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Topic: First Battle of St Albans

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	The city of St Albans: Introduction \| British History Online
		From an early date St. Albans has owed a great part of what prosperity it has had to the fact that it was the first stage out of London on the way to and from the Midlands, the north-west counties, and on one route to Ireland.
		Albans on 16 October, 1865, and the Midland Railway commenced to run traffic upon the section of their main line from Bedford to London with a station at St. Albans on 1 October, 1868.
		Immediately north of St. Peter's Church stood until a year or two ago Hall Place, a picturesque old house in which, or its predecessor, Henry VI is said to have slept on the night before the Battle of St. Albans.
	www.british-history.ac.uk /report.asp?compid=43310 (7494 words)

	Refights First St. Albans
		At St. Albans (refight), the Lancastrian forces were defending the edge of the town with a force of 362AP split over three commands.
		In the historical battle, one of the major deciding factors leading to the Yorkist victory was the unpreparedness of Henry and the confusion this caused.
		St Albans, May 6.- King Henry VI awoke, as befits a gentleman of his regal standing, at about mid-day.
	homepages.paradise.net.nz /peter.dunn/multiplayer/albans.htm (1230 words)

	Warwick, Richard Neville, earl of. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Warwick was largely responsible for the Yorkist victory at the first battle of St. Albans (1455) and was appointed to the strategic post of governor of Calais.
		The queen, Margaret of Anjou, raised an army in the north, defeated and killed York and Salisbury at Wakefield (1460), and defeated Warwick and recaptured Henry at the second battle of St. Albans (1461).
		Edward and Warwick met in battle at Barnet; the earl was defeated and was slain in flight.
	www.bartleby.com /65/wa/WarwickRN.html (553 words)

	St Albans District Council - Leisure - Battle of St Albans
		St Albans was heavily barricaded including Tonman Ditch, allowing the royal archers to fire on the Yorkists at will.
		St Albans was looted as the townsfolk had feared.
		Six years later at the second battle of St Albans, the fortunes of the houses of York and Lancaster would be reversed.
	www.stalbans.gov.uk /leisure/battle.htm (731 words)

	St Albans - The First Battle of St Albans and the Wars of the Roses
		This was to become the time and the scene of the first battle of the famous Wars of the Roses - the 1st Battle of St Albans.
		The armies were destined to meet at the neutral and unsuspecting town of St. Albans, which suffered greatly by the custom of the victors pillaging the spoils after battle.
		The battle became a route and most of the nobles on the Lancastrian side were slain, including Sumerset who is said to have been cut down by Warwick himself.
	www.entwistlefamily.org.uk /1st_battle_of_st_albans.htm (1612 words)

	War of Roses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		York and Warwick's father, the Earl of Salisbury, were killed at the Battle of Wakefield, near Pontrefact Castle, Yorkshire in December 1460, and on Feb. 17, 1461, the Lancastrians routed Warwick at St. Albans and regained possession of the king.
		The Battle of Towton, near York, was the biggest battle of the Wars of the Roses thus far.
		The first clash was at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor on the April 25 and the second at the Battle of Hexham on the May 15.
	home.earthlink.net /~ronaldgcus/WoR.htm (7465 words)

	Michael Miller - Wars of the Roses - Chapter 47: The 1st battle of St Albans: May 1455
		The Royal army reached St Albans early in the morning of 22nd May, and found the Yorkists were still in their camp at Ware, a short distance to the east.
		St Albans has grown considerably since 1455, and the lines of the Yorkist advance have been built upon, but enough remains of the medieval street plan to follow the course of the battle.
		The First battle of St Albans was not a great battle which went on for the whole day or even a number of days; all was over in less than an hour.
	www.warsoftheroses.co.uk /chapter_47.htm (2683 words)

	Wars of the Roses: Summary for First St. Albans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Wars of the Roses: Summary for First St. Albans
		First Saint Albans was the opening battle in the Wars of the Roses.
		Henry halted his march in the town of Saint Albans and waited.
	www.warsoftheroses.com /WRBattleShell.cfm?bid=1 (103 words)

	St Albans District Council - Tourism - Attractions
		It is best known for the shrine of St Alban - Britain's first Christian martyr, which attracted pilgrims from far and wide and contributed to the growth of the city.
		It is opened by volunteers of the joint Clock Tower Committee of the St Albans Civic Society and the St Albans and Hertfordshire Architectural and Archaeological Society.
		The fascinating story of St Albans from its rise as a medieval market town and coaching centre to a modern commuter environment is told through lively displays using the museum's collections.
	www.stalbans.gov.uk /tourism/attractions.htm (1083 words)

