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Topic: First Balkan War

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Second Balkan War

Balkan Wars

Balkan League

Treaty of London, 1913

Kosovo War

Yugoslav wars

Ottoman wars in Europe

National awakening and the birth of Albania

Treaty of Bucharest

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Great War

World War I

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	balkan wars - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		The wars were an important precursor to World War I, to the extent that Austria-Hungary took alarm at the great increase in Serbia's territory and regional status.
		The background to the wars lies in the incomplete emergence of nation-states on the fringes of the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century.
		Serbians had gained substantial territory during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, while Greece acquired Thessaly in 1881 (although she lost a small area to Turkey in 1897) and Bulgaria (an autonomous principality since 1878) incorporated the formerly distinct province of Eastern Rumelia (1885).
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Balkan-Wars (571 words)

	First Balkan War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Montenegro was the first to declare war, on October 8.
		Bulgaria's war aims were focused on Thrace and Macedonia, and although the latter would have to be partitioned with Serbia and Greece, the Bulgarians still hoped to seize most of it, including the important city of Salonica.
		The main war aim of the Montenegrins was the capture of the important city of Shkodra, while secondary operations were to be carried out in Novi Pazar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Balkan_War (1652 words)

	Balkan Wars - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Balkan Wars, two consecutive wars fought from 1912 to 1913 between Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, Romania, Turkey, and Bulgaria, for the possession of...
		Balkan Peninsula, peninsula in south-eastern Europe, bounded on the east by the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea, on the south by the Mediterranean Sea,...
		In the First Balkan War (1912-1913) (Balkan Wars), Bulgaria, allied with Serbia, Montenegro, and Greece, defeated Turkey.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Balkan_Wars.html (118 words)

	Carl Savich \| Columns \| serbianna.com
		The First Balkan War was portrayed as one between Christianity and Islam, as a conflict to achieve autonomy for a subjugated and repressed nationality.
		In the western or Macedonian theater of the war, the Ottoman forces faced the Serbian army in the north, the Greek army in the south, and the Montenegrin army in the northwest.
		The War Correspondence of Leon Trotsky: The Balkan Wars, 1912-13.
	www.serbianna.com /columns/savich/053.html (8914 words)

	The Balkan causes of World War I
		The debate began during the war itself as each side tried to lay blame on the other, became part of the "war guilt" question after 1918, went through a phase of revisionism in the 1920s, and was revived in the 1960s thanks to the work of Fritz Fischer.
		First, the majority in the Council of Ministers assumed from the first that war was the appropriate response.
		After the Greco-Turk war of 1897, the ethnic fighting in Macedonia, the two Balkan Wars, and the Italian war with Turkey in 1911, war in the Balkans was not unusual.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lect15.htm (4360 words)

	First World War.com - Feature Articles - The Causes of World War One
		The explosive that was World War One had been long in the stockpiling; the spark was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.
		Almost immediately following her defeat by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, together with the humiliating annexation by the newly unified Germany of the coal-rich territories of Alsace and Lorraine, the French government and military alike were united in thirsting for revenge.
		To this end the French devised a strategy for a vengeful war upon Germany, Plan XVII, whose chief aim was the defeat of Germany and the restoration of Alsace and Lorraine.
	www.firstworldwar.com /origins/causes.htm (4287 words)

	First World War background & origins
		It was of the first importance to Imperial Germany that the Austro-Hungarian "Monarchy" remained viable.
		Balkan nationalism had been largely quiescent in the earlier years of the century but had become more evident as the years passed by partly in reaction to administrative and linguistic policies followed in the Hungarian sphere of Austria-Hungary.
		Given that a state of war seemed to be imminent advantages that were perceived as being of critical importance were to be gained from swift execution of military mobilisation and deployment.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /history/origins_world_war_one.html (6576 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Autumn 1994
		The first two Balkan wars narrowly preceded World War I and were to some extent evidence of the breakdown of the great-power balance that had kept general peace in Europe, albeit with increasing difficulty, for a century.
		The First Balkan War of 1912-13 was a multilateral (Montenegro, Serbia, Greece, and Bulgaria) effort to erase the remaining belt of Turkish territory that stretched across the peninsula from Albania on the Adriatic to Thrace on the Black Sea.
		The Third Balkan War is not a replay of the Cold War; it is a hot one, and thus extremely fluid and explosive.
	www.carlisle.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/1994/roskin2.htm (5317 words)

