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Topic: First Congo War

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Second Congo War

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Democratic Republic of the Congo

Rwandan Genocide

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	Democratic Republic of the Congo - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It borders on Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, Angola and the Gulf of Guinea.
		Congo was given to King Leopold II of Belgium in the Conference of Berlin in 1885.
		Congo became independent much to fast for a solid preparation, after six months on June 30, 1960, after almost a decade of political struggle and by the withdrawal of Belgium, which feared a war for independence similar to that in Algeria.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo (2040 words)

	Second Congo War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Second Congo War was a conflict that took place largely in the territory of Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire).
		Congo has had a troubled history since it was ruled as a colonial possession till 1908 by King Léopold II of Belgium as the Congo Free State and afterwards by Belgium (see Belgian Congo).
		One was the withdrawal of the estimated 20,000 Rwandan soldiers in the Congo.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Second_Congo_War (7061 words)

	Second Congo War - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Second Congo War was a conflict taking place largely in the territory of Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) that began in 1998 and officially ended in 2002.
		Congo has had a troubled history since it was ruled as a colonial possession in the 19th century by Belgium.
		With the end of the Cold War, outside powers disengaged from sub-Saharan Africa, leaving nations to deal with the after effects of the conflict between the superpowers and colonialism, as well as the internal conflicts between groups which had been suppressed, but not ameliorated, in the intervening century of outside control.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Second_Congo_War (6861 words)

	Encyclopedia: First Congo War
		Burundi The Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (ADFL) was a coalition of Congolese dissidents, disgruntled minority groups and nations that toppled President Mobutu Sese Seko and brought Laurent Kabila to power in the First Congo War (1996-1998).
		It borders the Central African Republic and Sudan on the north, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania on the east, Zambia and Angola on the south, and the Republic of the Congo on the west.
		Formerly, the Belgian colony of the Belgian Congo, the country's post-independence name was changed in 1971, from Congo- Kinshasa (after its capital, to distinguish it from the Republic of Congo, or Congo- Brazzaville) to Zaire, until 1997.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/First-Congo-War (2702 words)

	Congo War
		One was the withdrawal of the estimated 20,000 Rwandan troops in the DRC.
		The Northeastern part of the Congo is possibly the richest part of the DRC both in terms of mineral and agricultural resources, and therein may also lie the reasons for promoting conflicts.
		Congo's five-year war is officially over and a transitional government is trying to shepherd the vast African nation to elections next year, but the peace process has come to a halt, largely because of the continued presence of armed groups in the east.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/congo.htm (5297 words)

	Encyclopedia: Belgian Congo
		Colonisation of the Congo refers to the the period from Henry Morton Stanleys first exploration of the Congo (1867) until its annexation as a personal possession of King Leopold II of Belgium (1885).
		World War II was a truly global conflict with many facets: immense human suffering, fierce indoctrinations, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons like the atom bomb.
		The Belgian Congo was one of the major exporters of uranium to the United States during World War II and the Cold War (Shinkolobwe mine).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Belgian-Congo (1339 words)

	First Congo War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The First Congo War was a conflict from late 1996 to 1997 in which Zairean President Mobutu Sésé Seko was overthrown by rebel forces backed by foreign powers such as Uganda and Rwanda.
		The war set the foundation for, and was quickly followed by, the Second Congo War, which began on 2 August 1998.
		The two countries then turned against their former client, sending troops to aid rebels attempting to overthrow Kabila and triggering the Second Congo War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Congo_War (880 words)

	Kivu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kivu was the name for a large "Region" in the Democratic Republic of Congo under the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko that bordered Lake Kivu.
		The provinces of North and South Kivu are sometimes referred to as the Kivus and a person from this region is a Kivutian.
		Subdivisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kivu (146 words)

	Read about Zaire at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Zaire and learn about Zaire here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1971 and 1997.
		Belgian Congo gained its independence as the "Republic of the Congo" from Belgium.
		river Congo and to the ancient Kongo Empire, was fundamentally "authentic" to pre-colonial African roots, while Zaire is in fact a Portugese corruption of another African word, Nzere ("river", by Nzadi o Nzere, "the river that swallow all the other rivers", another name of the Congo river).
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Zaire (301 words)

