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Topic: First Intermediate Period

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	First Intermediate Period
		The period was one of regional division, petty dynasties, rivalry, chaos and cultural decline.
		This period begins with the fall of the Old Kingdom, and ends with the emergence of the Middle Kingdom.
		The intermediate period comes to an end with the Theban king Mentuhotep 2 when he conquered Lower Egypt around 2055, thereby ending the Herakleopan dynasties.
	i-cias.com /e.o/egypt_int01.htm (351 words)

	Second Intermediate Period
		Period of Ancient Egypt, 1650-1550 BCE, 100 years, in which central authority was largely lost.
		Though the period was one of regional division and increasing poverty, it was not one of chaos or dramatic cultural decline.
		The conclusion of this period, bringing forth the New Kingdom, came with the attack by the Theban kings.
	i-cias.com /e.o/egypt_int02.htm (317 words)

	History of Egypt
		Pharaoh Amenemhat I[?] ended this period of unrest and united the country again and moved the capital to North (lower) Egypt.
		The 13th Dynasty[?] is often entered as a part of the Middle Kingdom, although the period seems to be a time confusion and of foreign princes from Asia known as the Hyksos who took advantage of the political instabilities of the Nile Delta to take control of it and later extend their powers south.
		Egypt has long had ties with Libya, and the first king of the new Dynasty served as a general under the last ruler of the 21st Dynasty.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hi/History_of_Egypt.html (2666 words)

	THE FIRST, SECOND & THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS
		The so-called "Intermediate" phases of Ancient Egyptian history refer to the periods when there was little or no strong central government and the ruling structure of the country was fragmented or divided.
		These periods tend to be thought of as inferior times throughout Egypt's history, when the state was divided and the wealth of the country waned, although in fact these situations did in fact occur during more "normal" times too.
		There are three "intermediate periods" which fall between the old, middle and and new kingdoms and the late period, and each one tends to involve a transition period, where a gradual breakdown in central power would result in the rise of various regional rulers.
	www.egyptologyonline.com /intermediate_periods.htm (1545 words)

	The Structure of Egyptian History: And the Third Intermediate Period
		The rise of Herihor ushered in a period known as the "Renaissance", a term previously used by the founders of new dynasties, wehem meswt (he who repeats births), alluding to what was supposed to be a new era of Egyptian strength.
		When considering that this led directly into the Third Intermediate Period, one might see this posturing as almost humorous, but in fact, during certain parts of the 21st and 22nd Dynasties, Egypt seems to have regained some of its power that was lost during the later part of the New Kingdom.
		This period ended with the death of Psusennes II in the north, after which Sheshonq I came to power in the north apparently by marrying the daughter of Psusennes II.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/thirdintermediate.htm (1672 words)

	First Intermediate Period of Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The First Intermediate Period is the name conventionally given by Egyptologists to that period in Ancient Egyptian history between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom.
		While there are next to no official records covering this period, there a number of fictional texts known as Lamentations from the early period of the subsequent Middle Kingdom that may shed some light on what happened during this period.
		Around 2055 BC a descendant of Inyotef defeated the Heracleopolitan Pharaohs, reunited the Two Lands, and ruled as Mentuhotep II thereby ending the First Intermediate Period.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt (539 words)

	Ancient Egypt - MSN Encarta
		The first king of the 18th Dynasty, Ahmose I, completed the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt, which his brother Kamose had begun.
		During this period of decline, internal problems arose in the form of a struggle for power between the pharaoh and the priesthood.
		In the 7th century bc, Psamtik I, ruling at first from Sais, reunited the land in 664 bc, ushering in the 26th Dynasty and the Late Period.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_461511156_2/Ancient_Egypt.html (3404 words)

	c. The Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period (1st-11th Dynasties). 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		At the beginning of the period, the various nomes were probably independent states, but by the end there were two kingdoms: Lower Egypt with a capital at Pe in the northwest Delta and Upper Egypt ruled either from Nekhen (Hierakonpolis) or This (near Abydos).
		Hetep was the first king of the 2nd Dynasty, and Khasekhemwy was the last.
		The latter was the first king to have a stone burial chamber in his tomb.
	www.bartleby.com /67/91.html (882 words)

	Egypt and near east
		The importance of the princes contrasts with that of the first queens and mothers of the Pharaohs.
		The first intermediate period constitutes the break of the balance between a powerful court and a few aspirations of the provinces, and they indicate where the principal source of power was residing.
		The fact was produced in a period of weakness of the monarchy, and joined with two periods of irregularities of the Nile, they can constitute a proof of the existence of groups of individuals before which the power of the monarchs was obliged to yield.
	www.fortunecity.es /imaginapoder/humanidades/587/ancienthistory1.htm (6733 words)

	Second Intermediate Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This period saw the decline of the past thirteenth and fourteenth dynasties and the great increase in number of the Asian population whom, bit by bit started to settle and spread in the whole land of Egypt.
		It is the period of the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Dynasties.
		The first king of this dynasty was AHMOSIS I. Having driven the Hyksos from Egypt, the king turned his attention southwards and regained Nubia from local rulers.
	www.kingtutshop.com /freeinfo/2ndPeriod.htm (1719 words)

