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Topic: First Intifada

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	Intifada - Search View - MSN Encarta
		The first intifada began in late 1987 in the Gaza Strip and spread rapidly across the Gaza and West Bank territories.
		Israel first attempted to repress the movement by increasing police and army presence, closing universities, deporting suspects, enforcing economic sanctions, and expanding Israeli settlement in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
		The intifada was a factor leading to the September 1993 Oslo Accords between the PLO and Israel.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761579974__1/intifada.html (703 words)

	First Intifada
		The first Intifada was the intifada that took place from 1987 to 1991 (end of massive Israeli violence) or 1993 (Oslo accords).
		The first Intifada was sometimes also called "the war of stones", because the Palestinians generally used stones and other makeshift weapons.
		The intifada was a partially spontaneous phenomenon; after it began, the PLO attempted to claim that it had organized it, but historians view this as an after-the-fact attempt to assert more control than it really had.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fi/First_Intifada.html (692 words)

	Intifada - MSN Encarta
		Intifada (Arabic for 'throwing off,' as a dog throws off fleas), uprising by Palestinians against Israeli rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip territories.
		The intifada was loosely organized, and three main groups participated in the movement, including the United National Command, which included the principal factions of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO); the Islamic Resistance Movement, or Hamas; and the Islamic Jihad.
		In reaction to the second intifada, Israeli public opinion shifted noticeably to the right, and in February 2001 center-right politician Ariel Sharon, a vocal critic of returning the West Bank and Gaza Strip to Palestinian control, was elected prime minister.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761579974/intifada.html (670 words)

	The Intifada
		During the first four years of the uprising, more than 3,600 Molotov cocktail attacks, 100 hand grenade attacks and 600 assaults with guns or explosives were reported by the Israel Defense Forces.
		Throughout the intifada, the PLO played a lead role in orchestrating the insurrection.
		In fact, as the intifada waned around the time of the Gulf War in 1991, the number of Arabs killed for political and other reasons by Palestinian death squads exceeded the number killed in clashes with Israeli troops.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/intifada.html (621 words)

	Palestinian Tragedy. Com - Harun Yahya
		Intifada, which means "uprising" in Arabic, is the name of the struggle waged by a handful of Palestinians, armed only with stones, against one of the world's best-equipped armies - and one that answers thrown stones with bullets, rockets, and missiles.
		The first Intifada entered the political landscape in 1987, begun by Palestinian youths reacting to the killing of six Palestinian children by Israeli soldiers.
		First of all, as corroborated by UN decrees, Israeli soldiers are occupying forces that, in compliance with international law, should be withdrawn.
	www.palestiniantragedy.com /intifada01.html (3350 words)

	ipedia.com: First Intifada Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The first Intifada was the intifada that took place from 1987 to 1991 or 1993.
		The first Intifada was the intifada that took place from 1987 to 1991 or 1993 (Oslo accords).
		The intifada was a partially spontaneous phenomenon; after it began, the PLO attempted to claim that it had organized it, but historians view this as an after-the-fact attempt to assert more control than it really had.
	www.ipedia.com /first_intifada.html (752 words)

	Palestine, Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Primer-Page 10
		For the first few years, it involved many forms of civil disobedience, including massive demonstrations, general strikes, refusal to pay taxes, boycotts of Israeli products, political graffiti and the establishment of underground schools (since regular schools were closed by the military as reprisals for the uprising).
		Intifada activism was organized through popular committees under the umbrella of the United National Leadership of the Uprising.
		The intifada shifted the center of gravity of Palestinian political initiative from the PLO leadership in Tunis to the occupied territories.
	www.merip.org /palestine-israel_primer/intifada-87-pal-isr-primer.html (709 words)

	The First Intifada, 1987-1993
		The intifada, the uprising of the Palestinian Arabs, was triggered, though not caused, by a car crash in which four Palestinians were killed by an Israeli vehicle on December 8, 1987.
		While the intifada was low-tech, dozens of Palestinian teenagers ambushed small patrols of Israeli soldiers, showering them with large rocks, attempting to kill with brute force.
		Two years of intifada brought the Palestinian problem to the forefront of international attention and heightened the debate within the Israeli society as to a future settlement with the Palestinians.
	www.jafi.org.il /education/100/maps/fintifada.html (288 words)

	First Intifada - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The First Intifada, or Palestinian uprising refers to a series of violent incidents between Palestinians and Israelis between 1987 and approximately 1990.
		In addition to the political and national sentiment, further causes to the Intifada can be seen in the Egyptian withdrawal from their claims to the Gaza Strip as well as the Jordanian monarchy growing weary of supporting Jordanian claims to the West Bank.
		The uprising of the Palestinians in the First Intifada is generally understood to have been a spontaneous phenomenon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Intifada (1988 words)

