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Topic: First East Turkistan Republic

	Turkistan. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Western, or Russian, Turkistan extended from the Caspian Sea in the west to the Chinese frontier in the east and from the Aral-Irtysh watershed in the north to the borders of Iran and Afghanistan in the south.
		Turkistan may be regarded as a single region, however, because a combination of geographical and historical factors made it the bridge linking the Eastern and Western worlds and the route taken by many of the great conquerors and migrating peoples.
		All of Turkistan fell to the Mongols in the late 13th cent., and the territory was mostly bestowed upon the khan Jagatai.
	www.bartleby.com /65/tu/Turkistn.html (888 words)

	East Turkestan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		East Turkistan is the part of greater Turkistan (also spelled Turkistan or Türkistan, literally means "Land of the Turks") in Central Asia, which today is largely inhabited by Turkic people.
		The greater Turkistan is subdivided into West (former Soviet Union countries) and East Turkestan (administered as the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region by the PRC, titled Uyghurstan by Uyghur separatists).
		The First East Turkestan Republic was a short-lived government that existed from 1932-1934 in the area surrounding Kashgar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/East_Turkistan (287 words)

	Turkistan - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		TURKISTAN [Turkistan] or Turkestan, historic region of central Asia.
		Perhaps the earliest empire to bring Turkistan under its sway was that of the Persians, who by 500 BC had cleared the Lydian empire from the region around the Caspian Sea.
		First batch of "Eastern Turkistan" terrorist groups, individuals identified (5).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-turkistn.html (1004 words)

	Asia Times: Beijing links separatists to bin Laden
		But the "East Turkistan" forces, not to be reconciled to their failure and in defiance of the will of the people of all ethnic groups, have been on the lookout for every opportunity to conduct splittist and sabotage activities with the backing of international anti-China forces.
		In the 1990s, under the influence of extremism, separatism and international terrorism, part of the "East Turkistan" forces inside and outside Chinese territory turned to splittist and sabotage activities with terrorist violence as the main means, even brazenly declaring that terrorist violence is the only way to achieve their aims.
		The "East Turkistan" terrorist organization plotted the assassination of Arunhan Aji, executive committee member of the Islamic Association of China, vice-chairman of the CPPCC Xinjiang Regional Committee and chairman of the Kashi Islamic Association, on May 12, 1996.
	www.atimes.com /china/DA23Ad02.html (4763 words)

	First East Turkestan Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The First Eastern Turkestan Republic (ETR), or Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan (TIRET), was a short-lived break-away would-be constitutional republic founded in 1933.
		The first major school founded on the European model was located outside of Kashgar and, unlike the traditional curricula of the madrassah, focused on more technical areas of study such as science, mathematics, history, and language studies.
		In November of 1933, Sabit Damolla declared the establishment of the East Turkistan Republic, with Xoja Niyaz as its president — despite the fact that the respected commander was engaged in fighting in northern Xinjiang and had actually allied his forces with those of Sheng Shicai.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_East_Turkistan_Republic (1605 words)

	East Turkestan. Net - Harun Yahya
		The people of East Turkestan were aware of this (and of the sufferings the Russians had inflicted on the Muslims of West Turkestan) and for this reason preferred to accept the status quo rather than fall into communist hands.
		Within the course of that process, the people of East Turkestan once more made a bid for independence, and the independent Republic of East Turkestan was declared in 1944, though it only lasted until Mao took control of China in 1949.
		First, the leaders of the Republic of East Turkestan were killed in a mysterious plane crash on their way to a meeting with Chairman Mao.
	www.eastturkestan.net /china04.html (1626 words)

	SNF Related Information - Service Area
		republic in Central Asia, bordered on the north by Kazakstan and Uzbekistan, on the east by Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, on the south by Afghanistan and Iran, and on the west by the Caspian Sea.
		Turkmenistan is the southernmost of the former Soviet republics.
		With an estimated 4,254,000 inhabitants in 1993, Turkmenistan is the least populated republic of the former Soviet republics in Central Asia.
	www.russianservice.com /regions.asp?Main=Turkmenistan (670 words)

