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	Ben Chifley at AllExperts
		Born in Bathurst, New South Wales, Chifley was the son of a flsmith of Irish Catholic descent.
		Chifley saw the strike as a move by the Communist Party to challenge Labor's place as the party of the working class, and he sent in the army to break the strike.
		Chifley, at 64 and in poor health (like Curtin he was a lifelong smoker), refused to retire.
	en.allexperts.com /e/b/be/ben_chifley.htm (1243 words)

	Ben Chifley - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Born in Bathurst, New South Wales, Chifley was the son of a flsmith of Irish Catholic descent.
		Chifley saw the strike as a move by the Communist Party to challenge Labor's place as the party of the working class, and he sent in the army to break the strike.
		Chifley, at 64 and in poor health (like Curtin he was a lifelong smoker), refused to retire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ben_Chifley (1097 words)

	Chifley, Joseph Benedict (Ben) (1885 - 1951) Biographical Entry - Australian Dictionary of Biography Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Chifley's origins seldom troubled or influenced him, though an outburst in 1950 was to reveal his smouldering fires and feelings: 'I am the descendant of a race that fought a long and bitter fight against perjurers and pimps and liars'.
		Chifley was fond of saying that the events of the 1890s, 1917 and the Depression 'forced the iron into [his] soul', yet his lonely existence in the formative years of childhood and adolescence were ironbark times, only relieved by his thirst for reading and knowledge.
		Chifley admitted to Frank Green that he had moved too fast on banking: 'It is a mistake to show the rooster the axe when you are going to take his head off; you should show him a bit of corn first'.
	www.adb.online.anu.edu.au /biogs/A130460b.htm (6593 words)

	first cause - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about first cause
		For Thomas Aquinas, the first cause is both a sustaining cause of the world and the first cause in all the causal series that make up the world.
		And the first cause of your losing it is to neglect this art; and what enables you to acquire a state is to be master of the art.
		As for the fisherman, as he was the first cause of the deliverance of the young prince, the Sultan gave him much money, and made him and his family happy for the rest of their days.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /first%20cause (357 words)

	Ben Chifley Summary
		Joseph Benedict Chifley was born of Irish-Australian parentage at Bathurst, New South Wales, on Sept. 22, 1885.
		During his absence from federal government Chifley was active in local government and prominent in the politics of divided Labour, which maintained a branch of the Federal party in opposition to the New South Wales State Labour group of Premier J. Lang.
		In 1936 Chifley was appointed member of the Royal Commission on Banking and Monetary Reform, and when World War II began, his recognized capacity, integrity, and experience made him a valuable director of labor regulation and supply in the Department of Munitions.
	www.bookrags.com /Ben_Chifley (1642 words)

	Encyclopedia: Ben Chifley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The 1949 Australian coal strike is notable as being the first time that Australian military forces were used during peacetime to break a Trade union strike.
		The First Chifley Ministry was the thirty-third Australian Commonwealth ministry, and ran from 13th July 1945 to 1st November 1946.
		The Second Chifley Ministry was the thirty-fourth Australian Commonwealth ministry, and ran from 1st November 1946 to 19th December 1949.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ben-Chifley (3615 words)

	Robert Menzies - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Menzies was first educated at a one-room school, then later at private schools in Ballarat and Melbourne, and studied law at the University of Melbourne.
		This was the first "television election," and Menzies, although nearly 70, proved a master of the new medium.
		He managed to live down the failures of his first term in office, and to rebuild the conservative side of politics from the depths of 1943.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Robert_Menzies (2046 words)

	Robert Menzies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Menzies was first educated at a one-room school, then later at private schools in Ballarat and Melbourne, and studied law at the University of Melbourne.
		In 1947, Chifley announced in a 42-word statement to the Australian media that he intended to nationalise Australia's private banks, arousing intense middle-class opposition which Menzies successfully exploited.
		This was the first "television election," and Menzies, although nearly 70, proved a master of the new medium.
	www.sevenhills.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Robert_Menzies (2010 words)

	First cause Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		First Cause is a phrase used alternately to refer to the, Creation myths.
		The Elders say that the first Hopi had chosen to live in this barren desert so that they would always need to pray for rain and thus not lose faith in their ceremonies which maintain their bond with the Mother nature and Creator.
		He is clearly identified as the "first cause" at numerous places in the Quran.
	www.articleshead.com /show_article/first-cause (925 words)

	India Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Like most Labor men, he was lukewarm towards federation, but when the first federal Parliament was elected in 1901, he was elected Labor MP for Wide Bay.
		But his two attempts, in 1911 and 1913, to carry constitutional referendums to give the government power to regulate monopolies and industrial conditions were rejected by the voters, and at the 1913 elections Labor was narrowly defeated by the Liberals, led by Joseph Cook.
		The First World War broke out in the middle of the election campaign, and Fisher was able to campaign on Labor's record of support for an independent Australian defence force.
	www.indiaencyclopedia.com /index.php?title=Andrew_Fisher (549 words)

