First Anglo-Sikh War

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	Second Anglo-Sikh War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Despite the brilliant successes gained by Herbert Edwardes in the Second Anglo-Sikh War with Mulraj, and Gough's indecisive victories at Ramnagar in November, at Sadulapur in December, and at the Battle of Chillianwalla on January 13, 1849, the stubborn resistance at Multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government.
		The Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848â“1849), resulted in the subjugation of the Sikh kingdom and absorption of the Punjab into lands controlled by the British East India Company.
		The Sikhs would fight loyally for the British in the Indian Mutiny and in many other campaigns and wars up to Indian Independence in 1947.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War

	Historical Sikh Events at Gateway to Sikhism:The Sepoy Mutiny 1857
		An important and the main factor was that the Sikhs had nursed a serious grudge against the Purbias who, despite the Sikhs having never given them any cause for offence, had by their betrayal and other overt and covert acts, helped the British during the Anglo-Sikh wars and later in the annexation of Punjab.
		Anglo Sikh Wars brought an end to the Khalsa rule in Punjab.
		Brasyer's Sikhs were on the left flank and threw back a large force of the enemy, entrenched in the bank of a nullah, at the point of the bayonet and captured his guns.
	allaboutsikhs.com /events/mutiny.htm

	Welcome to The Institute of Sikh Studies-->Publications
		The history of the 1st Battalion The Sikh Regiment — now called the 4th Mechanized Infantry Battalion — goes back to 1846 when, after the first Anglo-Sikh War, the Lahore Darbar was forced to cede the Jalandhar Doab, the fertile land lying between the Beas and the Satluj rivers, to the British.
		The war cry of the soldiers was "Sat Sri Akal", or "Waheguru ji ka Khalsa Waheguruji ki Fateh" — both of which still survive on the lips of Sikh soldiers.
		1st Sikh was raised on July 30, 1846 by the British, as Regiment of Ferozepore Sikhs from the erstwhile Maharaja Ranjit Singh's `Khalsa Army.
	www.sikhstudies.org /Periodicals.asp?TtlCod=1515

	First Anglo-Sikh War
		The crossing over the Sutlej by Sikhs was made a pretext by the British for opening hostilities and on 13 December Governor-General Lord Hardinge issued a proclamation announcing war on the Sikhs.
		British preparations for a war with the Sikhs began seriously in 1843 when the new governor-general, Lord Ellenborough (1842-44), discussed with the Home government the possibilities of a military occupation of the Punjab.
		To check the enemy advance on Lahore, a large portion of the Sikh army was entrenched in a horseshoe curve on the Sutlej near the village of Sabhraon, under the command of Tej Singh while the cavalry battalions and the dreaded ghorcharas under Lal Singh were a little higher up the river.
	www.indhistory.com /anglo-sikh-war-1.html

	First Anglo-Sikh War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The First Anglo-Sikh War ( 1845 â“ 1846), resulted in partial subjugation of the Sikh kingdom by the British East India Company.
		In the Treaty of Lahore in 1846 the Sikhs were made to give up Kashmir and had to accept a British resident in Lahore.
		This effectively gave the East India Company control of the region's government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War

	WHKMLA : The Second Anglo-Sikh War, 1847-1848
		Causes of the Second Anglo-Sikh War 1848/49, from Itihaas.com ; patriotic
		The Second Sikh War was triggered by a revolt of the Sikh Army in Multan in April 1848, a revolt directed against this indirect EIC rule.
		The Second Sikh War 1845-1846, from British Forces.com
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/19cen/sikhwar2.html

	Anglo Afghan War
		The Second Anglo-Afghan War 1878-80 and the March from Kabul to Kandahar Aug...
		The second Anglo-Afghan war (1878-80) was sparked by Amir Sher Ali's refusal to accept a British mission in Kabul.
		Amanollah launched the third Anglo-Afghan war in may 1919, and after the month-long war the Afghans gained control of their own foreign affers.
	www.afghanie.com /AngloAfghanWar

