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	Report on the Firmament
		In some theories, the creation of the firmament is associated with a structure of some sort, called a canopy, perhaps consisting of water vapor, or a shell of ice, or rings which once surrounded the earth, which no longer exists.
		This report considers the thesis that the firmament of the Bible does not refer to something in the sky at all, but is found within the earth.
		Critical scholars have translated the Hebrew "raqia", which is rendered "firmament" in the KJV of Genesis 1:6, as "dome" or "vault" in the modern Bibles.
	www.sentex.net /~tcc/firma1.html (300 words)

	Firmament - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The word is mentioned in the bible, (Genesis 1: 6-8): 6God said, “Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it separate between water and water.” 7So God made the firmament, and separated the waters which were beneath the firmament and the waters which were above the firmament.
		It appears that the anciants believed that there were bodies of water, one in the sky and one on earth that would have a tendency to fall into each other.
		A firmament would thus be necessary to separate these bodies of water so that the water of the heavans can remain separate from the body of earthly water.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Firmament (244 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Firmament
		The notion of the solidity of the firmament is moreover expressed in such passages as Job, xxxvii, 18, where reference is made incidentally to the heavens, ôwhich are most strong, as if they were of molten brassö.
		In conformity with these ideas, the writer of Gen., i, 14-17, 20 represents God as setting the stars in the firmament of heaven, and the fowls are located beneath it, i.e.
		in the air as distinct from the firmament.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06079b.htm (434 words)

	The Firmament, Third Heaven, and Structure of Things Biblical
		Many modern scholars consign the term "firmament" as a relic of a pre-scientific culture, and translate the Hebrew word "raqia" (which is rendered as "firmament" in the KJV) as a "dome" or "vault" in some modern Bibles.
		firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years: And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so.
		The firmament deals with the structure of the present heavens and Earth (Genesis 2:1), as opposed to the structure of the original heaven and Earth (Genesis 1:1).
	www.kjvbible.org /firmament.html (2709 words)

	SUMMA THEOLOGICA: Are there waters above the firmament? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		For if by the firmament we understand the starry heaven, and as being of the nature of the four elements, for the same reason it may be believed that the waters above the heaven are of the same nature as the elemental waters.
		Again, if the firmament is held to be of other nature than the elements, it may still be said to divide the waters, if we understand by water not the element but formless matter.
		If, however, we understand by the firmament that part of the air in which the clouds are collected, then the waters above the firmament must rather be the vapors resolved from the waters which are raised above a part of the atmosphere, and from which the rain falls.
	www.newadvent.org /summa/106802.htm (814 words)

	Firmament (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Firmament Combines the meanings of support, expanse, and boundary; a translation of the Latin firmamentum (a support), which again renders the Greek stereoma (a foundation).
		In this sense firmament signifies one aspect of Ring-pass-not, the dividing line between one hierarchical division and another, which divisions, rings, or firmaments mutually support and complement each other, and thus build up the web or fabric of the cosmic structure.
		The mid-region; the firmament or space between earth and heaven, the abode of apsaras (nymphs), gandharvas (celestial musicians), and yakshas (nature sprites of many types) along with the mythical wish-granting cow of plenty, Kamadhenu.
	www.experiencefestival.com /firmament (1303 words)

	The Three
		The top story consists of a hard firmament which serves to divide a part of the primeval ocean from the other part of that ocean which is on the earth.
		This is evidenced by the etymological meaning of the Hebrew word for firmament, the logic of the case, the ease with which Moses could have described a gaseous firmament had he so desired, Biblical cross references, and the absence of any evidence to the contrary.
		We, therefore, reject the definition of firmament as a non-solid expanse; because such a definition immediately involves one either in a self-contradiction or in a demand that Genesis 1:7 be excised.
	www.asa3.org /ASA/PSCF/1969/JASA3-69Seely.html (3319 words)

