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Topic: First Intermediate Period of Egypt

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Mentuhotep II

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	First Intermediate Period
		Period of Ancient Egypt, 2181-2055 BCE, 126 years, in which central authority was largely lost.
		The period was one of regional division, petty dynasties, rivalry, chaos and cultural decline.
		The intermediate period comes to an end with the Theban king Mentuhotep 2 when he conquered Lower Egypt around 2055, thereby ending the Herakleopan dynasties.
	i-cias.com /e.o/egypt_int01.htm (351 words)

	Ancient Egypt: History
		The First Intermediate Period is a period of regional divisions, of petty dynasties, rivalry and chaos.
		The temples at Edfu and Kom Ombo belong to this period.
		The temples at Dendera and Esna belong to this period.
	i-cias.com /e.o/egypt_a_6.htm (1078 words)

	First Intermediate Period of Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The First Intermediate Period is the name conventionally given by Egyptologists to that period in Ancient Egyptian history between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom.
		In the meantime, however, a rival line (the Eleventh Dynasty) based at Thebes reunited Upper Egypt and a clash between the two rival dynasties was inevitable.
		Around 2055 BC a descendant of Inyotef defeated the Heracleopolitan Pharaohs, reunited the Two Lands, and ruled as Mentuhotep II thereby ending the First Intermediate Period.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt (539 words)

	Detail Page
		Egypt entered a period of disorder and disillusionment (Dynasties 7–10) that only ceased with the emergence of a strong ruler in Dynasty 11.
		This transitional phase (Dynasties 7–11) is known as the First Intermediate Period.
		Little is known of his campaigns to overcome the Heracleopolitans and terminate the period of civil war and anarchy.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=HLAE0005 (1262 words)

	History of Ancient Egypt - Crystalinks
		In ancient Egypt, the narrow strip of fertile land which runs alongside the Nile was called Kemet ("the fl land", in Ancient Egyptian Kmt), a reference to the rich, fl silt that is deposited there every year by the Nile floodwaters.
		First, the embalmers would wash the inside and outside of the body and fill it with special wine and spice mixtures.
		One popular and convincing theory is that the peasant farmers of Egypt built all of the temples and monuments during the floods.
	www.crystalinks.com /egypthistory.html (4350 words)

	THE FIRST, SECOND & THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS
		The so-called "Intermediate" phases of Ancient Egyptian history refer to the periods when there was little or no strong central government and the ruling structure of the country was fragmented or divided.
		These periods tend to be thought of as inferior times throughout Egypt's history, when the state was divided and the wealth of the country waned, although in fact these situations did in fact occur during more "normal" times too.
		There are three "intermediate periods" which fall between the old, middle and and new kingdoms and the late period, and each one tends to involve a transition period, where a gradual breakdown in central power would result in the rise of various regional rulers.
	www.egyptologyonline.com /intermediate_periods.htm (1545 words)

	The First Intermediate Period in Egypt
		Of the kings of the First Intermediate Period we know very little, Rice, using the Cambridge Ancient History, tells us of Demedjibtowy of the Eighth Dynasty that he was the last of the fragile kings to reign in Memphis after the end of the Old Kingdom.
		He was the governor of the Twentieth Nome of Upper Egypt, centred on Heracleopolis and seized the throne, laying down the foundations of the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties.
		The first of these, King Achthoes, behaving more cruelly than his predecessors, wrought woes for the people of all Egypt, but afterwards he was smitten with madness, and was killed by a crocodile.
	www.yare.org /essays/fip.htm (2568 words)

	Civilization.ca - Egyptian civilization - Chronology
		When the Roman Empire was divided in A.D. Egypt was controlled from Byzantium until the Arab conquest in A.D. he history of the pharaohs is divided into dynastic periods, starting with the Early Period and ending with the Graeco-Roman Period.
		Manetho, a scribe in the fourth century B.C., was the first person to group the reigns of Egyptian kings according to dynastic periods.
		Graeco-Roman Period, 332 B.C. Thirty-first and thirty-second dynasties
	www.civilization.ca /civil/egypt/egctimee.html (208 words)

	The Ancient Egypt Site - 2nd Dynasty
		This is based on the fact that his name was found at the entrance of the tomb of Horus Qa'a, the last king of the 1st Dynasty, an indication that Hotepsekhemwi buried Qa'a and must therefore have been his successor.
		The succession of the first three kings of the 2nd Dynasty is found on the back of the right shoulder of the statue of Hotepdief: Hotepsekhemwi, Nebre and Ninetjer.
		The first and the latter of these kings had tombs at Saqqara, the necropolis of Memphis.
	www.ancient-egypt.org /history/01_03/02.html (1118 words)

