, although this is not as bad as Berlin.
	www.wargamer.com /ww2timeline/1945asia.asp (2590 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: James Dickey (1923-1997)
		They may concern things Dickey has actually done ("The Firebombing") or that he imagines wholly or partially ("May Day Sermon," "Cherrylog Road," "The Sheep Child").
		Some of his most successful poems are about experiences had by others that he reconceives and imagines for himself ("Falling" is a notable example).
		The novel is marked with violence and a kind of deliberate brutality as the man flees the soldiers who pursue him.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-452 (1852 words)

	ABC News: Tokyo Marks WWII Firebombing Anniversary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Japan Marks 60th Anniversary of Firebombing of Tokyo in World War II An elderly man prays at the monument for the 100,000 victims of the 1945 U.S. air raid on Tokyo as the city marks the firebombing's 60th anniversary at a memorial hall in Tokyo Thursday, March 10, 2005.
		But the Tokyo attack killed more people immediately than either atomic explosion, and is widely considered the most devastating air raid of history.
		TOKYO Mar 10, 2005 — Amid recollections of horror and solemn vows of peace, Japan on Thursday commemorated the day 60 years ago when U.S. bombers burned Tokyo to the ground in a firebombing that killed 100,000 people, nearly all of them civilians.
	abcnews.go.com /International/wireStory?id=567337 (481 words)

	American Experience \| Victory in the Pacific \| Maps \| PBS
		General Curtis LeMay takes control of the 21st Bomber Command in January 1945 and devises a new tactic of low-altitude attacks, dropping "fire sticks" -- napalm, which is gasoline in a jelly form.
		On the night of March 9-10, over 300 B-29s fly to Japan on a bombing mission, targeting aircraft factories in and around Tokyo's densely settled Sumida district.
		After several hours of non-stop bombing, sixteen square miles of Tokyo are burning out of control -- one quarter of the city.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/pacific/maps/maps_04.html (202 words)

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