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Topic: First Opium War

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	China: The First Opium War (1840-42)
		Quite apart from the physical dangers to native Chinese of opium smoking, there was, particularly since 1830 or thereabouts, the considerable economic damage caused by the drainage of cash silver from the country to pay for the illegal imports.
		Thus was set in train the series of events that led to the opium war between China and Britain.
		And it is specially to be understood that proof of British property and value of all British owned opium, surrendered to me agreeable to this notice, shall be determined upon principles, and in a manner hereafter to be defined by Her Majesty's Government.
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /~jobrien/reference/ob36.html (445 words)

	Opium Wars - MSN Encarta
		The wars are so named because they centered on the trade of opium, a powerful narcotic that British merchants were smuggling into China in vast quantities.
		The importation and cultivation of opium were outlawed in China in 1796, reflecting the inroads that Indian opium had made there, but the ban was ineffective.
		The breakup of the EEIC monopoly was the immediate cause of the First Opium War, both because it led to a huge increase in opium traffic and because, without the EEIC to serve as a buffer, the British government now found itself obliged to intervene more frequently in China.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553669/Opium_Wars.html (1144 words)

	Drug Policy Alliance: Opium and the British Indian Empire
		To support its general conclusion that opium was not harmful in the Indian context, the Commission relied heavily upon an analysis of the evidence developed in a separate memorandum by Sir William Roberts.
		The respondents agreed that opium use was widespread and generally moderate; that long-term users tended to find a tolerable dosage level and to maintain that without change; that moderate opium use rarely led to excessive consumption; and that its medical value to the population of India very great.
		Opium is amazingly cheap, duty included; it prolongs life after a certain age, and it can be asserted with all the force of truth and seriousness that its substitution in place of alcohol,… will bring back happiness to thousands of families in Great Britain and Ireland where there is no happiness now.
	www.drugpolicy.org /library/opium_india.cfm (5845 words)

	Opium Wars - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		The First Opium War was fought 1839-1842; the second was fought 1856-1860.
		The wars centered on the trade of opium, which British merchants were smuggling into China.
		The Opium Wars (Simplified Chinese : 鸦片战争 ; Traditional Chinese : 鴉片戰爭 ; Hanyu Pinyin : Yāpiàn Zhànzhēng), or the Anglo-Chinese Wars were two wars fought in...
	encarta.msn.com /Opium_Wars.html (256 words)

	Opium War - Conservapedia
		The opium wars were a series of armed encounters and stand-offs that took place in the middle of the 1800s.
		The original conflict was between Britain and China, while in the second war France, Russia and the USA joined Britain in the fray.
		The trigger for the first Opium War was the impounding and ceremonial incineration of a quantity of British-owned opium by Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu.
	www.conservapedia.com /Opium_War (293 words)

	The First Opium War
		The emperor had independent reports that small British ships were still delivering opium chests to remote villages along the China coast northeast of Canton and reminded Lin that his job was to "clear away the opium evil throughout all of China," not just at Canton.
		The leading American opium firm was Russell and Company, led by an old sea captain named Warren Delano II, the former American vice-consul in Canton and grandfather of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd president of the United States.
		The Qing court was deeply frustrated by Lin Zexu's inability to solve the opium problem and angered by the new threat facing Beijing from the British presence at the mouth of the Hai River.
	koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C18/E1802.htm (3282 words)

	Imperialism, to the Crimean War
		The war with Napoleon was over, and in Britain, people saw the success of their countrymen in India not as aggression but as a noble enterprise - the overcoming of mischief, poor governance and an evil obstruction to honest trade.
		In warring against the south he emerged victorious, with young women in the south distributed as slaves to soldiers of the north, and with Aga Muhammad Khan presented with 20,000 pairs of eyeballs.
		The war - the first to be photographed - came to its formal end at a conference in Paris from late February to late March, 1856.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h38-br.html (7780 words)

	Ch'ing China: The Opium Wars
		He was first to see that the war was about technological superiority; his influence, however, had dwindled to nothing, so his admonitions fell on deaf ears.
		The most ignominious of the provisions in these treaties was the complete legalization of opium and the humiliating provision that allowed for the free and unrestricted propagation of Christianity in all regions of China.
		It is a landmark event in Chinese history, for it was the first systematic attempt to educate the Chinese in Western technologies and culture.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/CHING/OPIUM.HTM (1237 words)

	opiumwar (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Opium Wars would end up having lasting effects on China that are evident even in the present day.
		Opium was forbidden in China except for medicinal use.
		This war (and the second Opium War) were fought to determine the relations between China and the West, and as a result China was forced to reevaluate her position as the center of the world.
	www.mcps.k12.md.us /departments/isa/ninvest/imperial/opiumwar.htm (471 words)