	Australia's Prime Ministers - Meet a PM - Chifley - Inoffice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In the ministry sworn in on 1 November 1946, Makin’s successor in the Navy portfolio was newcomer William Riordan, and in Munitions, Senator John Armstrong.
		Chifley’s centralism was constrained by the Constitution’s definition of the boundaries of federal powers, and his attempts to extend those boundaries by referendum met limited success.
		Chifley was given the freedom of Bathurst in a ceremony in his home town in the wake of the coal strike, but this was not a sign of wider approval at the start of an election year.
	primeministers.naa.gov.au /meetpm.asp?pmId=16&pageName=inoffice (2758 words)

	Book Encyclopedia - Web Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		All members of the ministry are also members of the Executive Council, a body which is (in theory, though rarely in practice) chaired by the Governor-General and which meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already made by the Cabinet.
		Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the Cabinet.
		The growth of the ministry in the 1940s and 1950s made this increasingly impractical, and in 1956 Robert Menzies created a two-tier ministry, with only senior ministers holding Cabinet rank.
	www.bookencyclopedia.com /index.php?title=Australian_Commonwealth_ministries (996 words)

	Prime Minister John Curtain (in detail)
		His first attempt to enter politics was in 1914 when he stood against the future Nationalist (Liberal) Treasurer W.A. Watt in the safe conservative seat of Balaclava.
		During Curtin's first two years of office he had to rely on the support of two Independents in the House of Representatives and was in a minority in the Senate.
		The first was the 1945 Banking Act which gave the Federal Treasurer the power to regulate private banking in the interest of the whole Australian community.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-leaders/ww2/pm_curtain.htm (990 words)

	Alfred Deakin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Deakin was elected to the colonial Parliament of Victoria in 1879, as a liberal protectionist and a supporter of the radical Premier, Graham Berry.
		In 1901 he was elected to the first federal Parliament as MP for Ballarat, and became Attorney-General in the ministry headed by Edmund Barton.
		The Fusion was seen by many as a betrayal of Deakin's liberal principles, and in April 1910 his party was soundly defeated at the polls by Labor under Andrew Fisher.
	northmiami.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Alfred_Deakin (834 words)

	Gough Whitlam
		He was Australia's first Labor Prime Minister since the defeat of the Chifley government in the 1949 Federal election.
		After the electoral success of the Curtin and Chifley years, the 1950s were a grim and divisive time for Labor.
		Whitlam admired Evatt greatly, and was a loyal supporter of his leadership right through the 1950s, a period dominated by the very bitter Labor split of 1955, which resulted in the Catholic right wing of the party breaking off to form the Democratic Labor Party (DLP).
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/g/go/gough_whitlam.html (2662 words)

	Paul Strangio \| Young, ambitious and eager' : Stan Keon and the Victorian Public Service Association \| Labour History, ...
		Prefiguring the post-war orthodoxy that the expanding province of government required an educated, professional public service, Keon insisted that 'the first need of any government, in view of the complex and positive nature of their modern tasks, is to have a trained body of men capable' of fulfilling those tasks.
		The first, and most easily accommodated, was an anomaly left unaddressed in 1936 when the Dunstan Government, cajoled by Labor, had restored the Depression cuts to public service salaries and pensions.
		First, a large meeting of officers overwhelmingly resolved to refuse to comply with the revised working hours, instead offering the federal government the additional hours 'to be used in any capacity to further the war effort'.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lab/87/strangio.html (9793 words)

	Significant Aboriginal People in Sydney
		He was the first Aborigine to be appointed a 'chief ' by Governor Macquarie and the first to have the dubious honour of receiving a metal gorget bearing his name and title.
		Gibbs was the first and only female member of the NSW Welfare Board between 1954 and 1957, and died in Dubbo in 1983.
		O'Shane was the first Aboriginal (and the first woman) to be a head of a Government Department in Australia when the NSW Government set up the Ministry for Aboriginal Affairs in 1981, and she was appointed a NSW Magistrate in 1986.
	www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au /barani/themes/theme7.htm (2426 words)

	Between empire and nation: Grierson in Australia
		Grierson's forcefulness in "First principles of documentary", "The E.M.B. Film Unit" and "The course of realism" were prominent contributions to the discourse of realist film and, of course, to the figure of John Grierson.
		Watt had been the first of the British documentarists after Robert Flaherty to effectively incorporate dramatic episodes and, also like Flaherty, was prepared to spend months familiarising himself with actual locations and people before the development of a storyline.
		To introduce the Murray Valley, as the first images are of snow covered plains and mountains, a man skiing with the principle narrator saying "there is snow on the roof of Australia".
	www.latrobe.edu.au /screeningthepast/firstrelease/fr0799/dwfr7e.htm (5152 words)

	The Pentecostals of Canberra
		Friday night was our first meeting where we ministered to the leaders of both churches in a combined meeting at Bro Thompson's church.
		The ministry was aimed towards encouraging and instructing the church in the area of music and more particularly worship.
		Everyone was happy with the results of this first attempt at recording in Jakarta.
	www.calvarychapel.com.au /foreign_missions.htm (1309 words)

