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Topic: First Partition of Poland

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	Partitions of Poland - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, commonly known as the Partitions of Poland (Polish: Rozbiór Polski or Rozbiory Polski; Lithuanian: Padalijimas) took place in the 18th century and ended the existence of the sovereign Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		Repnin demanded religious freedom for the Protestant and Orthodox Christians, and the resulting reaction among Poland's Roman Catholic leadership, as well as the deep resentment[5] of Russia's meddling in the Commonwealth's domestic affairs, led to the War of the Confederation of Bar with Russia from 1768 to 1772.
		The partition treaty was ratified by its signatories on September 22, 1772.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Partitions_of_Poland (2000 words)

	Past and Present Regions of Poland
		During the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, the region was annexed by the Russian Empire.
		Although Małopolska is one of Poland's 16 administrative provinces, historically the area associated with this name is significantly larger stretching from Czestochwa in the west to Lublin in the east and encompassing the land between this line and the mountain ranges forming Poland's southern border.
		Poland's northeasternmost province, it divides Poland from Lithuania and Belarus.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /classroom/regions.html (4149 words)

	Poland. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Poland’s main rivers (including the Vistula, the Oder, the Warta, and the Western Bug) are connected to the Baltic Sea and are important traffic lanes.
		In 1697 the elector of Saxony was chosen king of Poland as Augustus II by a minority faction supported by Czar Peter I. Augustus allied himself with Russia and Denmark against Charles XII of Sweden.
		The Sovietization of Poland was accelerated; in 1949, Soviet Marshall Konstantin Rokossovsky was made minister of defense and commander in chief of the Polish army.
	www.bartleby.com /65/po/Poland (4078 words)

	Brief history of Poland
		The Kingdom of Poland is marked in white; Russia - in green, Austria - in yellow and Prussia - in blue.
		During those so-called Partitions of Poland, Prussia acquired the western regions of Poland, esp. those, which were later renamed to West Prussia (formerly Royal Prussia) and Province of Posen (the area around Poznan, the Polish name being Wielkopolska, i.e.
		Poland was attacked by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
	www.polishroots.org /genpoland/polhistory.htm (881 words)

	Polemics Against Peter Fox \| libcom.org
		That the material resources of Poland were exhausted, that Russia founded her supremacy in Germany, that Prussia was made her slave, that Catherine II became the most powerful sovereign in Europe, and that the first partition of Poland took place.
		The same Favier avers that the secret of all the future successes of Catherine II and of the first partition of Poland is to be found in the infeodation to her of Prussia.
		Austria was to be compensated by indemnities in the Alsace.
	libcom.org /library/polemic-against-peter-fox-iwma (6234 words)

	History of Poland
		The Commonwealth--the Polish-Lithuanian state (composed of the Crown, Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) was a European power still during the 16th and the first half of the 17th centuries.
		The national colors of Poland are found in its flag, and consist of two horizontal fields of equal size with the top in white and the bottom half in red.
		At first it was all red with a white eagle and was originally a banner, which King Wladyslaw Jagiello used during the Battle of Grunwald in 1410.
	stano40.tripod.com /id11.html (1521 words)

	AllEmpires - The Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth (Full) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It was the first time that a deceased monarch's son had not been elected to succeed him; that the rightful candidate had been debarred from the throne by military force; and that the Poles had acquired a German king, which went against a long tradition of keeping German hegemony at arm's length.
		Poland's internal and external affairs were now the business of Russia, and to a lesser extent of Prussia and Austria, since Poland had to be kept isolated.
		A second partition of Poland was agreed between Russia and Prussia, and signed in Petersburg in 1793.
	www.allempires.com /empires/polish_lit_full/polish_lit3.htm (2662 words)

	History of Poland
		The golden age of Poland was under the rule of Jagiellonians, a Lithuanian dynasty.
		I believe it is the number of collapses: the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania collapsed first, partitioned by neighboring powers of Russia, Austria and Prussia in 1795.
		Austria, Prussia, and Russia impose first partition of Poland.
	www.kmm-language.com /poland_000009.htm (1830 words)