	B'Tselem - Military Police investigations during the al-Aqsa Intifada
		At the beginning of the al-Aqsa intifada, the Judge Advocate General's office changed its policy regarding the opening of Military Police investigations for cases in which IDF soldiers kill Palestinian civilians.
		In the first intifada, the IDF investigated every case in which a Palestinian was killed except for those in which the person killed was involved in the fighting.
		First, the new procedure's declaration that only cases of "severe violation" warrant the opening of an investigation is vague and susceptible to various interpretations.
	www.btselem.org /english/Firearms/Jag_Investigations.asp (1259 words)

	Palestine:From Statelet to Protectorate
		In re-examining the first Intifada, we are not indulging in nostalgia.
		The first Intifada was not free of mistakes and problems, but at its root it expressed a sound revolutionary approach.
		The former leadership of the first Intifada contorted itself to fit into the new apparatus: the lower ranks went to the security forces, the higher to positions in the regime.
	www.hanitzotz.com /challenge/74/intifadas.html (4285 words)

	First Intifada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The first Intifada was an uprising that took place from 1987 to 1991 or 1993 (see Intifada).
		(This is the reverse of the situation with regard to the Second Intifada which was billed as "spontaneous" although the PLO had long planned it.) In the months leading up to the First intifada numerous events occurred that increased the hostility between Palestinians and Israelis.
		The Intifada was the climax of growing tension and violence between the Israelis and the Palestinians.
	first-intifada.area51.ipupdater.com (725 words)

	Palestine:From Statelet to Protectorate
		In re-examining the first Intifada, we are not indulging in nostalgia.
		The first Intifada was not free of mistakes and problems, but at its root it expressed a sound revolutionary approach.
		The former leadership of the first Intifada contorted itself to fit into the new apparatus: the lower ranks went to the security forces, the higher to positions in the regime.
	www.odaction.org /intifadas.html (4285 words)

	On violence and the Intifada Ali Abunimah
		According to the Israeli human rights group B'Tselem, from the beginning of the first Intifada in 1987, until the signing of the Oslo Accords in September 1993, Palestinians killed a total of one hundred Israeli civilians, half of them inside the Occupied Territories.
		Israel's violence against a generation during the first Intifada, its grim desert concentration camps (now reopened for business) and its systematic torture, sowed what is being reaped today.
		Neither the cheap and easy occupation that Israel enjoyed prior to the first Intifada, nor the vastly better security that Israelis had, ever induced Israel to loosen its military dictatorship over the Palestinians, or to slow the pace of violent land confiscations and colony construction.
	www.ccmep.org /2003_articles/Palestine/012203_on_violence_and_the_intifada_ali.htm (1378 words)

	:: MEDEA :: THE FIRST INTIFADA
		The Intifada - meaning "insurrection" or "uprising" in Arabic - broke out in Gaza on the 9th of December 1987, in the wake of a traffic accident involving an Israeli truck and a Palestinian car in which several people were killed.
		The first Intifada was the expression of frustration and revolt by a whole generation of Palestinian youth, who were born into the occupation and had never known anything else.
		The Intifada came to an end when the PLO entered into peace negotiations with the Israeli government and a Palestinian Authority was set up in the autonomous Palestinian territories, in the framework of the Oslo Peace Process.
	www.medea.be /index.html?page=2&lang=en&doc=101 (471 words)

	Al Jazeera English - Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The first Intifada began in a piecemeal fashion with demonstrations and civil disobedience sparked by an increasing number of shootings and human rights abuses by the Israeli occupation.
		The goals of the Intifada won broad sympathy from the governments and people of Arab and Muslim countries, while Arabs in Israel took the side of their blood brothers.
		They considered the Intifada to be a rebirth of the 1976 uprising, later known as the “day of the land”, which saw demonstrations and strikes in protest against the confiscation of Arab land for use by Jewish settlers in the north of Israel.
	english.aljazeera.net /NR/exeres/EAFF2127-AA44-4A76-A31A-99664FB68592.htm?PHPSESSID=b4bedfedbcf9bcc3c21569b0d091a2b4 (713 words)

