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Topic: First Amendment

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Establishment Clause of the First Amendment

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	First amendment \| LII / Legal Information Institute
		The First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects the right to freedom of religion and freedom of expression from government interference.
		The First Amendment has been interpreted by the Court as applying to the entire federal government even though it is only expressly applicable to Congress.
		Despite popular misunderstanding the right to freedom of the press guaranteed by the first amendment is not very different from the right to freedom of speech.
	topics.law.cornell.edu /wex/First_amendment (657 words)

	First Amendment to the United States Constitution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights.
		A small minority has questioned whether involuntary commitment laws, when the diagnosis of mental illness leading, in whole or in part, to the commitment, was made to some degree on the basis of the speech or writings of the committed individual, violates the right of freedom of speech of such individuals.
		Using the First Amendment as a focal point, examines the process of analysis by which the Supreme Court has interpreted the Constitution, and identifies how this process has led to the emergence of a “virtual" First Amendment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Amendment (4437 words)

	ELS - ERD - Law By Country - United States Substantive Law (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Amendment X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
		The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Oklahoma in June 1947, and Massachusetts on June 9, 1949.
		The amendment was rejected by Mississippi (and not subsequently ratified) on December 20, 1962.
	www.law.emory.edu /FEDERAL/usconst/amend.html (2796 words)

	The Constitution of the United States of America
		First, it had been argued that the tuition reimbursement program promoted the free exercise of religion in that it permitted low-income parents desiring to send their children to school in accordance with their religious views to do so.
		In the first, the religious classes were conducted during regular school hours in the school building by outside teachers furnished by a religious council representing the various faiths, subject to the approval or supervision of the superintendent of schools.
		Most importantly, the First Amendment had been drafted in the First Congress with an awareness of the chaplaincy practice, and this practice was not prohibited or discontinued.
	www.gpoaccess.gov /constitution/html/amdt1.html (11633 words)

	The Constitution of the United States of America
		The actual Enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct.
		They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.
		This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several states, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the states by the Congress.
	www.midnightbeach.com /jon/US-Constitution.htm (4025 words)

	firstamendmentcenter.org: About
		The First Amendment was written because at America's inception, citizens demanded a guarantee of their basic freedoms.
		Without the First Amendment, religious minorities could be persecuted, the government might well establish a national religion, protesters could be silenced, the press could not criticize government, and citizens could not mobilize for social change.
		Further, courts wrestle daily with First Amendment controversies and constitutional clashes, as evidenced by the free-press vs. fair-trial debate and the dilemma of First Amendment liberty principles vs. the equality values of the 14th Amendment.
	www.firstamendmentcenter.org /about.aspx?item=about_firstamd (477 words)

	FIRST AMENDMENT
		Partner Jon Katz appeared as president of the Free Speech Coalition of the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia to champion the First Amendment's vindication in Aschcroft v.
		Jon Katz advocated the view that the First Amendment must continue to protect adult entertainment that is produced by and for adults.
		Interview of partner Jon Katz concerning First Amendment barriers to a former government employee's lawsuit against a newspaper's alleged failure to honor her request to remain a confidential source.
	www.markskatz.com /firstamend.htm (3854 words)

	USIS -- Issues of Democracy, February 1997 -- Goodale on First Amendment and Press Freedom
		The founders of the United States enacted the First Amendment to distinguish their new government from that of England, which had long censored the press and prosecuted persons who dared to criticize the British Crown.
		As Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart explained in a 1974 speech, the "primary purpose" of the First Amendment was "to create a fourth institution outside the government as an additional check on the three official branches" (the executive branch, the legislature and the judiciary).
		The First Amendment also protects the right to parody public figures, even when such parodies are "outrageous," and even when they cause their targets severe emotional distress.
	usinfo.state.gov /journals/itdhr/0297/ijde/goodale.htm (1939 words)