	The Firmament
		The Firmament was originally constructed by the initial etheric civilization that came to earth approximately 35 million years ago.
		When the Firmament existed it was under the direction of the Spiritual Hierarchy - and those who constructed the crystal temples in accordance with the Spiritual Hierarchy's wishes - so it could perform several functions for the atmosphere of the planet.
		Another side affect of the Firmament was that the stars were magnified so that the sky would be seen as through a huge telescope.
	www.lemuria.net /thefirmament.html (734 words)

	Introduction to the Firmament (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This bewilderment is compounded by the fact that whereas the word firmament suggests something solid, it is clearly stated in verse 8 that the firmament is synonymous with heaven; and that the sun, moon, and stars are actually located inside the firmament (verse 17), as if embedded therein.
		Likewise, the comparatively recent equating of the word firmament with canopy does not agree with the clear statement of Scripture that the celestial bodies are set "in the firmament of the heaven" (Genesis 1:17).
		That the universe becomes less massive on its scale is a new perspective due to the firmament theory, although it is implicit in evolutionary speculations on the origin of the universe, such as the big-bang, as well as in theories which deal with the universe as a whole.
	www.geocentricity.com /geocentricity/itf.html (1253 words)

	Firmament - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The word "firmament" is the translation of Hebrew "raqiya", which comes from a root meaning "to beat a sheet".
		Not only is the firmament a plain inference from a literal reading of the Bible, but also, it could solve quite a few problems for creationists who believe in the Genesis Flood.
		Whereas such models as the Vapor canopy and Runaway subduction have insurmountable problems (such as high atmospheric pressure in the case of the Vapour Canopy), the Firmament model is a clean, problem-free solution to the question of where the Flood waters came from.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Firmament (244 words)

	Main: Firmament III: Pitchfork Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Firmament III could be the soundtrack to your next Halloween party.
		Such environmental soundscapes will be nothing new to players of video games like "Castlevania" or "Nightmare Creatures." Still, that Hampson produces this haze of noise from his guitar, and that all five of the tracks occasion a visceral (but not emotional) response, is reason enough to commend Main for such esoteric experimentation.
		To become truly engaged you'll have to either turn out the lights and engross yourself in 39 minutes of bad karma, or conversely put the album out of your mind so that it effects you at a subconscious level.
	www.pitchforkmedia.com /record-reviews/m/main/firmament-iii.shtml (236 words)

	Netherworld - Firmament in obscurity - Groove Unlimited
		Firmament In Obscurity was released in 2005 by Deep Listening of Italy.
		Firmament In Obscurity is another exploration of the natural environment via the medium of ambient music.
		Firmament as defined by the dictionary is used to describe the sky itself or else the space in which the stars inhabit.
	www.groove.nl /cd/7/78428.html (429 words)

	Ezekiel's Firmament
		And the likeness of the firmament upon the heads of the living creature was as the colour of the terrible crystal, stretched forth over their heads above.
		And above the firmament that was over their heads was the likeness of a throne, as the appearance of a sapphire stone: and upon the likeness of the throne was the likeness as the appearance of a man above upon it.
		Ezekiel's description of this crystalline firmament, together with the statement in Genesis 1 that the firmament made on the second day was named Heaven, was interpreted in medieval times as an indication that God's throne was located on top of the firmament, or the empyrean, the highest heaven.
	www.sentex.net /~tcc/fezek.html (970 words)

	The Firmament (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It stands to reason that the firmament should dictate the physical properties of the universe.
		The density of the firmament relates to several fundamental physical constants.
		Furthermore, there is nothing vacuous about the firmament, and so it is more reasonable to conclude that it is a pervasive medium which, on nuclear scales, the universe can only suspect but of whose existence it can never be certain.
	www.geocentricity.com /geocentricity/ftsrc/ft4.html (314 words)