	ANISTORITON: Viewpoints (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The question of the first Partition of Poland is a complex one and it involves several factors, such as the weak internal political system of Poland and the aspirations of the foreign powers involving the country due to its central geographical position in the map of Europe.
		At this point Catherine II was faced with a dilemma: she would either have to leave Poland, given the war with the Ottoman Turks, and thus lose all influence there, or she would punish Poland and risk going to war with Austria and Prussia.
		As stems from the examination of the events we may argue that the First Partition was not fully planned from the beginning on the part of Russia.
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/v984.htm (3222 words)

	Poland - The Three Partitions, 1764-95
		Arguing that Poland had fallen prey to the radical Jacobinism then at high tide in France, Russia and Prussia abrogated the Constitution of May 3, carried out a second partition of Poland in 1793, and placed the remainder of the country under occupation by Russian troops.
		Russia received a vast area of eastern Poland, extending southward from its gains in the first partition nearly to the Black Sea.
		Thus, Poland's neighbors reduced the commonwealth to a rump state and plainly signaled their designs to abolish it altogether at their convenience.
	countrystudies.us /poland/11.htm (1006 words)

	A Page from the History of Poland - Olga's Gallery
		Poland was once one of the largest kingdoms in Europe, successfully struggling with all its warlike neighbors.
		The absence of hereditary monarchy led to the fact that the death of a king was always followed by periods of anarchy and short civil wars.
		Catherine’s own first choice was the young prince Adam Czartoryskich, but her advisers characterized him as too clever and rich, too patriotic and independent, ‘he dreams of saving Poland’, and that contradicted with Catherine’s plans.
	www.abcgallery.com /list/2001nov01.html (770 words)

	Decline and Partition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Century had left Poland ruined; her population had decreased by a third and the victory at Vienna was the Commonwealth's last military success.
		Despite the disaster of this first partition, Poland underwent a national revival in 1773, thanks to the efforts of Poniatowski.
		The first step was the creation of the "Komisija Edukacji Narodowej" ("Committee of National Education"), the first Ministry of Education in Europe.
	www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk /www/Decline.html (1173 words)

	Polish History - Part 14
		Poland was first unified as a nation in the 11th century.
		In the 17th century Poland came under attack from all sides; it was invaded by the Swedes, fought with the Turks, and there was a Cossack rebellion in the southeastern territories.
		Throughout the 19th century Poland continued to be occupied, despite two uprisings in i830 and 1863.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history14.htm (807 words)

	Partitions of Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Partitions of Poland (Polish: Rozbiór Polski or Rozbiory Polski; Lithuanian: Padalijimas, Belarusian: Падзелы Рэчы Паспалітай) took place in the 18th century and ended the existence of the sovereign Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		Russia gained a larger share of Poland and, after crushing an insurrection in 1831, the Congress Kingdom of Poland's autonomy was abolished and Poles faced confiscation of property, deportation, forced military service, and the closure of their own universities.
		As a result of Partitions, Poles, whose culture usually avoided dealing in the affairs of European states were forced to seek a change of status quo in Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland (2118 words)

	Country Survey: Galicia (southern Poland) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		After the first partition of Poland in 1772 this region was captured by Austrian Empire.
		After the first partition of Poland in 1772 the vast part of Ma opolska was added to Austria and, named as Galicia, started to function as the part of the Austrian Empire.
		In Poland the duty to conduct a vital registration was introduced by so-called Piotrków ritual from 1621.
	www.geog.port.ac.uk /hist-bound/country_rep/poland.htm (1421 words)

	Poland, First Partition Of (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		the first partition, was actuated by one deeply laid scheme of policy to
		of partition; the negotiation hung chiefly on the possession of the city of
		Russia was to have, by this first partition, the palatinates of Polotsk,
	www.history-world.org /poland.htm (6726 words)