	Weiss \| War and Peace in the DRC (I)
		This war has involved numerous African states in inter-locking alliances which often appear to be motivated by only one principle: “the enemy of my enemy is my friend.” The result has been an explosion of massive violence — wars, invasions, insurgencies, militias, massacres — on Congolese soil.
		First, we will begin with a description of the major events of the last three years which have transformed the DRC into an arena of international and internal violence and conflict involving so many participants that cumulatively it can legitimately be described as the first African Continental War.
		This is probably due to three underlying factors: first, the coexistence of pastoralists and sedentary farmers; second, a higher than usual population density; and third, a cultural divide between the original sons of the land and Kinyarwanda speaking immigrants — both Hutu and Tutsi —; migrating westward from Rwanda and Burundi.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_16/weiss/weiss_congo1.html (3592 words)

	Democratic Republic of the Congo - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		Formerly, the Belgian colony of the Belgian Congo, the country's post-independence name was changed in 1971, from Congo-Kinshasa (after its capital, to distinguish it from the Republic of Congo, or Congo-Brazzaville) to Zaire, until 1997.
		Congo became independent on June 30, 1960, after almost a decade of political struggle; Belgium finally withdrew, fearing a war for independence similar to that in Algeria.
		The first Prime Minister, Patrice-Emery Lumumba (1925–61), was a member of the politically minor Batatele tribe; he was educated in mission schools and later worked as a postal clerk.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/DR_Congo (2186 words)

	Weiss \| War and Peace in the DRC (2)
		In the first war, the Kinshasa government was singularly unsuccessful in gaining foreign support, and since its army hardly fought at all, it was rapidly — in eight months — overwhelmed.
		In the first war, the notion that the war was a “revolution” or a “war of liberation,” coupled with generalized antagonism toward Mobutu, resulted in a considerable amount of Congolese and foreign support for the “rebel” forces.
		But the first was seen in much of Africa and in the Congo as a “revolution” while the second is generally viewed as an “invasion.” Perceptions count for more than subtle distinctions.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_16/weiss/weiss_print2.html (5090 words)

	Congo, Rwanda Responsible for Severe Abuses (Human Rights Watch, February 1, 2001)
		President Joseph Kabila of the Democratic Republic of Congo and President Paul Kagame of Rwanda both command troops in the war in the Congo, where as many as 1.7 million civilians have died through combat-related casualities as well as through deprivation of water, food, and health care.
		Kagame and the Rwandan troops first made war in the Congo as allies of Laurent Kabila, the recently assassinated president.
		The meeting in Washington is thought to be the first time Kagame and the younger Kabila have come face-to-face since the new president succeeded his father.
	www.hrw.org /english/docs/2001/02/01/congo306_txt.htm (384 words)

	First Congo War - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Among the refugees were members of the Interahamwe, militia groups who took part in the genocide.
		Mobutu, whose control of the country was beginning to weaken, supported the Hutu extremists for political reasons and did nothing to stop the ongoing violence.
		First Congo War, Origins, Course of the war and Glossary of Armed Groups.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/First_Congo_War (899 words)

	Encyclopedia topic: First Congo War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The war set the foundation for, and was quickly followed by, the Second Congo War (additional info and facts about Second Congo War).
		Among the refugees were members of the Interahamwe (A terrorist organization that seeks to overthrow the government dominated by Tutsi and to reinstitute Hutu control), militia groups who took part in the genocide.
		They set up camps in eastern Congo from which they attacked both Rwandan Tutsi (A member of a Bantu speaking people living in Rwanda and Burundi) s and local Zairian Tutsis called the Banyamulenge (additional info and facts about Banyamulenge).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/f/fi/first_congo_war.htm (1005 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is bordered by Uganda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania.
		In 1996, Rwanda and Uganda invaded eastern Congo in an effort to eliminate the interahamwe groups operating there and to gain influence in the region, sparking the First Congo War.
		It is separated from the Democratic Republic of the Congo by Lake Kivu and the Ruzizi River valley to the west; it is bounded on the north by Uganda, to the east by Tanzania, and to the south by Burundi.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Rwanda (1638 words)

	Democratic Republic of Congo: Mass rape - time for remedies - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The war has caused high infection and death rates, increasing the workload for surviving women, who must manage the household and support their community while looking after orphan children.
		If and when armed conflict resurges in their area, as in the recent violence in Bukavu, the NGO offices are typically the first in line for looting by combatants, while the activists themselves are forced to go into hiding for fear of being killed or otherwise abused.
		In the meantime, in a space which is neither war nor peace, the civilian population remains prey to horrifying violence and the daily denial of their basic human rights.
	web.amnesty.org /library/Index/ENGAFR620182004 (18189 words)