	Articles - European influence in Afghanistan
		The debacle of the Afghan civil war left a vacuum in the Hindu Kush area that concerned the British, who were well aware of the many times in history it had been employed as the invasion route to India.
		Afghan forces achieved success in the early days of the war as Pashtun tribesmen on both sides of the border joined forces with them.
		During World War I, Afghanistan remained neutral despite pressure to support Turkey when its sultan proclaimed his nation's participation in what it considered a holy war.
	www.free-biz.org /articles/Afghan_state

	Historical Sikh Events at Gateway to Sikhism:The Second Anglo Sikh War
		According to the peace settlement of March 1846, at the end of Anglo-Sikh war I, the British force in Lahore was to be withdrawn at the end of the year, but a severer treaty was imposed on the Sikhs before the expiry of that date.
		Edwarde's action turned Sikh national sentiment in favor of Mul Raj and there was restiveness among the troops.
		The Sikh army 12,000 strong was drawn in battle array in the dense jungle in front, their heavy guns bearing upon Chillianwala, on the River Jehlum.
	www.allaboutsikhs.com /events/aswar2.htm

	The History Guy: The War List
		These wars are placed in the Anglo-French category as an illustration of their placement in the pattern of wars between those two countries.
		Parts of the war saw the Muslims and Croatians cooperate against their common foe, but from 1993-1994, Bosnia saw a three-way war when the Muslims and Croats battled each other as well as fighting the Serbs.
		Thus, this series of wars are known as the Wars of the Coalitions.
	www.historyguy.com /War_list.html

	Historical Sikh Events at Gateway to Sikhism:The Second Anglo Sikh War
		According to the peace settlement of March 1846, at the end of Anglo-Sikh war I, the British force in Lahore was to be withdrawn at the end of the year, but a severer treaty was imposed on the Sikhs before the expiry of that date.
		Burton, R.C., The First and the Second Sikh Wars.
		Gupta, Hari Ram, Panjab on the Eve of First Sikh War.
	allaboutsikhs.com /events/aswar2.htm

	Great Sikh warriors at www.sikh-history.com
		The crossing over the Sutlej by Sikhs was made a pretext by the British for opening hostilities and on 13 December Governor-General Lord Hardinge issued a proclamation announcing war on the Sikhs.
		British preparations for a war with the Sikhs began seriously in 1843 when the new governor-general, Lord Ellenborough (1842-44), discussed with the Home government the possibilities of a military occupation of the Punjab.
		Sikh sardar, Ranjodh Singh Majlthia, crossed the Sutlej in force and was joined by Ajit Singh, of Ladva, from the other side of the river.
	www.sikh-history.com /sikhhist/events/anglosikhwars.html

	Welcome to The Institute of Sikh Studies-->Publications
		Sikh soldiers were aware of the intentions of their commanders, but were anxious to give the British a crushing defeat, to stop them from threatening the Sikh Sarkar of Punjab.
		The maps that the British used in the war of 1845-46 were prepared then by their Quarter-Master-General, Lieutenant Colonel Garden whom Henry Fane had brought along to attend the marriage.
		He had beaten the Afghan in war, and the Afghan had beaten us, and the logical conclusion was that he could do it too, only better." (Archibald Forbes; G.A. Henry, Major Arthur Griffiths, Etc., Battles of the Nineteenth Century, PPP, April 1983, p.
	www.sikhstudies.org /Periodicals.asp?TtlCod=1553

	The Moonstone and British India (1857, 1868, and 1876)
		The main action of the novel takes place takes place in the years 1848-49, at the time of the second Anglo-Sikh War in India, which established British control over that country with great certainty through annexation of the vast areas of the Punjab.
		The United Kingdom's first Sikh settler, Maharajah Duleep Singh, the last ruler of the Sikh kingdom of Punjab, "ruled the Punjab for six years before being dethroned in 1849, after the British annexed his country.
		In the aftermath of the Falkland Islands War and Britain's surrender of Hong Kong it is easy to read Collins's The Moonstone as a testimonial to Great Britain's imperialistic exploitation of the greatest jewel in the Queen-Empress's crown, India, although she did not formally become Empress until Disraeli 's Titles Act of 1876.
	www.victorianweb.org /authors/collins/pva30.html