	ISR issue 15 \| Standing up to Goliath (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In its first six weeks, the Al-Aqsa Intifada has produced 15 percent of the casualties--almost all on the Palestinian side--that the 1987-1993 Intifada produced in six years.
		The first Intifada produced an awakening of nationalist consciousness among Palestinians in Israel.
		As Naseer Aruri explained, "For the first time in history, the Palestinian leadership endorsed a settlement which kept the Israeli occupation intact on the premise that all the outstanding issues in the conflict would be subject to negotiations during a period of three to five years hence."
	www.isreview.org /issues/15/new_intifada.shtml (6101 words)

	Efaw \| Palestinian Psychological Operations: The First Intifada
		In order to support the thesis that Intifada achieved the success through an effective, coordinated series of psychological operations, the paper will address the messages of the Intifada, what messages were delivered to which target audiences, how the messages were delivered, and when possible, evaluate the effectiveness of the messages.
		Intifada translates to "uprising." Thomas Friedman (1995) in his book From Beirut to Jerusalem, ponders why the Palestinian named their uprising intifada instead of the popular call of "thawra," which means revolt.
		When the Intifada started, the Palestinians were ready and had the knowledge of how they planned to cast their uprising to the world—often inviting the media to planned attacks and protests.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/item/2006/0103/ca_efaw/efaw_intifada.html (5659 words)

	The first Intifada 1987- 1993
		The first Intifada (1987 - 1993), was a spontaneous explosion of popular resistance to the Israeli occupation, a resistance which had begun some fifty years before.
		One of the consequences of this first Intifada was the international conference in Madrid.
		The primary aim of Oslo was to kill the Intifada and to ensure that Israel gained as many political benefits as possible, all the while transforming its identity into that of a peace-making country.
	www.jerusalemites.org /Intifada/first.htm (706 words)

	Sample Chapter for Bucaille, L.: Growing Up Palestinian: Israeli Occupation and the Intifada Generation.
		Taken in hand by their elders, who had created the first resistance networks affiliated with the PLO and who were serving long stretches as a result, the younger generation found themselves beginning or completing an ideological and militant apprenticeship.
		When the first signs of trouble emerged, many members of the wealthier and more powerful Palestinian families were suspicious of this proletarian invasion--after all, the wealthier bourgeoisie was the traditional repository of political influence and had steadily increased its holdings in industry and real estate over the years.
		Thus the failure of the first Intifada was largely due to its protagonists' failure to articulate their nationalist and social aspirations.
	press.princeton.edu /chapters/s7710.html (10595 words)

	JUST VISION > Thematic Highlights > Intifada
		The first intifada lasted for seven years, but it didn't have as huge an impact as the second intifada.
		During the first intifada, Palestinians used stones and basic tools to protest, whereas the weapons used in the second intifada took the form of resistance to the next level.
		It was an achievement that was the fruit of the Palestinian peopleâs efforts during the first intifada.
	www.justvision.org /excerpts/?q=Intifada (1555 words)

	Al-Aqsa Intifada - Wael Imad el Nasheat
		Palestinians and their supporters assert that the Intifada was a protest of Israel's brutal repression which included extra-judicial killings, mass detentions, house demolitions, indiscriminate torture, deportations, and so on.
		In addition to the political and national sentiment, further causes to the Intifada can be seen in the Egyptian withdrawal from their claims to the Gaza Strip as well as the Jordanian monarchy growing weary of supporting Jordanian claims to the West Bank.
		Although the negotiations failed to fulfill their potential, it is notable that prior to the first Intifada, it was doubtful whether there would ever be a Palestinian state.
	www.palestinehistory.com /issues/intifada/intifada1.htm (1241 words)

	NPR : A Glossary of Mideast Terms
		Formed after the beginning of the second intifada in September 2000 and named for the famed mosque in the center of old Jerusalem where the intifada began, it has claimed responsibility for many bombings and armed attacks on Israeli settlers and soldiers.
		The first intifada began in 1987 and developed into a massive campaign of civil resistance by all sectors of Palestinian society in the West Bank and Gaza.
		The Palestinians were included formally for the first time in the history of Middle East peace efforts, but they participated as part of a joint Jordanian-Palestinian delegation.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=4510714 (1778 words)

	INTERNATIONAL PRESS CENTER-PALESTINE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Israeli forces opened fire towards the demonstrators, killing 16-year old Hatem Al Sisi, who was the first to be killed in the first Intifada.
		The Palestinian people sought to organize the activities of the Intifada, and several Palestinian leaderships from the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) led and organized the activities from Diaspora, which forced the Israeli government to assassinate several of these leaderships by their undercover units.
		One of the results of the first Intifada was the international conference in Madrid.
	www.ipc.gov.ps /ipc_e/ipc_e-1/e_News/news2003/2003-12/035.html (522 words)

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