	Washingtonpost.com: Live Online
		Rwandan officials acknowledge that, because of this war, the Interahamwe who carried out the 1994 genocide are no longer a rag-tag militia but a well-trained and better-armed military force, thanks to the training provided by the foreign armies (notably Zimbabwe, by several accounts) that rushed to Kabila's aid after Rwanda and Uganda invaded.
		The Rwandans who knew him in the first Congo war spoke very highly of him, and these guys are hard to please.
		I can, however, take a stab at part two: Angola wants a pliant Congo, one that will prevent the UNITA rebels from operating freely across the border (in Congo, that is), and one that will not, for instance, enrich said rebels by creating circumtances that drive Congo's diamonds across the border to Angolan rebel buyers.
	discuss.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/zforum/01/world_vick0222.htm (2139 words)

	congo-coltan
		The conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, formally Zaire, is complex, complicated by the struggle for power over the country's vast resources by actors within and outside Congo.
		Congo received its independence from Belgium in 1960, leaving a politically and economically poor country with civil war breaking out soon after.
		War broke out in August 1998 and has raged ever since with a brief time of peace in 1999 with the Lusaka peace agreement.
	www.american.edu /TED/ice/congo-coltan.htm (2056 words)

	Amnesty Magazine
		Eastern Congo has more than half the world's supply of coltan, which is used in computer chips and cellphones, and has occassionally sold for as much, per ounce, as gold.
		The multi-sided war is driven by greed, not ideology; the worst fighting sometimes shifts location with the rise and fall of commodity prices.
		The other problem is that Congo's immense blood-letting does not seriously threaten Western interests because it is unlikely to spill over into other parts of the world or to stop the export of strategic minerals.
	www.amnestyusa.org /amnestynow/congo.html (2264 words)

	Untitled
		Laurent-Desire Kabila took control of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1997 after a bloody war in which his supporters and Rwandan and Ugandan allies killed tens of thousands of civilians.
		In this second war, Kabila's forces, like those of Rwanda, Uganda, and the Congolese rebels allied with them, have all engaged in indiscriminate attacks on civilians, extrajudicial executions, rape, and destruction of property, with the result of massive displacement of population.
		After the start of the second war, Kabila's government alleged that its former ally Rwanda was responsible for obstructing the U.N. investigation and pledged cooperation with future U.N. inquiries.
	www.1worldcommunication.org /thekabilalegacy.htm (717 words)

	[No title]
		Congo is an example of the later, for its natural resources have played a key role on the country’s internal conflicts and wars.
		First Congo War (1997) In Congolese territory, Members of ex-FAR and Interahamwe joined their forces and recruited new members from refugee camps, forming the Army for the Liberation of Rwanda (ALIR).
		The Human Factor of War The consequences of many years of war are devastating for the population of Congo, who are forced to dislocate and are susceptible to war-induced disease, malnutrition, and rape.
	people.bu.edu /isabelp/docs/Congo.doc (4419 words)

	BBC News \| AFRICA \| Timeline: DR Congo conflict
		After a year of thwarted attempts to end the civil war, a major step towards peace is taken as the last rebel group signs up for a ceasefire agreement.
		Efforts to halt Africa's "first world war" make little progress at the OAU as rebels accuse Angolan and Zimbabwean troops of launching a counter-offensive in the northwest.
		Rwanda acknowledges its forces are fighting on the side of rebels for the first time, as the Ugandan backed MLC make advances in the north.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/573051.stm (770 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| French troops take first steps in war-torn Congo
		UN Congo force kills 50 in clash with militia
		To the echo of gunfire, French troops began patrolling Bunia, the north-eastern capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo, yesterday, leading the first joint-European military intervention in the most violent theatre of Congo's war.
		That mandate appears unlikely to end the war in Bunia, which has claimed 50,000 lives so far, and is only one of a dozen micro-conflicts raging in eastern Congo, stirred by four years of anarchic occupation by Rwandan and Ugandan forces.
	www.guardian.co.uk /congo/story/0,12292,973515,00.html (473 words)

	The Spoils of War
		Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly known as Zaire.
		DR Congo is a very rich and fertile country.
		DR Congo's climate is one of the wettest in the world,
	www.dailyreckoning.com /RudeAwake/Articles/RA072705.html (955 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| DR Congo 'war criminals' warned
		Those who have committed war crimes in the bitter fighting in north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo will not be granted immunity, a United Nations team has warned.
		UN Security Council ambassadors were speaking during a visit to the war-torn town of Bunia, scene of bitter clashes between ethnic Hema and Lendu militias in the past two months, which has left hundreds dead.
		A peace deal has been signed to end the five-year war in DR Congo and a transitional power-sharing government was supposed to have been sworn in earlier this month.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/low/africa/2987176.stm (474 words)

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