	Cronaca: Sikh soldiers exhibit
		From the Anglo Sikh wars of 1845-49, to the sweltering swamps of Burma in the Second World War, the display traces the 200-year-old military relationship Britain has had with Sikhs.
		From Jawans to Generals: Loyal Allies, Proud Britons, takes a photographic look at the contribution of Sikh soldiers during the two world wars and is on at Doncaster Museum & Art Gallery until March 21.
		As a highly visible minority, Sikhs are instantly recognisable throughout the world, yet little is known of the huge sacrifices made by brave Sikh soldiers fighting on behalf of Britain.
	www.cronaca.com /archives/002022.html

	The Tribune...Sunday Reading
		The British won the second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-1849 AD), and the Sikh kingdom of Punjab (also known as Sarkar Khalsa) was annexed under the Treaty of Lahore on March 29, 1849.
		The British occupied India from the Mughals and the reins of Punjab from the Sikhs.
		As for the children of the second marriage, Ada married M.Villement and died without issue in 1926.
	www.tribuneindia.com /1999/99jun27/sunday/head4.htm

	Maharajah Duleep Singh - The Maharajah of Lahore
		After the close of the Second Anglo-Sikh War and the subsequent annexation of the Punjab in 1849, he was deposed at the age of 11 by the East India Company, separated from his mother and sent to England.
		Maharajah Duleep Singh, the Maharajah of Lahore and King of the Sikh Empire, was born on the 6th September 1838.
		The son of the legendary Lion of the Punjab - Maharajah Ranjit Singh, and the Messalina of the Punjab - Maharani Jind Kaur, the young Duleep Singh came to the throne of Punjab in 1843 succeeding his half brother Maharajah Sher Singh.
	www.duleepsingh.com /home.asp

	Royal Armouries: Sikh Wars
		The Sikhs were far from happy with this arrangement and it was not long before the Second Sikh War broke out when a couple of British officials were murdered.
		The Sikh Wars were fought in the Punjab between the British East India Company and the Sikhs of Lahore from 1845 to 1849.
		They put this to good use in later years by placing Sikh regiments at the heart of the British Indian Army who fought against the rebels during the Indian Mutiny in 1857 and served during the later World Wars.
	www.royalarmouries.org /extsite/view.jsp?sectionId=981

	Royal Armouries: Timeline of the Second Sikh War
		The Sikhs would fight loyally for the British in the Indian Mutiny, Anglo-Burmese and First and Second World Wars.
		The Sikh Wars, like the Afghan Wars and the Indian Mutiny, showed the East India Company what a difficult, and expensive task they had taken on for themselves in the shape of subjugating India.
		A British soldier who served in the Sikh Wars wrote home: 'We hold India by the bayonet; but, rest assured, it is a very dangerous weapon in the hands of the native soldiery'.
	www.royalarmouries.org /extsite/view.jsp?sectionId=1130

	List of wars
		1532 - 1546 Ottoman-Habsburg War in the Mediterranean
		161 - 166 - Parthian war of Lucius Verus
		1918 Finnish Civil War, fought between "the reds" (rebellious Socialists) and "the whites" (anti-Socialists) in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution of 1917.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/L/List-of-wars.htm

	First Sikh War
		The Sikhs were finally beaten and the end of the first Sikh War was over.
		The First Sikh War, shown in Historical Military art prints, The First Sikh War Battles were The battle of Moodkee, Forozeshah, Aliwal and Sobraon.
		The Sikh army withdrew back across the border, But again crossing the River Sutlej, but were beaten at the battle of Aliwal, and were routed, the final battle was at Sobraon, once again with heavy casualties.
	www.war-art.com /new_page_10.htm

	Wars of the United Kingdom
		It was the first war where the electric telegraph started to have a significant effect, the first live war reporting to The Times, and British generals reduced independence of action from London due to such rapid communications.
		The war became infamously known for military and logistical incompetence, epitomised by the Charge of the Light Brigade immortalised in Alfred Lord Tennysons poem.
		Austria also threatened to enter the war on the Ottoman side, causing the Russians to withdraw from the occupied areas, which were immediately occupied by the Austrians, in August 1854.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Wars-of-the-United-Kingdom