	First Intermediate Period - Dynasties 7-10
		In the meantime, however, a rival line (the Eleventh Dynasty) based at Thebes reunited Upper Egypt and a clash between the two rival dynasties was inevitable.Around 2055 BC a descendant of Inyotef defeated the Heracleopolitan Pharaohs, reunited the Two Lands, and ruled as Mentuhotep II thereby ending the First Intermediate Period.
		But his original manuscript is lost, and for the First Intermediate Period we have to rely on the badly garbled copies of Africanus and Eusebius.
		The Herakleopolitans expelled Asiatic immigrants from the Nile delta and fortified the eastern border of Egypt.
	www.crystalinks.com /dynasties7-10.html (2935 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		During this brief period over 70 rulers were said to have laid claim to the throne.
		The battle over Upper Egypt was won by Thebes and its ruler Inyotef Sehertowy founded the Eleventh Dynasty (2133-1991BC) with the aim of extending his power over all the land.
		The north-south battle for control of Egypt ended with the victory of Nebhepetre Mentuhope II who reunited the country under one king and launched the Middle Kingdom.
	www.arab.net /egypt/et_1stintermediate.htm (173 words)

	Egyptian Pharaohs : First Intermediate Period
		The First Intermediate Period was an extremely troubled time in Egypt.
		The seventh dynasty is reputed to have over 70 rulers in different regions of Egypt, with overlapping reigns.
		The ninth dynasty was as rival dynasty started by the rulers of Herakleopolis, who seized control of Middle Egypt and ruled concurrently with the seventh and eighth dynasties.
	www.phouka.com /pharaoh/pharaoh/kingdoms/041int.html (236 words)

	Egypt: In Depth : History : Intermediate Periods \| Frommers.com
		This was one of the first periods of unrest for Ancient Egypt, as the society underwent fundamental shifts in its religious and political beliefs.
		Many rulers of the time are ones we associate with Ancient Egypt today: Hatshepsut, the first woman to lead Egypt; Akhneton, the first to introduce a monotheistic religion; Tutankhamun, the boy-king whose unplundered tomb became a major discovery; and Ramses II and Seti I who built magnificent temples at Abu Simbel and Abydos.
		Domestically, a rivalry between the king and the priesthood was beginning to escalate, and once again, Egypt was split, and ruled by King Smendes in the north and by priest-kings in the south.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/egypt/0398030166.html (640 words)

	Egypt, 8000-2000 B.C. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Settlement size and distribution are primarily understood from the well-known cemeteries of the period, including those near the modern town of Naqada in Upper Egypt, for which the period is named.
		The formal burial program begun in the Badarian Period continues, with increased numbers of ceramic vessels—some of which display geometric figures and hunting scenes—placed in the tombs along with stone vessels and slate cosmetic palettes of rhomboid and animal forms.
		During the First Intermediate Period, Egypt is ruled by two competing dynasties, one based at Heracleopolis in the north, the other based at Thebes in the south.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/02/afe/ht02afe.htm (1043 words)

	Egyptian History: Dynasties 3 to 11 - the pyramid builders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		History of the Old Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period: The pyramid builders, the first major breakdown of the central power and the military reunification.
		Egypt being fairly cut off from the more warlike middle-eastern nations by the Sinai desert, did not have a standing army.
		Teti, the first pharaoh of the 6th dynasty reigned from 2346 to 2313 BCE.
	nefertiti.iwebland.com /history3-11.htm (1165 words)

	First Intermediate Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This was the Herkleopolitan Dynasty, whose first king was KHETI I. He seized control of Memphis and defeated the forces of Upper Egypt, establishing a fragile unity maintained by his own army and energy.
		The period of the Eleventh to Fourteenth Dynasties.
		During this period, the unity and cohesion of the state was maintained.
	www.kingtutshop.com /freeinfo/1StPeriod.htm (865 words)

	The Ancient Egypt Site - 1st Intermediary Period
		The reliefs and statues that were created during this period often lack the refinement of their Old Kingdom predecessors: the craftsmanship was rather clumsy or even sloppy and figures were stiff and dis-proportionate.
		With the decline of the royal ateliers at Memphis, the art that was produced during the 1st Intermediate Period was crude, as shown by this funerary relief from Dendara.
		The increased power of the nomarchs during the 1st Intermediate Period continued and solidified this process, ensuring that the Pharaonic culture would survive the decline of the Old Kingdom.
	www.ancient-egypt.org /history/07_11/index.html (714 words)

	AllRefer.com - Egypt - Ancient Egypt - The Predynastic Period and the First and Second Dynasties, 6000-2686 B.C. \| ...
		During this period, when people first began to settle along the banks of the Nile (Nahr an Nil) and to evolve from hunters and gatherers to settled, subsistence agriculturalists, Egypt developed the written language, religion, and institutions that made it the world's first organized society.
		Through pharaonic (see Glossary) Egypt, Africa claims to be the cradle of one of the earliest and most spectacular civilizations of antiquity (see fig.
		Long-distance trade within Egypt, a high degree of craft specialization, and sustained contacts with southwest Asia encouraged the development of towns and a hierarchical structure with power residing in a headman who was believed to be able to control the Nile flood.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/egypt/egypt13.html (1079 words)