	Battle of St Albans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There were two battles during the English Wars of the Roses fought in or near the town of St Albans.
		The First Battle of St Albans was the first battle of the war and was fought on May 22, 1455.
		The Second Battle of St Albans was fought February 22, 1461.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_St_Albans (123 words)

	Calendar of the month - May
		First battle of the War of the Roses in England, that led to a Yorkist victory and the capture of King Henry VI, 1455.
		The consequences of this battle were the capitulation of the city of Quito and the end of Spanish domination in Ecuador.
		She commanded a battalion in the battle of Cerro Carretas of 04-04-1815 and was present at the defeat of La Laguna of 14-09-1816, where the patriot forces were crushed.
	www.cdtradition.net /calendar/may_03.php (1386 words)

	Clifford - LoveToKnow 1911
		The same is true of Thomas, the 8th baron (1414-1455), who was killed at the first battle of St Albans in May 1455.
		It is, however, practically certain that York was slain during the battle, and not afterwards like his son.
		Occasionally, however, he visited London, and he fought at the battle of Flodden in 1513.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Clifford (426 words)

	Hicks, Wars of the Roses, 1455-1485
		The period 1450-1485 saw the first significant use of handheld gunpowder weapons and pikes in English armies, albeit by foreign mercenaries as Hicks’s himself acknowledges, but these innovations were quickly absorbed into the mainstream of English military activity.
		The events of the early 1450s, beginning with Cade’s rebellion and culminating in the first battle of St. Albans, had already shown that armed resistance to the crown and its policies was a realistic means of political action.
		First, and most importantly, the increase in the crown’s landed patrimony through attainder and forfeiture, ensured that Henry VII had both the money and the power to reassert royal authority.
	www.deremilitari.org /REVIEWS/hicks_warrose.htm (718 words)

	The First Battle of St Albans
		In the historical battle, one of the major deciding factors leading to the Yorkist victory was the un-preparedness of Henry and the confusion this caused.
		St Albans, May 6.- King Henry VI awoke, as befits a gentleman of his regal standing, at about mid-day.
		St Albans' tea-rooms owners were left even more harassed but somewhat better educated about 'real coffee' and 'decent food'.
	www.warlords.org.nz /article_stalb.htm (1225 words)

	Richard III - First Battle of St. Albans
		Richard III - First Battle of St. Albans
		The first battle of the "Wars of the Roses" was fought out between the retinues of King Henry VI's supporters and those of the Duke of York and his allies.
		The latter, along with his kinsmen the Earls of Warwick and Salisbury, raised around 3.000 men and attacked Henry's army of 2,000 men who had barricaded themselves inside the town of St Albans.
	www.richard111.com /first1.htm (234 words)

	Blore Heath 1459 : The Battle of St Albans 1455
		It seems however that the swift onset of the battle took many of the King's soldiers by surprise, who were not fully armoured.
		The first battle of St Albans had lasted no more than half an hour, and despite the bloodshed, only around 60-100 men were slain.
		The events at St Albans were the culmination of many years of unease between the powerful factions at the head of society.
	www.bloreheath.org /stalbans.php?ref=stalbans (625 words)

	Yorkshire history
		It was first blood to the house of York.
		The Duke of York then followed, and since the king had survived the battle, and his murder was not then an option, the best York was able to achieve was the 'right of succession', whereby on Henry's eventual death, York and his heirs would succeed to the throne.
		The bulk of the queen's army continued to march south from Wakefield towards St Albans where Warwick was waiting for them with another force of Yorkists from London.
	www.yorkshirehistory.com /towton/towton3.htm (1198 words)

	To Prove a Villain -- The Real Richard III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Her husband was killed at the second battle of St. Albans, leaving her with two sons: Thomas, afterward Marquess of Dorset, and Richard.
		He was victorious at the battle of Bosworth as the result of the treachery of the Stanleys and the Earl of Northumberland and he legitimised his title to the throne by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, in 1486.
		His first wife was Margaret Neville, daughter of the Earl of Salisbury, and their only son, John, having died a prisoner in the Tower during his father's exile, he was succeeded by his nephew.
	www.r3.org /rnt1991/mysovereignking.html (5888 words)

	Tour St Albans.
		This study of St Albans covers the period from the Commonwealth to the accession of Anne which embraces religious and political changes of great interest in the life of a town of strongly dissenting opinion.
		Albans is an ancient town of much historic interest, being built close to the site of the old Roman city of Verulamium.
		The shrine of St. Alban is in the Saint's Chapel, with the interesting watching-loft on the north side.
	www.visitdunkeld.com /tour-st-albans.htm (667 words)