	Dramatis Personae
		The Simla Manifesto was enforced in 1839, by British troops, the "Army of the Indus," led by General Keane, thus precipitating the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842).
		Second, there was the annexation of Peshawar, which had been governed by his brother, Sultan Mohammed Khan, by the Sikhs, under Ranjit Singh.
		Second son of Dost Mohammed and father of Abdur Rahman, (who himself became Amir of Afghanistan after the second Anglo-Afghan war).
	www.billbuxton.com /dramatis.html

	Anglo Sikh Wars
		Causes for the outbreak of the first Anglo-Sikh wars have been attributed to the Sikh Army crossing the River Sutlej on 12 September 1845.
		The Anglo-Sikh Wars of 1845-6 and 1848-9 was a unique military experience for the British in India, who had become accustomed to having to take into account factors such as terrain or climate rather than the military skill of their opponents.
		The regular troops of the Army of the Sikh Kingdom of Lahore, trained and armed along European lines, were to present the British with a determined and resourceful foe.
	www.asht.info /183

	Chronology: from the restoration of Amir Dost Muhammad to the Second Anglo-Afghan War 1843-78
		Second Anglo-Sikh War: Dost Muhammad Khan allies with the Sikhs
		Chronology: from the restoration of Amir Dost Muhammad to the Second Anglo-Afghan War 1843-78
		British defeat the Sikhs and their allies and annex the whole of the former Sikh dominions.
	www.bl.uk /collections/afghan/chronology1843to1878.html

	List of Sikhism-related topics - Enpsychlopedia
		First Anglo-Sikh War - 1845—1846 - Sikhism stub
		Khanda - A symbol of the Sikh faith (as well as being an Indian-double edged sword); also appearing on the Nishan Sahib which flies over gurdwaras.
		Gurdwaras in Pakistan - Sikhism stub ; many red-links.
	www.grohol.com /psypsych/wiki/Sikh_Sites

	WHKMLA : The First Anglo-Sikh War, 1845-1846
		The Sikhs felt threatened and responded on December 11th 1845 by having their army cross the Sutlej River; on December 13th EIC Governor General Lord Hardinge declared war, as well as the annexation of the Sikh territory on the left bank of the Sutlej..
		According to the Peace of Lahore, the Sikh Kingdom had to cede its territory to the south of the Sutlej, had to pay war indemnity, had to reduce its army, had to accept a Maharaja picked by the British, as well as a British resident in Lahore.
		Still in December 1845 the battles of Mukdi and of Fereozshah (Dec.21st) were fought, which were fought with intensity and significant losses, especially on the side of the Sikhs (at Fereozshah 8,000 Sikh losses, 2400 losses on the EIC side), but brought no decision.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/19cen/sikhwar1.html

	The Moonstone and British India (1857, 1868, and 1876)
		The main action of the novel takes place takes place in the years 1848-49, at the time of the second Anglo-Sikh War in India, which established British control over that country with great certainty through annexation of the vast areas of the Punjab.
		The United Kingdom's first Sikh settler, Maharajah Duleep Singh, the last ruler of the Sikh kingdom of Punjab, "ruled the Punjab for six years before being dethroned in 1849, after the British annexed his country.
		An important English victory in what was the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War of 1789-99 distinguished the beginning of Arthur Wellesley's rule as Governor-General, which was characterized by ruthless diplomacy extending what Wellesley referred to now as "the empire" of the East India Company.
	www.victorianweb.org /authors/collins/pva30.html

	Anglo Sikh Heritage In The South East - 24 Hour Museum - official guide to UK museums, galleries, exhibitions and heritage
		The Anglo-Sikh Wars, fought between 1840 and 1849, resulted in the Punjab being occupied by the British – a blow indeed to the strong and rich sense of Sikh identity.
		Come the First World War, Sikhs made up nearly 20 per cent of the British Indian Army, though they were only 2 per cent of the population.
		Sikh heritage in the south east is tied up with the twin phenomenons of empire and war.
	www.24hourmuseum.org.uk /trlout_gfx_en/TRA28521.html

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In the News (Thu 31 Dec 09)