	The Patriarchs
		It was a generally unsettled period, the time of the First Intermediate Period in Egypt, economic crisis and depopulation in Canaan, and the onslaught of the Cassites in Mesopotamia.
		The answer to the first question is that probably there were many more cases of infiltration to the Middle East by Indo-European or Hurrian tribes, as in the first half of the second millenium BC there were many Indo-European sounding names among the rulers of the whole Middle East, and not only in Canaan.
		If they collected stories with accurate historical details to their assumed period, but unknown for the second half of the 1st millennium BC when it was done then it can be assumed that the stories were indeed created in their own time and not later.
	www.eg-ban.com /patriarchs13.html (2220 words)

	Chronology of Ancient World
		Early Dynastic Period in Egypt began with unification of Lower and upper Egypt (1st - 3rd dynasties).
		Period of civil war after the assassination of Commodus.
		Roman Empire faces a period of chaos at the end of Severian dynasty.
	www.ancientanatolia.com /historical/world_history.htm (681 words)

	The Egyptian Old Kingdom, Sumer and Akkad
		W.B. Emery, Archaic Egypt [Penguin, 1961]; Sir Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs [Oxford, 1966]; Peter A. Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs [Thames and Hudson, 1994].
		The first pyramid at Dahshur, the "Bent Pyramid," was then begun as a true pyramid from scratch, but it too had stability problems, and had to be finished with a flattened top.
		A key event for this period was a lunar eclipse on 27 June 1954 BC, which was thought at the time to have foretold the death of King Shulgi of Ur.
	www.friesian.com /notes/oldking.htm (5093 words)

	Second Intermediate Period of Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Second Intermediate Period marks a period when Ancient Egypt once again fell into disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom.
		The Thirteenth Dynasty proved unable to hold onto the long land of Egypt, and the provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the western Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Fourteenth Dynasty.
		It was during the reign of his brother and successor, Sobekhotep IV, that the Hyksos made their first appearance, and around 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris (the modern Tell ed-Dab'a/Khata'na), a few miles from Qantir.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt (672 words)

	Foray: The Tjeby Project
		First and most significantly there was the actual Tjeby, the Count and Sealbearer of the King of Lower Egypt during the XIth Dynasty of First Intermediate Period Egypt, who is lost in the Primordial mists of time.
		Tjeby is in very poor condition as the First Intermediate Period was an era of turmoil and burial practices were far less lavish and mummification techniques less thorough than other periods.
		We have already undone thousands of years of preservation by changing the very environment in which they are buried by building dams which threaten to submerge artifacts and tombs alike, and by pollution so severe that it has caused as much damage during my own lifetime as perhaps for the last thousand years.
	www.conradhubbard.com /foray/tjebyproject.html (1834 words)

	Chronology
		It is somewhat doubtful whether this event was, as claimed, a total eclipse of the sun, but to revert to older chronologies based largely on the Masoretic Texts of the Bible would, at this stage, be too cumbersome.
		A confirmation of this total is found in the average reign length of English kings and queens from 1066 AD to the present, an average reign length of slightly over 22 years; this is to be expected, taking into account the differences of conditions in both time and location.
		(2) Famines of First Intermediate period of Egypt.
	www.biblemysteries.com /lectures/chronology.htm (1293 words)

	Egyptian Museum
		The Early Dynastic period is the first two dynasties, when writing was begun and it is apparent that many of the religious traditions that prevailed for most of the following three millenia were established.
		The First Intermediate period, when Egypt was disunited, includes dynasties VIII to X. The Middle Kingdom is dynasties XI and XII.
		The Second Intermediate period, during most of which Egypt was ruled by the foreign Hyksos, the shepherd kings from the east, ends with the dynasty XVI, when the New Kingdom was established.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/pollock/263/egypt/oldking.html (699 words)

	Egypt Tours, Egyptian Tours, Nile Cruise, Egypt Vacation, Nile tour
		Great Egypt tours are featuring Cairo, the capital of Egypt, The wild Sahara safari tours in Sinai the land where Moses walked his people through for forty years and where he received the ten commends on the St. Catharine mountain.
		Egypt also features tours to Luxor the biggest open museum in the world Between Luxor and Aswan the capital of the south you can cruise the Nile in breath taken views of the country side.
		Egypt tours also has a great deals of shopping opportunities from hand crafted carpets to hand made papyrus.
	www.goegypt.org (355 words)

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