	[No title]
		The third section is a mini-case study of the crisis surrounding the first partition of Poland in 1772.
		This is because the first partition of Poland is as close as possible to a Concert episode in time, geography, participating actors, severity, and overall character.
		The first counterargument is that there are several similarities between this case and the partition of Poland: the great powers squabbled over spoils and successfully ended up carving up smaller powers and thereby fending off larger conflict.
	www.nd.edu /~dlindley/handouts/Lindley,ConcertofEuropeforAPSA.htm (15943 words)

	Galicia (Ukraine and Poland) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Lodomeria was a term invented by the Habsburgs of Austria when they founded the 'Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria' in 1772 after another partition of Poland.
		Three crowns on blue has been used in Galicia and Lodomeria, which was created in 1772 (first partition of Poland), when Austria took what is today southern Poland and western Ukraine.
		The illustration has this caption roughly translates to: "At the partition of Poland in 1772, Austria took Halicz with the Vladimir area, naming this territory the kingdom of Galizia and Lodomeria.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/ua-gal.html (866 words)

	Partitions of Poland
		In the Second Partition, Russia took most of the western Ukraine, including Podolia and a part of Volhynia, and all of the eastern part of Lithuania, also obtaining the right to move its troops into what remained of Poland and control its foreign policy.
		Russia acquired the rest of Lithuania and the Ukraine, the remainder of Volhynia, and the Duchy of Courland in the Third Partition.
		By the First Partition of Poland, Austria had obtained Galicia (consisting of Red Russia, the city of Lemberg [Lwow], a part of western Podolia, and southern Little Poland).
	www.rootsweb.com /~polwgw/ausgeruss.html (486 words)

	Catharine II Announces the First Partition of Poland (1772)
		The following is the declaration which the minister plenipotentiary of Russia communicated in the name of her Imperial Majesty Catharine II, to the king and republic of Poland on September 18, 1772, announcing the first partition of that country.
		Everything seemed to promise a firm peace for both Poland and her neighbors, but unhappily the spirit of discord took possession of a portion of the nation, and destroyed in an instant all these hopes.
		The natural connection between Poland and her neighbors led them to feel most keenly the sad effects of these disorders.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/PartPol1.html (473 words)

	H-Net Review: Hugo Lane on The Partitions of Poland 1772, 1793, 1795
		Given that none of these works is readily available outside of libraries, a general survey of the partitions comparable to Piotr Wandycz's highly regarded study of partitioned Poland was long overdue.
		In 1773, however, that was impossible given the partitioning powers' overriding concern that the new boundaries should be ratified and made permanent.
		Poles have long taken comfort in the national humilation that was the partitions by seeing them as the basis for a new found sense of unity that ultimately brought them independence over a century later.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=8308934566298 (2220 words)

	HISTORY OF POLAND
		965 - Ibrahim~Ibn Jakus, a Moorish Jew from Spain, documents the earliest record of the area known as Poland.
		1025 - Boleslaw the Brave, the first King of a unified Poland.
		1918 - Independent Poland reborn after WW I. 1926 - Pilsudski takes power in a coup d'etat.
	home.earthlink.net /~jodi-poland/id24.html (139 words)

	Find in a Library: The first partition of Poland. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Find in a Library: The first partition of Poland.
		Subjects: Poland -- History -- Partition period, 1763-1796.
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	www.worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/oclc/408028 (52 words)

	POLAND IN NATO
		East Prussia becomes a vassal province of Poland
		Swedes invade Poland, in what is known as the Deluge
		Cardinal Karol Wojtyla chosen Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II makes a pilgrimage to Poland
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /search-all/web/history/overview/time.shtml (169 words)

	Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Dec 1770 Austria annexes the county of Zips (Polish: Spisz,
		5 Aug 1772 First partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and
		7 Jan 1795 Upon the Third partition by Russia, Prussia, and
	www.worldstatesmen.org /Poland.htm (3863 words)

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