	History of Balkan wars conflicts forum chat debate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A less official reason for the war was given by Madeleine Albright when she said, "What's the use of having the world's best military when you don't get to use them?", a remark which allegedly caused the U.S. Army Chief of Staff to question her sanity.
		On December 19, 1991, during the heaviest fighting of the war, the Serbian Autonomous Regions in Krajina and western Slavonia officially declared themselves as the Republic of Serbian Krajina.
		The warring parties mostly moved to entrenched positions as the United Nations Protection Force was deployed to supervise and maintain the agreement.
	historyofbalkanwarsconflictscrimeforumch.blogsource.com (11306 words)

	Macedonia for the Macedonians
		The victorious Balkan kingdoms convened in Bucharest in August 1913 to divide the spoils.
		Believing that this war would bring the long-expected freedom, the Macedonian people took active part in the First Balkan War with their own regiments (chetas) and voluntary units.
		Drawing new borders under the excuse of establishing a "balance" and peace in the Balkans was a violent denial of the rights of the Macedonian people to live and develop as a free, unified and independent nation.
	www.makedonija.info /partition.html (1209 words)

	Balkan Express
		Events of the 1990s could justifiably be called the Third Balkan War — as events from 1991 to 1995 represented a continuum that ended with the Dayton Agreement, once again a solution forced upon the combatants by the world powers.
		As if that weren't enough, the US-funded War Crimes Tribunal continues to flmail and pressure Belgrade on the issue of its former leaders, indicted for alleged (and yet unproven) war crimes as a boost to NATO’s position during the 1999 war.
		Even though the war barely achieved its publicized objectives, it was far more successful at revamping NATO as the tool of US domination in Europe and elevating it above the UN as the supreme arbiter of conflicts in the "Atlantic" sphere of influence, wherever it might reach.
	www.antiwar.com /malic/pf/p-m030801.html (1979 words)

	Worl War I
		The emotional desire for unity and political independence on the part of the subject nationalities was particularly crucial in the Balkans, and in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
		Balkan Feninsula considered the powder keg of Europe.
		b. The war with Germany was officially brought to an end by joint congressional resolution on May 20, 1920, but this was vetoed by President Wilson.
	www.sinc.sunysb.edu /Stu/jhubbell/Outlines/WWarI.html (3027 words)

	Amazon.com: The First World War: Books: Hew Strachan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The war as he sees it was a race among generals on all sides to create new weapons and tactics faster than their opponents, a race that the Triple Entente won.
		Furthermore, he shows the widespread effects of the war wherever it was fought, and he delineates the meaning the conflict had for its combatants.
		Germany struggled in the war due to the fact that it did not have a common strategy with Turkey and Austria.The Turks and Austrians launched military operations that did not directly benefit Germany's war aims because of this lack of strategic planning.
	www.amazon.com /First-World-War-Hew-Strachan/dp/0670032956 (2246 words)

	Balkan-war-pehota
		Balkan Wars, two consecutive wars fought from 1912 to 1913 among the countries of the Balkan Peninsula for
		The Balkan states saw in the Turkish revolution of 1908-1909 and the Italo-Turkish War of 1911-1912 an opportunity to
		The Balkan Wars profoundly influenced the subsequent course of European history.
	members.aol.com /bogdanovaslava/Balkan-war-pehota.html (765 words)

	Bulgaria in Balkan Wars
		On the eve of the First Balkan War, Bulgaria had been an independent nation for only 34 years.
		The First Army concentrated near Harmanlu, a small town close to the Turkish frontier, with the Second and Third armies and the
		war in 1885, it had been rumored that the Serbs had abandoned their trenches as soon as they heard the strains of the Bulgar national
	members.aol.com /bogdanovaslava/BalkanWars.html (1314 words)

	The Balkan Wars, 1912-13
		The Balkans soon were convulsed in a major regional war, from which Greece emerged victorious and with its territory substantially enlarged.
		At the heart of the Balkan Wars were three issues: the disposition of Macedonia, the problem of Crete, and liberation of the countries still under Ottoman control, especially Albania.
		Nationalism in the Balkans was the final element of the war that erupted in 1912.
	www.gogreece.com /learn/history/balkanwar_1912.html (554 words)

	First Balkan War 1912-1913
		The First Balkan War was fought between the members of the Balkan League--Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro--and the Ottoman Empire.
		The Balkan League was formed under Russian auspices in the spring of 1912 to take Macedonia away from Turkey, which was already involved in a war with Italy.
		Montenegro opened hostilities by declaring war on Turkey on Oct. 8, 1912, and the other members of the league followed suit 10 days later.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/bravo/balkan1912.htm (394 words)

	Wikinfo \| Balkan Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Serbia's rise in power thus contributed to the two Central Powers' willingness to risk war following the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo in June 1914.
		Serbia had gained substantial territory during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, while Greece acquired Thessaly in 1881 (although she lost a small area to Turkey in 1897) and Bulgaria (an autonomous principality since 1878) incorporated the formerly distinct province of Eastern Rumelia (1885).
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Balkan_Wars (581 words)