	Archira.com -- The Egyptian Empire
		The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period.
		The Middle Kingdom is a period in the history of ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty, roughly between 1991 BC and 1648 BC.
		The New Kingdom is the period in Egyptian history between the 16th century BCE and the 11th century BCE, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt.
	www.archira.com /egyptian.html (452 words)

	First Intermediate Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This was the Herkleopolitan Dynasty, whose first king was KHETI I. He seized control of Memphis and defeated the forces of Upper Egypt, establishing a fragile unity maintained by his own army and energy.
		The period of the Eleventh to Fourteenth Dynasties.
		During this period, the unity and cohesion of the state was maintained.
	www.kingtutshop.com /freeinfo/1StPeriod.htm (865 words)

	List of pharaohs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The First Intermediate Period is the period between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom.
		The Second Intermediate Period is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom.
		The New Kingdom is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th century BC to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-List_of_Pharaohs (2348 words)

	The Ancient Egypt Site - 1st Intermediary Period
		The reliefs and statues that were created during this period often lack the refinement of their Old Kingdom predecessors: the craftsmanship was rather clumsy or even sloppy and figures were stiff and dis-proportionate.
		With the decline of the royal ateliers at Memphis, the art that was produced during the 1st Intermediate Period was crude, as shown by this funerary relief from Dendara.
		The increased power of the nomarchs during the 1st Intermediate Period continued and solidified this process, ensuring that the Pharaonic culture would survive the decline of the Old Kingdom.
	www.ancient-egypt.org /history/07_11/index.html (714 words)

	ToniMorrison (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Second Intermediate Period was the time between the end of the 12th dynasty and the beginning of the 18th dynasty was very different in character from the First Intermidia period.
		The first Intermediate period, although a very confused time, was know more by political troubles than by social revolution, but the second intermediate period was a time when central control struggle for control, and with it the whole fabric of Egyptian life.
		More significant were developments in the eastern Delta, where as in the First Intermediate Period, had grown up attention of Asiatics, organized probably on a tribal and controlling their domestic matter with very little reference to the central government of Egypt.
	share4.esd105.wednet.edu /tbraihl/art.htm (1281 words)

	Manetho's 7th and 8th Dynasties
		The central theological problem of the First Intermediate Period, then, was “When did Horus stop ruling in Memphis and when did he begin to rule from another city?” The three king-lists, I suggest, each show a different political interpretation.
		He listed the first six kings in the Sixth Dynasty and indicated that there were 21 kings in the “last Memphite Dynasty.” This ambiguous description of a “last Memphite dynasty” led to a series of errors by Manetho’s redactors.
		Furthermore, the First Intermediate Period should probably now be defined more precisely in accordance with the description in the Table of Sakkara, beginning during the reign of Phiops and ending with Menthotpe II’s conquest over Herakleopolis.
	ggreenberg.tripod.com /ancientne/manetho5.html (3045 words)

	The Ancient Egypt Site - 2nd Dynasty
		This is based on the fact that his name was found at the entrance of the tomb of Horus Qa'a, the last king of the 1st Dynasty, an indication that Hotepsekhemwi buried Qa'a and must therefore have been his successor.
		The succession of the first three kings of the 2nd Dynasty is found on the back of the right shoulder of the statue of Hotepdief: Hotepsekhemwi, Nebre and Ninetjer.
		The first and the latter of these kings had tombs at Saqqara, the necropolis of Memphis.
	www.ancient-egypt.org /history/01_03/02.html (1118 words)

	Egypt: History - First Intermediate Period
		In the First Intermediate Period as the age separating Dynasty VI and XII is called, Manetho, or rather the Manetho known to us from the chronicles of his exceptors, is seen at his worst.
		However that may be, the trustworthiness of the Leyden papyrus as a depiction of Egypt in the First Intermediate Period is indisputable.
		The first Inyotef to have his name enclosed in a cartouche has left no contemporary monument, and apart from the rather doubtful mention in the Table of Karnak, is known only from an all-important relief of the reign of Nebhepetre' Menthotpe discovered in the temple of Tod.
	www.touregypt.net /hfirstin.htm (4989 words)

	First Intermediate Period - Dynasties 7-10
		The original authors of the king-lists, had a clear picture of the First Intermediate Period and that the differences among the king-lists reflect not confusion but political/theological alternatives.
		But his original manuscript is lost, and for the First Intermediate Period we have to rely on the badly garbled copies of Africanus and Eusebius.
		While most Egyptologists tend to dismiss these differences as reflecting the chaotic nature of the First Intermediate Period, I suggest that a more logical interpretation is that these three king-lists each present a different political viewpoint about the legitimacy of various kings.
	www.crystalinks.com /dynasties7-10.html (2935 words)

	Chronology of the Great Pharohs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Predynastic period, which ends with the unification of Egypt under one king, is generally subdivided into three parts, each of which refers to the site at which its archaeological materials were found: Badarian, Amratian (Naqada I), and Gerzean (Naqada II and III).
		Archaeological sources indicate the emergence, by the late Gerzean period (about 3200 BC), of a dominant political force that was to become the consolidating element in the first united kingdom of ancient Egypt.
		His tomb was the first in the Valley of the Kings.
	www.osirisweb.com /egypt/egypt2.html (3556 words)