	LII: Law about...First Amendment
		The First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects the right to freedom of religion and freedom of expression from government interference.
		The First Amendment has been interpreted by the Court as applying to the entire federal government even though it is only expressly applicable to Congress.
		Despite popular misunderstanding the right to freedom of the press guaranteed by the first amendment is not very different from the right to freedom of speech.
	www.law.cornell.edu /topics/first_amendment.html (646 words)

	First Amendment, constitution first amendment, history of First Amendment (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Above is the First Amendment, the text where the so-called "separation of church and state" and "wall of separation" doctrine is supposedly found.
		Jefferson wrote back informing them that he understood their concerns and that the intent of the First Amendment was to make sure that the federal government would never interfere or in any way restrict the right of public religious expression.
		The fact that the First Amendment's clear purpose was to make sure a national denomination of Christianity would never be established as the national religion was even made clear during the States talks on the First Amendment.
	www.christian-politics.com /firstamendment.html (1668 words)

	First Amendment Lawyers Association - FALA
		Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
		The First Amendment Lawyers Association is an Illionis-based, incorporated, not-for-profit association.
		FALA™ is a trademark and service mark of the First Amendment Lawyers Association, an incorporated association, not-for-profit.
	www.firstamendmentlawyers.org (111 words)

	THE FIRST AMEMDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
		The roots of the First Amendment can be traced to a bill written by Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) in 1777 and proposed to the Virginia Legislature in 1779.
		The First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, TN conducts a public opinion poll on an annual basis.
		The results for the year 2000 show that support for first amendment freedoms is not particularly strong in some areas.
	www.religioustolerance.org /amend_1.htm (1243 words)

	Bill of Rights
		The conventions of a number of the States having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added.
		Article the third [Amendment I] Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
		Article the twelfth [Amendment X] The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
	www.constitution.org /billofr_.htm (508 words)

	Leftist Word Games & First Amendment Guarantee Of Religious Freedom
		The real issue, of course, had little to do with the First Amendment guarantees against Congressional interference with Free Speech, or Freedom of Assembly, since no one was trying to tell the "Nazis" they could not assemble on their own turf, in their own communities, and speak to their hearts' content.
		It was settled law that the First Amendment was not applicable to the States, before the "adoption" of the Fourteenth Amendment.
		First, the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment is highly suspect.
	pages.prodigy.net /krtq73aa/firsta.htm (4074 words)

	First Amendment no big deal, students say - Education - MSNBC.com
		It turns out the First Amendment is a second-rate issue to many of those nearing their own adult independence, according to a study of high school attitudes released Monday.
		The original amendment to the Constitution is the cornerstone of the way of life in the United States, promising citizens the freedoms of religion, speech, press and assembly.
		The study suggests that students embrace First Amendment freedoms if they are taught about them and given a chance to practice them, but schools don’t make the matter a priority.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/6888837 (735 words)

	The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net
		The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year;
		first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
		The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
	www.usconstitution.net /const.html (5180 words)

	Future of the First Amendment (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Suburban high school students are less appreciative of the First Amendment than their counterparts in urban and rural areas, according to a national study of 112,000 students.
		Conducted by researchers at the University of Connecticut and released earlier this year, the national study shows that America’s high schools are leaving the First Amendment behind.
		In the first of what will be a series of breakout reports here, Connecticut researchers found that the comparatively greater resources available to suburban students in the United States do not translate into a greater appreciation and tolerance for the First Amendment by suburban students.
	www.firstamendmentfuture.org /main.html (397 words)

	Eugene Volokh on First Amendment on National Review Online
		In the first half of the 1800s, courts held that blasphemy could be outlawed, and blasphemy covered not just swearing but the offensive public denial of the truth of Christianity.
		The text of the First Amendment sounds categorical — "Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press" — but it can't be taken as a literal protection of all speech, all the time.
		Unfortunately, the First Amendment is so general that judges have to create legal rules that turn the broad words into concretely applicable law.
	www.nationalreview.com /comment/volokh200401050906.asp (1214 words)