	Stanley Bruce - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He was the first Prime Minister who had not been involved in the movement for federation, had not been a member of a colonial Parliament, and had not been a member of the 1901 federal Parliament.
		With his aristocratic manners and dress - he drove a Rolls Royce and wore white spats - he was the first genuinely "Tory" Australian Prime Minister.
		Bruce formed an effective partnership with the Country Party leader, Dr Earle Page, and exploited public fears of communism and militant trade unions to dominate Australian politics through the 1920s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stanley_Bruce,_1st_Viscount_Bruce (593 words)

	The man they left out in the cold - General - www.theage.com.au
		Standing next to her was a reporter from the Sydney Sun, who'd been sent along to cover the protest, and no doubt was wondering where he'd find the story in a demonstration attended by all of six people.
		For the Chifley government, the intelligence embargo was a humiliating blow.
		Even at the height of its desperate attempts to have the intelligence embargo lifted, the Chifley government did not know the real source of American concerns that we were a poor security risk.
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2005/01/29/1106850156146.html?oneclick=true (2105 words)

	John Gorton information - Search.com
		In the subsequent leadership struggle Gorton was championed by Army Minister Malcolm Fraser and Liberal Party Whip Dudley Irwin, and with their support he was able to defeat his main rival, External Affairs Minister Paul Hasluck, to become Liberal leader and Prime Minister.
		He became the first Senator in Australian parliamentary history to be Prime Minister, but in accordance with Westminister tradition, he resigned from the Senate and contested the House of Representatives by-election (necessitated by Holt's death) in the electorate of Higgins.
		After Labor won the 1972 elections, Gorton served in the Shadow Ministry of Billy Snedden until after the 1974 elections, when he was dropped.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/John_Gorton (979 words)

	Lance Barnard
		A Tasmanian by birth, raised in Launceston, Barnard was the son of Claude Barnard, who was a Labor MP from Tasmania 1934-49 and a Minister in the Chifley government.
		He was a teacher before being elected to the House of Representatives for his father's old seat of Bass in 1954.
		For the first two weeks of Whitlam's government, before the full electoral result was known, Whitlam and Barnard formed a two-man ministry, known as the duumvirate, to govern until a full ministry could be announced.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/l/la/lance_barnard.html (280 words)

	Kevin's Nerd of Origin \| The Daily Telegraph
		John Howard against Kevin Rudd will be the first "son of Sydney versus Brisbane boy" contest for the leadership of the national government since 1914.
		And it will be 93 years since the first and only Queenslander to be elected to that great office – Labor's Andrew Fisher, the most noted product of the Wide Bay area, near Bundaberg.
		Fisher was prime minister three times, the first two after multi-party governments collapsed on the floor of the House of Representatives – in November 1908 and April 1910.
	www.news.com.au /dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,20903619-5001031,00.html (872 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Ben Chifley
		A few weeks later Chifley died of a heart attack in his room at the Kurrajong Hotel in Canberra (he had lived there throughout his Prime Ministership, having refused to reside at The Lodge).
		Several high schools in Western Sydney are now known as Chifley College.
		Chifley is perhaps best remembered for his summation of the Labor party's objective as "the light on the hill" in a speech to a party conference in June 1949.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Ben_Chifley (1309 words)

	BT Research - Gough Whitlam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		He joined the Australian Labor Party in 1945 and in 1950 was a Labor candidate for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly: a contest he was later grateful to have lost.
		Widely acknowledged as one of the best political speakers and parliamentary debaters of his time, he was also one of the few in the ALP who could hold his own against Robert Menzies on the floor of the House.
		One of the first Australian politicians to realise and fully exploit the power of television as a political tool, Whitlam proved himself a formidable campaigner, winning two by-elections and then a 17-seat swing in the 1969 election, falling only four seats short of a majority.
	www.breathittteens.com /research.php?title=Gough_Whitlam (4708 words)

	Parliament of Australia: House of Representatives:
		I congratulate my immediate neighbours on their first speeches this morning — the honourable member for Lowe (Mrs Easson), the honourable member for Capricornia (Ms Henzell), and the honourable member for Melbourne (Mr Tanner) — all of whom made very fine contributions.
		The first election campaign I actively participated in was the 1975 election campaign for the federal seat of Perth.
		The longest sitting member for Perth was the first member, James Fowler, who sat from 1901 to 1922.
	www.aph.gov.au /House/members/firstspeech.asp?id=5V5 (3122 words)

	Prime Minister - Harold Edward Holt
		He worked first for a local firm of solicitors, and was admitted to the Bar in 1932, at the age of 24.
		The new ministry, led by Robert Menzies and Arthur Fadden, was sworn in on 19 December 1949.
		This was Holt's first official visit to Southeast Asia, and was the beginning of an annual grand tour abroad, usually in the parliamentary winter recess, and almost always accompanied by Zara Holt.
	www.gavmag.com /austpm/pm_holt.htm (3308 words)

	First Chief Directorate - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation First Chief Directorate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		First Chief Directorate - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation First Chief Directorate.
		The First Chief Directorate of the KGB was the organization responsible for foreign operations and intelligence collection activities by the training and management of covert agents, intelligence collection management, and the collection of political, scientific and technical intelligence.
		Became the SVR on breakup of the KGB.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/First-Chief-Directorate.html (151 words)

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