	HertsInternet. Guide for St Albans, Hertfordshire UK
		St Alban’s may have a deep historical past, but this does not mean the town is based in the past.
		With new businesses coming to St Albans and the lowest unemployment rate in Hertfordshire, many people are now moving to St Albans to capitalise on this, many of these people are young families looking to set up home for the first time.
		Thankfully St Albans has an excellent reputation for provided first rate education, it has 50 primary schools and 11 secondary schools, one of the country’s largest Further Education Centres and one of the campuses of the University of Hertfordshire is based in the city centre.
	www.hertsinternet.com /hertfordshire/guide/st-albans.shtml (585 words)

	First Battle of St Albans - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The First Battle of St Albans was the first battle of the Wars of the Roses and was fought on May 22, 1455 in the town of St Albans.
		In an attempt to avoid becoming outflanked by the 3,000 strong Yorkist army, Henry's army of 2,000 troops pulled back into the town and built barricades in Holywell Hill and St Peter's Street to defend against a Yorkist attack from the fields to east.
		The bulk of Henry's forces were surprised and fully occupied by the speed of Richard's attack; most of the army was expecting a peaceful resolution like the one at Blackheath in 1452, and the leaders had been negotiating minutes before the attack.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans (412 words)

	Review: Margaret of Anjou: Queenship and Power in Late Medieval England
		However, following the first battle of St Albans, Maurer asserts that the queen must have perceived York and his associates as a threat to her husband's authority and that the enmity began at this time, possibly increased by a sense of betrayal following her earlier efforts to signal friendship.
		Because Margaret, as a woman with no official political role, could not be party to the formal settlement of recompense for St Albans, the Loveday procession was a crucial opportunity to involve her in the demonstrations of reconciliation that both she and the king desired.
		After victory at the second battle of St Albans, Maurer asserts that Margaret was again without a public role and stepped out of the political frame.
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/laynsemithJ2.html (2063 words)

	War of the Roses
		Queen Margaret continued on her path, defeated Warwick at the Second battle of St. Albans (17 February 1461), and continued her slow march towards London.
		On 15 May 1464 a Lancastrian invasion was defeated at the battle of Hexham, after which Henry went into hiding in a monastery, where he stayed for a year before being found and taken to London as a prisoner.
		On 14 April he met Warwick's army at the battle of Barnet, and in the fog inflicted a crushing defeat on the Lancastrians, killing Warwick.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/wars_roses.html (1043 words)

	Henry VI of England Summary
		After Henry went to the north to gain support, the two sides met at the first Battle of St. Albans in May, where the King was slightly wounded, Somerset was killed, and the fighting of the Wars of the Roses commenced.
		During the first period of Edward IV's reign, Lancastrian resistance continued mainly under the leadership of Queen Margaret and the few nobles still loyal to her in the northern counties of England and Wales.
		The Prince of Wales was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471.
	www.bookrags.com /Henry_VI_of_England (3409 words)

	Edward IV of England Summary
		When his father was killed in 1460, at the Battle of Wakefield, pressing his claim against the Lancastrian king, Henry VI of England, Edward inherited his claim.
		Edward strengthened his claim with a decisive victory at the Battle of Towton in the same year, in the course of which the Lancastrian army was virtually wiped out.
		Edward defeated Warwick at the Battle of Barnet.
	www.bookrags.com /Edward_IV_of_England (3169 words)

	[No title]
		Participants in the battle would include a future king (Richard, Duke of Gloucester--later Richard III); an heir to the throne (Edward, Prince of Wales); and several members of the most important families in the country.
		The Duke of York was killed at the Battle of Wakefield on December 30, 1460, and his head was displayed above the gate of the city of York by vengeful Queen Margaret.
		After the battle, Margaret of Anjou fled Tewkesbury in a carriage but was captured in a nearby church.
	members.tripod.com /~Berwyn/tewkesbury.html (3233 words)

	The Federation of the Wars of the Roses - History Page
		In 1455, York met the Lancastrians at St. Albans in a conflict generally regarded as the first battle of the Wars of the Roses; Somerset was killed, and the Yorkists gained control of the council.
		Her first husband, Sir John Grey, was killed fighting on the Lancastrian side at the battle of St. Albans (1461) in the Wars of the Roses.
		Warwick was largely responsible for the Yorkist victory at the first battle of St. Albans (1455)and was appointed to the strategic post of governor of Calais.
	homepages.shu.ac.uk /~conseal/whos_who.htm (5047 words)

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