	First Amendment
		Our freedom of speech, protected by the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights, is one of our most basic constitutional rights.
		The word speech in the First Amendment has been extended to a generous sense of "expression" -- verbal, non-verbal, visual, symbolic.
		Controversies about speech protected by the First Amendment seem to arise because the speech at issue is unpopular or controversial or highly offensive for various reasons.
	www.csulb.edu /~jvancamp/freedom1.html (4629 words)

	EPIC Archive - Free Speech
		The Colorado Supreme Court ruled today that customer purchase records enjoy First Amendment protection and may only be disclosed to the police if there is a "compelling need" that outweighs the interests of the customers.
		The First Amendment protection available to broadcast media is the most limited because "of the uniquely pervasive presence that medium of expression occupies in the lives of our people.
		Established to promote and defend the first amendment; to foster libraries and institutions wherein every individual's First Amendment freedoms are fulfilled; and to support the right of libraries to include in their collections and make available any work which they may legally acquire.
	www.epic.org /free_speech (5051 words)

	First Amendment Current News & Events at Lady Liberty's Constitution Clearing House
		That standard, the court said, 'will more appropriately protect against the chilling effect on anonymous First Amendment Internet speech that can arise when plaintiffs bring trivial defamation lawsuits primarily to harass or unmask their critics.' At issue was a defamation lawsuit filed last year by Patrick Cahill, a councilman in Smyrna, Del. Mr.
		Groups urge S.C. councils not to invoke Jesus in opening prayers (AP via First Amendment Center): "At least two groups are urging local councils and boards in South Carolina to stop using Jesus Christ's name during prayers at public meetings.
		The First Amendment says we have the right to speak out as well as to petition for redress against the government.
	www.ladylibrty.com /1st_amendment_n.html (3935 words)

	Culture Shock: Who Decides? How and Why?: The First Amendment
		As applied to the arts, this means that not just words, but paintings, music, theatrical performances, and other types of artistic expression are protected by the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech.
		In Miller, the Court's decision stated that obscene material is not protected by the First Amendment (a reaffirmation of Roth) and that such speech may be regulated by the state under certain circumstances.
		No "three-pronged test" for indecency exists, and although the Court has considered cases involving the arts and proposed standards of decency, the issues of what such standards mean and how they are to be applied have not been resolved.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/cultureshock/whodecides/firstamendment.html (676 words)

	The Bill of Rights (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Amendment II A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.
		No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
		Amendment IX The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
	usinfo.state.gov /usa/infousa/facts/funddocs/billeng.htm (237 words)

	freedomforum.org: The First Amendment
		The Freedom Forum's First Amendment Center operates several Religious Freedom Programs advancing the understanding of freedom of religion in public schools and other venues.
		The First Amendment says that people have the right to gather in public to march, protest, demonstrate, carry signs and otherwise express their views in a nonviolent way.
		The First Amendment says that people have the right to appeal to government in favor of or against policies that affect them or that they feel strongly about.
	www.freedomforum.org /templates/document.asp?documentID=3924 (285 words)

	Future of the First Amendment
		The first was an e-mail from Lake Central (Ind.) High School that began, “You would be so proud…” The rest of the e-mail described the publications staffs’ plans to celebrate Constitution Day.
		MIAMI – U.S. high school students know more about the First Amendment than they did two years ago, but they are increasingly polarized in how they feel about it, according to an update of a groundbreaking survey funded by the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation.
		The latest breakout research shows that students born outside the U.S. are more likely to think that the First Amendment goes too far in the rights it guarantees.
	www.firstamendmentfuture.org (1144 words)

	FindLaw: U.S. Constitution: First Amendment
		The ''Absolutist'' View of the First Amendment, with a Note on ''Preferred Position''
		Maintenance of National Security and the First Amendment
		Exclusion of Certain Aliens as a First Amendment Problem
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /data/constitution/amendment01 (286 words)

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