	CNN - Hong Kong: Past
		Opium addiction grew to epidemic proportions, ravaging Chinese society.
		During that war, on January 26, 1841, a British naval party landed on the northwestern shore of Hong Kong, raised the Union Jack, and formally occupied the island.
		The First Opium War ended with the Treaty of Nanking, in August of 1842.
	www2.cnn.com /WORLD/9706/hk97/past/opium.wars/index.html (538 words)

	The First Opium War
		They lost their drug war, and an entire nation was brought to its knees by the combined efforts of Western military might, the power of silver and greed, and the weight of cultural misunderstanding.
		On the face of it, HTM"> the Opium War appears to be a rather straightforward affair.
		One chest of opium contained around 135 pounds of the substance, and the importation of chests grew from 5,000 in 1821 to 35,000 in 1837.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/oriental_history/19388 (765 words)

	Opium War History \| ema_04_package.xml
		The First Opium War (1839–1842) was the beginning of active foreign aggression against China.
		Opium imports became a serious concern for the Qing dynasty court in the 1820s, as the court was worried about the effects of opium smoking on officials and soldiers and the supposed drain of silver out of the country.
		The opium trade continued and grew, and the political and economic dislocations caused by the war and the treaty were key causes of the Taiping Rebellion, which lasted from 1851 to 1864.
	www.bookrags.com /history/opium-war-ema-04 (472 words)

	Second Opium War - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia
		The Second Opium War or Arrow War was a war of the United Kingdom and France against the Qing Dynasty of China from 1856 to 1860.
		The war may be viewed as a continuation of the First Opium War (1839-1842), thus the title of the Second Opium War.
		In June 1858 the first part of the war ended with the Treaty of Tientsin, to which France, Russia, and the United States were party.
	www.tvwiki.tv /wiki/Second_Opium_War (1337 words)

	The New Opium War - Sports Lounge Forums
		Similar symptomatic response to the permeation of opium into American society goes back to the 19th century when domestic drug use became a characteristic of life.(5) The long-term destructive effects were noted in Richard Nixon's declaring war on drugs.
		Similar Chinese attempts at a "war on drugs" included a vigorous campaign targeting the addicts as well as the suppliers.(7) The result of their action upon the latter, specifically The British East India Company and The JardineandMatheson, Co. (et al), brought about the military confrontation known as the Opium War.
		Prior to the Opium Wars, the Chinese had their experience of finding out that an enemy’s use of opium could be to their benefit as well.
	www.sportscartel.com /lounge/f7/new-opium-war-27772 (2198 words)

	Opium Timeline
		The Dutch export shipments of Indian opium to China and the islands of Southeast Asia; the Dutch introduce the practice of smoking opium in a tobacco pipe to the Chinese.
		The Chinese are defeated by the British in the First Opium War.
		In rats, at least, the hedonic hotspot is located in a single cubic millimeter of tissue: the substrates of pure bliss may lie in medium spiny neurons in the rostrodorsal region of the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens.
	opioids.com /timeline (3506 words)

	frontline: the opium kings: Opium Throughout History \| PBS
		A.D. Opium thebaicum, from the Egytpian fields at Thebes, is first introduced to China by Arab traders.
		In San Francisco, smoking opium in the city limits is banned and is confined to neighboring Chinatowns and their opium dens.
		After 150 years of failed attempts to rid the country of opium, the Chinese are finally successful in convincing the British to dismantle the India-China opium trade.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html (2557 words)

	Opium War: Britain Stole Hong Kong From China
		Opium for medicinal purposes was first manufactured in China toward the end of the 15th century.
		Selling opium for smoking "was classed with robbery and instigation to murder, and punished with banishment or death," wrote Joshua Rowntree in "The Imperial Drug Trade," published in London in 1905.
		The Opium War of 1839-42 started when the Chinese imperial government confronted foreign merchant ships and demanded they surrender their illegal cargo.
	www.serendipity.li /wod/hongkong.html (835 words)

	Modern Era
		The opium traffic was made possible through the connivance of profit-seeking merchants and a corrupt bureaucracy.
		The British retaliated with a punitive expedition, thus initiating the first Anglo-Chinese war, better known as the Opium War (1839-42).
		Unprepared for war and grossly underestimating the capabilities of the enemy, the Chinese were disastrously defeated, and their image of their own imperial power was tarnished beyond repair.
	www-chaos.umd.edu /history/modern.html (1113 words)