	Middle East Encyclopedia Article @ Avowed.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the derived noun is Middle-Easterner.
		Near East largely fell out of common use in English, while Middle East came to be applied to the re-emerging countries of the
		There are terms similar to Near East and Middle East in other European languages, but, since it is a relative description, the meanings depend on the country and are different from the English terms generally.
	www.avowed.org /encyclopedia/Middle_East (1552 words)

	BakuTODAY.net - Turkistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		One may argue that this move is reminiscent of the Soviet identity that was imposed during the USSR contributing to the political, social, and cultural repression of certain ethnic groups, which altered the life-style, history, and cultures of these groups.
		This division of the nations of Turkistan into five republics proved problematic: borders were not drawn according to ethnic and geographic lines, and new Soviet symbols such as flags, anthems, new geographic names, and separate history books put the rift between the people with a common history, language, and religion.
		Inadvertent founding fathers, as they are, the leaders of modern nations of Turkistan did not have to lead the fight for their independence.
	www.bakutoday.net /view.php?d=7071 (3297 words)

	Türkistan Qayghusi
		In 2003 the book titled “Turkistan Tragedy” written by the honorable Elihan Tore (aka Elixan Töre saghuniy), who was the president of Republic of Eastern Turkistan established in 1944 in Gulja, was published in Uzbek language by “East Publishing House” in Uzbekistan’s capital, Tashkent.
		It is his belief that the vast Turkistan divides into east and west, and that they are one integral part of the whole (which was separated).
		In mid June 1946, during the reign of Eastern Turkistan between 1944 and 1949, when Elihan Tore was serving as the president of the reigning government was summoned by USSR attaché that Elihan was expected by Uzbekistan Communist Party’s general secretary, Osman Yusupow, in Korgas to discuss crucial issues.
	www.meshrep.com /Books/elihantore/tragedyofturkistan.htm (1832 words)

	Untitled Page
		As such, the East Turkistan Government in exile considers the arrests and torture by the Communists against Christians to be yet another violation of human rights and international law, which we opposed and condemn.
		As such, the East Turkistan Government in exile considers the arrest and torture of Tong Qimiao by the Communists to be yet another violation of human rights and international law, which we opposed and condemn.
		While the people of East Turkistan have suffered open-air nuclear tests, razed mosques, the killing of political prisoners, and mass cultural extermination, we are not without thoughts of kindness for those in the Communist army who are clearly forced to be on our land.
	www.eastturkistangovernmentinexile.us /press_releases.html (4782 words)

	Site Builder
		The first Russo- Iranian war (1806-13) ending with the Treaty of Gulistan (1813), the second, ending with Treaty of Turkmanchai (1828), and the Russo-Ottoman war of 1828 ending in the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) all resulted in Russian expansion south of the Caucasus mountains and thus closer to India.
		First, Enver's stay in the German Empire brought him into direct contact with the products of Institutes of Oriental studies, and the Orientalist professors themselves, especially with the proponents of "Pan-Turanianism," also called "Pan-Turanism" or "Pan- Turkism." In fact, some of those scholars were also his official sponsors and hosts.
		The first was to smuggle out capable and knowledgeable representatives of their movement, so that they could make the movement known to the world at large.
	turkistani.5u.com (7901 words)

	Uighuristan (Islamic Republic of East Turkestan) [China] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Independentists mention a short-lived Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan established in the south in 1933, and a second Republic of Eastern Turkestan in 1944.
		He was first influenced by Japan and used a yellow flag with a red six-pointed star in the canton.
		The Second Republic of Eastern Turkestan (People's Republic of Eastern Turkestan) was proclaimed on 11 November 1943 in Koudja by grouping the provinces of Altai, Ili and Tarbagtai (Northern Xin-Jiang).
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/cn-islam.html (734 words)