	The Waters Above the Firmament
		It seems to mean the sky, and the idea seems to be that the firmament is something solid holding the stars in place, and that water was above the firmament, just as water surrounds the earth and is below it.
		Even a century ago (or as far as that goes, 1400 years ago at the time of Cosmas Indicopleustes) this concept was pretty far-fetched, but when men walked on the moon in 1969 the idea became ludicrous.
		And (going a little further, and speaking a language that Christians can understand) it seems clear to me that the Armageddon Christians are doing harm, and that instead of relying on the mercy of Christ to rescue them from the consequences of their actions, they should stop and think.
	www.idiocentrism.com /firmament.htm (839 words)

	Dictionary.com/Word of the Day: firmament
		The region of the air; the sky or heavens.
		Ressmeyer began his own photo agency in 1981 to meet the great demand for his images, naming it the Starlight agency due to the "split personality of my work," which focused primarily on stars in the Hollywood firmament, as well as stars in space.
		Firmament comes from Late Latin firmamentum, from Latin firmare, to make firm.
	dictionary.reference.com /wordoftheday/archive/2000/04/11.html (249 words)

	CGR: Creationist\Evolutionist important post - Firmament (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Another thing about the firmament is that it provided a much better climate at all parts of the earth.
		The firmament was supposed to block much if not all of the UV rays we receive today, something which protected men.
		We're talking multiples of atmospheres here (the firmament made it at least 2 atm pressure, though i think possibly more), whereas the mountains vs. sea level is not near a great enough difference.
	www.christianguitar.org /forums/showthread.php?t=7343 (2157 words)

	Commentary of Genesis 1:6-8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.
		Obviously, this firmament is our atmosphere, the oxygen environment which would be so essential to all life to follow.
		It is quite possible that the heat source at the earth's core, providing the energy to rotate the earth, became the impetus for the conversion of liquid water to a vaporous and gaseous state -- oxygen, as we know it to be.
	www.ao.net /~jmo/Genesis/1_6a8.html (593 words)

	Articles / Days of Praise / The Third Firmament - Institute for Creation Research
		This firmament obviously could not be a solid boundary above the sky, but is essentially the atmosphere, the "first heaven," the "space" where the birds were to "fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven" (Genesis 1:20).
		There is also a second firmament, or second heaven, where God placed the sun, moon, and stars, stretching out into the infinite reaches of space.
		This glorious firmament, brilliantly crystalline in appearance, must be "the third heaven" to which the apostle Paul was once "caught up" in a special manifestation of God's presence and power, to hear "unspeakable words" from God in "paradise" (II Corinthians 12:2-4).
	www.icr.org /index.php?module=articles&action=view&ID=1765 (342 words)

	Bible Study - Firmament
		The English word firmament is derived from the Latin word firmamentum as found in the Latin Vulgate version of the Bible, which is based on the Latin word meaning to make firm.
		Its Biblical usage generally refers to the two apparent spheres of "heaven" (see Heavens Below, Heavens Above) - that of the atmosphere in which the clouds actually move across the sky, and the sun, moon, stars and planets whose most-apparent daily movement is actually caused by the rotation of the earth on its axis i.e.
		And under the firmament their wings were stretched out straight, one toward another; and each creature had two wings covering its body.
	www.keyway.ca /htm2002/20020826.htm (627 words)

	Firmament - Ethereal Side Project of FROLIC
		Firmament has always been a home to the more experimental, instrumental side of Frolic.
		Firmament releases are now self-released on FROLIC's own REALM digital label.
		I've always enjoyed Firmament as a side project as it allows me to explore less structured spaces than FROLIC, which is built more around verses/choruses to support the vocals.
	www.frolicmusic.net /firmament.html (252 words)

	REVIEW: Firmament - "Open-Eyed Ascension"
		Firmament is better than 12 mg of Melatonin.
		Firmament is ambient music - flowing, graceful, synthetic strings and choral voices reverbing, chorusing and echoing, with plenty of tinkling bells, or gurgling space noises to fill in the blanks.
		Firmament should definitely send this disk to the Discovery Channel, the SiFi Channel and PBS and see if they can score some soundtrack work (I'm serious).
	www.legendsmagazine.net /85/firmam.htm (377 words)