	Civilization.ca - Egyptian civilization - Chronology
		Manetho, a scribe in the fourth century B.C., was the first person to group the reigns of Egyptian kings according to dynastic periods.
		First Intermediate Period, 2134-2040 B.C. Seventh to tenth dynasties
		Graeco-Roman Period, 332 B.C. Thirty-first and thirty-second dynasties
	www.civilization.ca /civil/egypt/egctimee.html (208 words)

	eHistory.com: Ancient History: Ancient Egypt Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Ancient Egyptian dynasties are grouped into periods of stability referred to as 'kingdoms' and periods of fragmentation and chaos referred to as 'intermediate periods'.
		The first king of the 1st dynasty is considered by some experts to be called Menes.
		The chaotic period between the Old and New Kingdom are known as the First Intermediate Period.
	ehistory.osu.edu /ancient/egypt/overview.cfm (771 words)

	Civil wars during the First Intermediate period - EgyptSearch Forums
		posted 07 April 2004 10:09 PM 7 The First Intermediate Period,an interval of approximatley 140 years,was a time of state decentralization as the nomarchs of Herakleopolis[Dyansties 9-10] vied for control of the country with the remnants of the Old Kingdom rulers at Men-Nefer[Dyansties 7-8],who were supported by ''kings'' at Geb-ti.
		The ''Lamentations of Ipuwer'',a text which has been dated to the First Intermediate Period,relates :''The land is full of gangs and a man goes to plow with his sheild.....All is in ruin,a man smites his brother,plague is throughout the land,blood is everywhere.......The land is diminished,its rulers are multiplied.....''[Lichtheim 1973:150-151].
		The destruction of the necropolis at Abutu by the troops of Akhtoy III was an evil act that was believed to have brought the retribution of the gods against Herakleopolis.
	www.egyptsearch.com /forums/Forum8/HTML/000525.html (388 words)

	Necropolis of Deir el-Medina - Crystalinks
		It was a period of time when rulers had short reigns, as well as far fewer resources then during the preceding Old Kingdom of a united Egypt.
		It would have been the first known pyramid of this age, and the poor quality of its architecture is revealing of a less affluent time.
		Again, this points to an earlier period prior to the use of such texts on pyramid walls. A broken lid of a fine sarcophagus was found within the burial chamber.
	www.crystalinks.com /pyrintermediate.html (1448 words)

	Detail Page
		The Second Intermediate Period was at first a time of internal collapse when a rapid succession of kings failed to hold the kingdom together.
		They were not a minor harassment as the intrusion of foreign tribes had been in the First Intermediate Period but were regarded by later generations as foreign conquerors.
		The Second Intermediate Period includes Dynasties 13 to 17 and in many ways reflects the dissolution and decentralization of the First Intermediate Period.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=HLAE0007 (1567 words)

	Civilization I: Lecture / Essay 6 (HIS 1113 Department of History & Political Science--SBU) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Manetho's Archaic period began with the unification of the two lands and continues with the rule of the first two dynasties or ruling families.
		The Old Kingdom period saw the rule of dynasties 3, 4, 5, and 6, and the most outstanding of these dynasties was the fourth.
		This very poorly known period of nearly 200 years begins a little after 2200 BC coinciding with the onset of a drought which ravaged the lands of the Amorites and the Hurrians in the northern part of the Tigris-Euphrates region.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~hgallatin/hi13le06.html (3258 words)

	The Pharoahs Network - First Intermediate Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Herakleopolitans ruled Northern Egypt during the period of the 9th and 10th Dynasties' kings.
		Montuhotep II was not only the fourth king of the 11th Dynasty but also the first king of the Middle Kingdom.
		Montuhotep took the city of Herakleopolis which was the capital of the kings of the rival 10th Dynasty.
	www.thepharaohs.net /Ancient/first_intermediate/PharaohsFull.cfm (421 words)

	Early Dynastic Period (3100 B.C.—2700 B.C.) - Theban Mapping Project
		Graeco-Roman Period (332 B.C.—A.D. Byzantine Period (A.D. The Early Dynastic Period, sometimes called the Archaic Period in earlier studies, consisted of Dynasties 1 and 2.
		During this period, the essentials of pharaonic culture were established, completing a long period of development extending back through the Predyanstic Period.
		The extensive cemetery at Abydos, where the ancestors of the first rulers of united Egypt were buried, continued as the site of the first royal necropolis.
	www.thebanmappingproject.com /resources/timeline_1.html (362 words)

	Egyptian Pharaohs : First Intermediate Period
		The First Intermediate Period was an extremely troubled time in Egypt.
		The centralized government under a single pharaoh broke down, with rival kings in different regions claiming the throne.
		However, the true break appears to fall in the middle of the dynasty, which is the scheme I've followed.
	www.phouka.com /pharaoh/pharaoh/kingdoms/041int.html (236 words)

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