	Efforts to Prevent First Balkan War.
		The efforts of the Powers to prevent the outbreak of the First Balkan War probably dates back to the latter part of 1911, when the situation in Albania and Macedonia attracted attention.
		In May, 1912, Danef, Bulgarian special ambassador, notified Sazonof, Russian foreign minister, of the conclusion of the Balkan Alliance and also called his attention to the bad situation in Macedonia which might necessitate vigorous action by the Balkan allies against Turkey.
		Austria accepted this plan October 6 with the proviso: (1) Maintenance of Ottoman integrity and sovereignty (Balkan status quo); (2) general lines of Berchtold note of August 14 to be followed in this new procedure; (3) the accord of the powers not to be communicated to Turkey.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/boshtml/bos144.htm (649 words)

	The Balkins Wars and World war 1 - Bulgarian Reformation - Bringing the Reformation to Bulgaria!
		The period from 1908 to 1912 was one of colliding interests in the Balkans and collapse of the system created by the Treaty of Berlin.
		The First Balkan War, which began in October 1912, coincided with Italy's campaign to liberate Tripoli from the Turks.
		The Bulgarians, having had the greatest military success, demanded compensation on that basis; the Serbs and Greeks demanded adjustment of the 1912 treaty of alliance to ensure a balance of Balkan powers; and the Romanians demanded territorial reward for their neutral position in the first war.
	bulrefsite.entrewave.com /view/bulrefsite/s129p140.htm (1480 words)

	Balkan Wars
		The Second Balkan War began when Serbia, Greece, and Romania quarreled with Bulgaria over the division of their joint conquests in Macedonia.
		As a result of the Balkan Wars, Greece gained southern Macedonia as well as the island of Crete.
		The heightened tensions in the Balkans reached their climax in World War I, which was sparked by the assassination of the Austrian heir-apparent by a Serb in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914.
	members.fortunecity.com /fstav1/megali_idea/balkanwars.html (537 words)

	FIRST BALKAN WAR
		Montenegro was the first to participate in the Balkan War on 9 October, 1912, but the official start of the war on the 18 October 1912, when the armies of Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece attacked Turkey.
		The Serbian army after the three day war at Kumanovo, took over Skopje without fighting, and continued with their victories in other places.
		After these wars, Macedonia was divided into three parts amongst Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria.
	www.cybermacedonia.com /1balkanw.html (152 words)

	The period from 1908 to 1912
		These hopes, which were essentially shattered by European intervention and the ambitions of the Balkan nations, not to mention the emerging Albanian nationalism, brought about a hastily formed anti-Turkish Balkan alliance, ratified in March 1912.
		By the spring of 1913, the Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbs and Montenegrins had effectively brought the Turkish occupation of European soil to and end.
		The lion's share of historical Macedonia was now under Greek control, but the Bulgarian army occupied northern and eastern Macedonia and the Serbs the north-western section.
	www.macedonian-heritage.gr /HellenicMacedonia/en/A3.3.1.4.html (161 words)

	First Balkan War
		Tensions among the Balkan states over their rival aspirations in Roumelia, E. Roumelia, Thrace and Macedonia subsided somewhat following intervention by the Great Powers in the mid-1800s aimed at securing both fuller protection for the provinces' Christian majority and protection of the status quo.
		Greece continued the war alone, aiming at the capture of Ioannina, while it participated in the London peace conferences.
		The Treaty of London ended the First Balkan War on May 30, 1913, but disputes over territory remained unresolved.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greece/History/FirstBalkanWar.html (263 words)

	THE FIRST BALKAN WAR
		The other 3 players are the members of the Balkan League: Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece.
		THE SECOND BALKAN WAR Begin immediately after a game of the First Balkan War.
		LINKS The Balkan Variant Maps of the Balkan Wars The Balkan Wars 25 Lectures on Modern Balkan History
	www.angelfire.com /games2/warpspawn/Balk.html (617 words)

	BalkanCrises, 1912-Jun.1914
		Oct.08 > Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire and invades northern Albania and Novibazar - THE FIRST BALKAN WAR to Jun 1913
		May.30 > The Treaty of London ends the first Balkan War: the Turks are compelled to cede Crete and all Turkish Europe west of the Enos-Midia line
		Jun.24 > In a major memo on Balkan policy, Austria proposes to Germany the abandonment of Romania and the formation of an Ottoman-Bulgarian alliance - Germany urges an Austrian rapprochement with the Serbs
	cnparm.home.texas.net /Wars/BalkanCrises/BalkanCrises02.htm (3874 words)

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