	Habitat boss defends value of conferenceEast Turkistan's tragedy on the NGO agenda Full agenda for the world's NGOs ...
		When East Turkistan was invaded by Chinese forces in 1949, this government dispersed and Isa Yusuf Alptekin decided to began a long and hard journey with a group of his friends.
		Today, the population of East Turkistan, which is still under the iron control of China, is about 30 million.Ninety percent of the population is Muslim and speak different types of the Turkish language.
		East Turkistan has China to its east, by India, Pakistan and Tibet in the south, by Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Kirghiztan in the west and the Russian Federation to the north.
	www.turkishdailynews.com.tr /archives.php?id=197 (5168 words)

	[No title]
		For all their short-lived nature, the two East Turkistan Republics loom large in the dreams of modern Uyghur nationalists, who hope to one day see the goal of independent self-government realized i n full \emdash a fact of which the current Chinese government is well aware.
		In January of 2001 Chinese authorities declared that the Eastern Turkistan Islamic Party of God had been destroyed, after a series of raids captured their leader, whose followers (eventually numbered at 113) had been blamed for a series of terror bombing throughout the province.
		Not only do the Uyghurs face demographic marginalization in the face of wave of newcomers from the east, they also face concerted efforts by the ruling state apparatus to obliterate the public practice of their traditional religion and erase their distinct identity in favor of forced cultural assimilation.
	cheznadezhda.blogharbor.com /_attachments/197378/XinjiangFinal-Web.rtf (5690 words)

	(TURKESTAN) Tall Armenian Tale: The Other Side of the Falsified Genocide
		Eastern Turkistan lies in the heart of Asia, it borders Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan on the West; Pakistan and India on the Southwest; Tibet on the South; Russia and Mongolia on the North and China on the East.
		First, a campaign to purge the Eastern Turkistan Republic’s leaders and inteligentia claimed hundreds of thousands of Uyghur lives.
		This is a subject I'm not well versed in, but it doesn't seem correct that the entire East Turkestan region would consist of Turkic people if the Chinese had the region under their control since all the way back from 60 years Before Christ, as they claim.
	www.tallarmeniantale.com /Turkestan.htm (3318 words)

	AsiaMedia :: Uyghur Separatism and China's Crisis of Credibility in the War on Terror (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The release of China's first terror list on December 15, 2003, was a demonstration of its resolve to become vocal about its crackdown on the Uyghur Muslim population of Xinjiang.
		Twice the Eastern Turkistan Republic was re-established: From 1931 to 1934 and from 1944 to 1949.
		It is the second republic that has been repressed for some forty years by China's rulers, despite initial promises by Mao Zedong in 1936 to guarantee "absolute freedom of belief for the Muslim people [in China]" in return for the pledge of their famed combat skills.
	www.asiamedia.ucla.edu /article.asp?parentid=7522 (1457 words)

	East Turkistan: China’s Forgotten Muslims
		A note on names: Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region is the name given to Eastern Turkistan by the Chinese government, and is the cause of much resentment; Xinjiang is Chinese for “New Dominion,” or “New Frontier,” a legacy of their former Manchu rulers, who invaded Eastern Turkistan in 1759 and incorporated it into China.
		One feels the need to stress that, while this article focuses on Eastern Turkistan and the Uighur population thereof, this is in no way meant to denigrate or disregard the suffering of countless other Muslims at the hands of the Chinese government.
		Resistance to Chinese rule continued, regardless of whether the rulers were the Imperial Manchu dynasty or the Kuomintang nationalist government, culminating in the establishment of two republics in the 20th century, one of which was crushed with the assistance of Soviet troops in 1934.
	www.islamawareness.net /Asia/China/cn_article002.html (1822 words)