	Tales of old Shanghai - Opium
		Opium was finally driven from Shanghai in 1949 when the Communists marched in, closed down the opium dens, and forced all the addicts into rehabilitation.
		But while the opium trade is forbidden by law it must inevitably be carried on by fraud and violence; and hence must arise frequent conflicts and collisions between the Chinese preventive service and the parties who are engaged in carrying on the opium trade.
		The first drawing took place in June, 1915, the second in December, 1915, and the third in June, 1916, leaving the remaining quarter to be withdrawn on March 31st, 1917.
	www.earnshaw.com /shanghai-ed-india/tales/t-opium.htm (2636 words)

	CNN.com - 1840-1860: Opium Wars - June 24, 2002
		Opium addiction grew to epidemic proportions, ravaging Chinese society.
		During that war, on January 26, 1841, a British naval party landed on the northwestern shore of Hong Kong, raised the Union Jack, and formally occupied the island.
		The First Opium War ended with the Treaty of Nanking, in August of 1842.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/06/20/hk.history.01/index.html (528 words)

	the opium wars
		Opium is a preparation made from the juice of poppy seedpods, and used to produce heroin.
		In the 15th century, when opium was first introduced to China, it was used as medicine to treat diseases such as dysentery, cholera, as well as diarrhea.
		The British merchants’ incentive for importing opium from India to China was to balance out their tea trade with China, and to stop the silver and gold from draining in what could have been a one-sided trade.
	bosp.kcc.hawaii.edu /Horizons/Horizons2002/The_Opium_Wars.html (1254 words)

	First Opium War - Information from Reference.com
		The First Opium War or the First Anglo-Chinese War was fought between the United Kingdom and the Qing Empire in China from 1839 to 1842 with the aim of forcing China to import British opium.
		The First Opium War signalled the beginning of the end of the Manchu monopoly on the human resources of China, marking the beginning of modern Chinese history.
		Sir Anthony Blaxland Stransham led the Royal Marines during the Opium War as a young officer, and as the 'Grand Old Man of the Army', was awarded two knighthoods by Queen Victoria.
	www.reference.com /search?q=First+Opium+War (1434 words)

	Opium in Japan
		When supplies of British opium were eventually cut off during the late 1930s and 1940s the Japanese army in China even cultivated extensive opium plantations in Manchuria and Korea and sold the opium into China, to finance the Japanese war effort.
		The strict controls on opium in Japan from the first Opium War onwards and the different Japanese policies on opium in Japan on one hand and Taiwan and China on the other indicate that this was never seen as a strictly moral or medical problem, but a colonial power problem.
		Opium, its active ingredient morphine and its pharmaceutical derivative heroin were used as effective pain killers, for treatment of cough and against diarrhea.
	www.taima.org /en/opium.htm (949 words)

	Lin Zexu and First Opium War
		To them, the First Opium War (1840 - 1842) was the beginning of their nightmares.
		Given how lucrative the whole opium business was, the British traders simply ignored the law and continued to smuggle the contraband into China.
		All of it came from India, where opium was produced under a British government monopoly.
	www.edhelper.com /ReadingComprehension_42_227.html (528 words)

	The Mediadrome - History - First Person: Letter to Queen Victoria (Opium War)
		Opium had been used in China for centuries, but the arrival of Dutch and British traders had vastly increased the influx of the drug to the country.
		I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood.
		All those who from the period of the coming one year (from England) or six months (from India) bring opium to China by mistake, but who voluntarily confess and completely surrender their opium, shall be exempt from their punishment.
	www.themediadrome.com /content/articles/history_articles/china_opium_trade.htm (2152 words)

	Heroin, morphine, and opium - heroin detox, heroin addiction and detoxification from heroin and opiates
		During the war literally hundreds of thousands combatants became addicted to morphine.
		As the extent of morphine addiction grew it was thought that heroin, first synthesized in by British chemist C. Adler Wright, in 1874, was the best cure for the Morphine addict.
		In the United States one alarming trend is that the age of first use such that 1.5% of 9th graders report using heroin.
	www.heroin.org (496 words)

	First Draft: War in Afghanistan
		Opium production in Afghanistan increased from 4,100 metric tons in 2005 to 6,100 metric tons in 2006, according to the 2007 World Drug Report released by the Vienna-based United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
		The United States of America becomes the first country in the history of the world to charge a child with war crimes.
		In charging Khadr, the U.S. becomes the first country to try a war crimes suspect who was a child at the time of the alleged violations, The Associated Press cited his Pentagon-appointed defense attorney, Marine Lt. Col.
	www.first-draft.com /war_in_afghanistan (3301 words)

	Opium Wars
		Opium is a drug that the could heal mostly dysentery patients.
		Their were many opium wars but we will only mention one of them.
		The Opium Wars were spread out all over and we don't really know where they mostly fought, but it was mostly in China and Great Britain.
	www.palos118.org /South/palosbday/opium (417 words)

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