	John Robinson - Firmament
		He asked me if I thought it would be possible to use his findings in a sculpture, and explained that the radii of the spheres are, if the unit is a decimetre, 1.5cm, 2.8cm, 5.3cm, 10cm, 18.8cm, 35.5cm, 66.8cm.
		Donald Coxeter's 90th birthday was on February 9, 1997, and FIRMAMENT was given to him as a birthday present from John Robinson by Ronnie Brown at the Fields Institute.
		This material may be used freely for educational, artistic and scientific purposes, but may not be used for commercial purposes, for profit or in texts without the permission of the publishers.
	www.popmath.org.uk /sculpture/pages/5firm.html (473 words)

	Apologetics Press - What was the Firmament of Genesis 1?
		The firmament is the semi- spherical arc of the sky (it looks flattened on top and rather semi-ellipsoidal, but that is an optical illusion), and it was considered a hard and firm covering of the flat earth.
		The relationship of the firmament to the concept of heaven can be clarified if the firmament is identified with the troposphere, and then by thinking of the celestial heavens either as a topographic dimension beyond the firmament itself, or as the designated abode of God (1982, 2:307).
		When a word has more than one meaning (as firmament obviously does), the context in which the word is used in the passage under consideration is critical to a proper understanding of the meaning of the word.
	www.apologeticspress.org /modules.php?name=Read&itemid=2168&cat=12 (2475 words)

	The Waters Above the Firmament
		And God said, "Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it separate the waters from the waters." And God made the firmament and separated the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament.
		And God said, "Let there be lights in the firmament of the heavens to separate the day from the night; and let them be for signs and for seasons and for days and years, and let them be lights in the firmament of the heavens to give light upon the earth." And it was so.
		The firmament is the place where the birds fly and the water is in the upper atmosphere.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Thebes/7755/firmamentwaters.html (12379 words)

	Firmament and Chaos
		In Firmament and Chaos, I cite considerable physical evidence that the jet continued to shoot out of the impact crater into space for six millennia.
		But these translations were made after the thread of knowledge of the dance encounters was lost, when no one realized that other worlds had come close to the earth for millennia.
		As stated previously, priori-Mars was also referred to as ‘heavens,’ the same as the biblical ‘firmament.’ The following is an example of such a statement.
	www.firmament-chaos.com /mythology_greek.html (4854 words)

	Firmament
		Hebrew "Rakia." God places a firmament between the waters of earth and the waters of heaven to separate them.
		Some say there are two firmaments, based on a Biblical verse (Deut.
		Article "Firmament" created on 26 August 2004; last modified on 26 August 2004 (Revision 1).
	www.pantheon.org /articles/f/firmament.html (68 words)

	Apologetics Press - What was the “Firmament” of Genesis 1?
		The firmament is the semi-spherical arc of the sky (it looks flattened on top and rather semi-ellipsoidal, but that is an optical illusion), and it was considered a hard and firm covering of the flat earth.
		And the psalmist spoke of God’s “sanctuary” as being “in the firmament” (Psalm 150:1).
		In Genesis 1:6 the firmament comprised an expanse that penetrated the mass of water vapor covering the earth and divided it into lower (or terrestrial) and upper (or atmospheric) levels.
	www.apologeticspress.org /modules.php?name=Read&cat=1&itemid=164 (3605 words)

	The Douay-Rheims Bible, Book of Genesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		And God said: Let there be a firmament made amidst the waters: and let it divide the waters from the waters.
		And God made a firmament, and divided the waters that were under the firmament, from those that were above the firmament, and it was so.
		To shine in the firmament of heaven, and to give light upon the earth, and it was so done.
	www.catholicfirst.com /thefaith/bible/genesis.cfm (6965 words)

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