	THE WORLD UYGHUR NETWORK NEWS [Free Republic]
		EASTERN TURKISTAN, Nov 8,1999 (ETIC)--Tohtihaji from Hotan county Seghizkol town was arrested with his whole family: 4 sons, 3 daughters and unknown number of grand children, allegedly for hiding ethnic separatists.
		EASTERN TURKISTAN (ETIC)--At the beginning of August 1999, an Uyghur farmer from the Misha township of Hotan county was fined 5000 yuan for exceeding the quota for children.
		Sharki (East) Turkistan or Uyghuristan are the names used by the indigenous people of the region, the Uyghurs, for their motherland located in what is at present the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic China.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a38472ec43010.htm (1686 words)

	East-West Center: Research Publications: Violent Separatism in Xinjiang: A Critical Assessment
		Xinjiang is an arid region three times the size of France in the northwestern corner of the People's Republic of China, bordering on Mongolia, Russia, and several Central Asian countries.
		A steady flow of reports from the international media—as well as official PRC releases (a document on "East Turkistan" terrorism, a white paper on Xinjiang, and a list of terrorist groups)—have given the impression of an imminent separatist and terrorist crisis in the Xinjiang region.
		First, from the analysis of Chinese official documents and international press accounts of violent activity attributed to Uyghurs, the record contains much inaccurate, questionable, or contradictory reporting and slanted conclusions reflecting ulterior agendas.
	www.eastwestcenter.org /res-rp-publicationdetails.asp?pub_ID=1479 (791 words)

	Ethnic media and politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Since it represents the first attempt by Uyghurs to express themselves in virtual world, it is extremely important for the Uyghur nationalist movement.
		First of all, in almost each and every Uyghur site, one can find a presentation of Uyghur symbols.
		Usually it is the blue flag of the 1944 Eastern Turkistan Republic or the national emblem.
	www.firstmonday.org /issues/issue10_7/kanat/index.html (2313 words)

	Energy First: China and the Middle East - Middle East Quarterly
		[1] Beijing's first diplomatic victory in the Arab world was the formal establishment of relations with Egypt in 1956.
		Between 1990 and 2001, East Turkistan terrorist forces, based in western Xinjiang, staged more than 200 attacks in Xinjiang, killing 162 people of all ethnic groups, including grassroots community leaders and religious personnel.
		Israel was the first and, until 1956, the only country from the Middle East to recognize the People's Republic of China, even though the two countries did not exchange ambassadors until 1992.
	www.meforum.org /article/694 (3388 words)

	...
		Zhang, 55, was elected to the post at the first plenary session of the 7th CPC Tibet Regional Committee.
		Alim Yunus, founder and one of the leaders of the “East Turkistan Allah Party” was executed by the Chinese government in the year 2000 July 19.
		Burhan Zunun, a Uyghur from Ghulja in East Turkistan, died at mid-day on December 29 in hospital in Denmark, apparently as a result of injuries sustained during an attempted suicide in police detention on Christmas Day.
	www.uygur.org /english.htm (1737 words)

	Turkistan: History
		Turkistan, as the focus of trade between Europe and Asia, had great wealth and large cities (notably
		All of Turkistan fell to the Mongols in the late 13th cent., and the territory was mostly bestowed upon the khan
		conquered Turkistan in the late 14th cent., pushing the Mongols into the steppes of Kazakhstan.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0861659.html (753 words)

	chez Nadezhda :: Uyghur Separatism and the Politics of Islam in China's Western Frontier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Prior to the first generic usage of the Uyghur name in 1934 by the Han warlord Sheng Shicai, "Uyghurs" maintained far more localistic self-identities, tied primarily to their oasis city of birth rather than any broader sense of "national" unity.
		The sparks that brought about the establishment of the first East Turkistan Republic date back to 1932, when efforts were made by local warlord Jin Shuren to reclaim authority over the lands of the Hami, whose khan had previously enjoyed feudal semi-autonomy under the Qing imperial dynasty's rule.
		For all their short-lived nature, the two East Turkistan Republics loom large in the dreams of modern Uyghur nationalists, who hope to one day see the goal of independent self-government realized in full — a fact of which the current Chinese government is well aware.
	cheznadezhda.blogharbor.com /blog/_archives/2004/12/6/197546.html (7915 words)

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