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Topic: First Republic of Poland

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	Poland. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		It borders on Germany in the west, on the Baltic Sea and the Kaliningrad region of Russia in the north, on Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine in the east, and on the Czech Republic and Slovakia in the south.
		In 1697 the elector of Saxony was chosen king of Poland as Augustus II by a minority faction supported by Czar Peter I. Augustus allied himself with Russia and Denmark against Charles XII of Sweden.
		The Sovietization of Poland was accelerated; in 1949, Soviet Marshall Konstantin Rokossovsky was made minister of defense and commander in chief of the Polish army.
	www.bartleby.com /65/po/Poland.html (4078 words)

	Brief history of Poland
		The Kingdom of Poland is marked in white; Russia - in green, Austria - in yellow and Prussia - in blue.
		Most of the 19th century Kingdom of Poland, the whole Galicia and most of the former Prussian provinces of West Prussia and Posen together with some areas of present-day Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine constituted Poland between the Wars.
		Poland was attacked by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
	www.polishroots.org /genpoland/polhistory.htm (881 words)

	Poland
		The Republic of Poland (alternative Commonwealth of Poland) is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast Exclave) to the north.
		Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the country's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century.
		The principal ports and harbours are: Port of Gdańsk, Port of Gdynia, Port of Szczecin, Port of Swinoujscie, Port of Ustka, Port of Kolobrzeg, Gliwice, Warsaw, Wroclaw.
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/po/Poland.htm (2958 words)

	Wikinfo \| Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Republic of Poland is a country in Central Europe, bordering Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and Lithuania and Russia (via the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to its north, as well as the Baltic Sea.
		Poland is an ancient nation that was conceived around the middle of the 10th century.
		Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of liberalising the economy and today stands out as one of the most successful and open transition economies, with about 20% unemployment and increasing wealth disparities.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Poland (1068 words)

	Poland
		Poland is bordered to the north by the Baltic Sea, to the northeast by Russia and Lithuania, and to the east by Belarus and Ukraine.
		Poland's relief was formed by the actions of Ice Age glaciers, which advanced and receded over the northern part of the country several times during the Pleistocene Epoch (1,600,000 to 10,000 years ago).
		The first major Polish opera, Cud mniemany czyli Krakowiacy i Górale ("The Pretended Miracle; or, The Krakovians and the Highlanders"), by Jan Stefani and Wojciech Boguslawski, was staged in 1794.
	www.nd.edu /~kielbasa/poland.htm (9198 words)

	The Constitution of the Republic of Poland
		The Republic of Poland shall safeguard the independence and integrity of its territory and ensure the freedoms and rights of persons and citizens, the security of the citizens, safeguard the national heritage and shall ensure the protection of the natural environment pursuant to the principles of sustainable development.
		The President of the Republic of Poland shall be the supreme representative of the Republic of Poland and the guarantor of the continuity of State authority.
		The First President of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President of the Republic for a 6-year term of office from amongst candidates proposed by the General Assembly of the Judges of the Supreme Court.
	www.constitution.org /cons/poland/konse.htm (16549 words)

	Poland:
		Poland became a kingdom in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a long association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by uniting to form the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the nation's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next centuries.
		Poland was also a centre of migration of peoples and the Jewish community began to settle and flourish in Poland during this era (see History of the Jews in Poland).
	www.winelib.com /wiki/Poland (2024 words)

	Poland
		Poland was the obvious choice as it was in the east and included areas of land taken from Germany by the Treaty of Versailles.
		In December 1990 Lech Walesa was elected President of the Republic of Poland.
		From the first dark days of the Polish catastrophe and the brutal triumph of the German war machine until the moment of his death on Sunday night he was the symbol and the embodiment of that spirit which has borne the Polish nation through centuries of sorrow and is unquenchable by agony.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSpoland.htm (5802 words)

	Poland :: UEFA : Gourt
		Poland (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (), is a country located in Central Europe.
		It is bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.
		In 1989 the first partially-free elections in Poland's post-World War II history concluded the Solidarity (Solidarność) movement's struggle for freedom and resulted in the defeat of Poland's communist rulers.
	sports.gourt.com /Soccer/UEFA/Poland.html (480 words)

	(Poland: History of its Elective Democracy)
		The first rokosz took place in 1537, still in the period of hereditary monarchy, and lacked the constitutional sanction given to it 35 years later by the reservation clause on the refusal of obedience of the Henrician Articles.
		First, they were to call up five spokesmen from the city population at large, according to the ancient custom, then, with their consent, elect the Seym Deputies.
		Because this was the first election open to foreign as well as native candidates, the ambassadors, arriving in the country to introduce and promote their candidates, had to be received and dealt with.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /JJ.html (11665 words)

	Constitution of 1921 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Republic of Poland, basing its organization on the principle of broad territorial self- government, will delegate to the bodies representing this self-government the proper domain of legislation, especially in administrative, cultural, and economic fields, to be defined more fully by statutes of the state.
		In case the office of the President of the Republic becomes vacant, the Sejm and the Senate, upon the invitation of the Marshal of the Sejm and under his chairmanship, at once unite automatically in a National Assembly for the purpose of electing a President.
		Fidelity to the Republic of Poland is the first duty of a citizen.
	www-personal.engin.umich.edu /~zbigniew/Constitutions/k1921.E.html (6169 words)

	[No title]
		Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic (commonly referred to as Slovakia), and Hungary are members of the Visegrad Group, created in February 1991 at the northern Hungarian town of Visegrad.
		Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic and Hungary can now attend EU meetings with observer status and will become full members on May 1, 2004, assuming the treaty is ratified in each country.
		Poland is the exception, where coal accounted for 93% of the country's primary energy production in 2001, and remains one of the country's most important employers.
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/cabs/poland.html (4347 words)

	Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.
		Poland became a kingdom in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a long association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by uniting to form the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the nation's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Republic_of_Poland (4010 words)

	JURIST - Poland: Polish Law, Legal Research, Human Rights
		Poland is a multiparty parliamentary democracy in which executive power is shared by the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers, and to a lesser extent, the President.
		Regional courts are courts of first instance, while appellate courts are charged solely with appeals.
		On the other hand, in 1992 Poland's body of laws still contained a motley assortment of Soviet-style statutes full of vague language aimed at protecting the communist monopoly of power rather than the rule of law itself.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /world/poland.htm (653 words)

	History
		In The History of Poland, The Rise to Power, Mieczyslaw Kasprzyk adds that in a political move, the Piast dynasty (its first) accepted Christianity in 966 to counter the increasing German strength to the west and to ensure an independent identity for its lands.
		In Go Poland!: History of Poland: Beginning of Nation, the writer further explains that Poland, unable to defend itself, invited the Teutonic Knights (a military and religious order of German knights) into the country in 1226 to strengthen its eastern and northern borders.
		Poland, home to the largest Jewish population in Europe, was the chosen site for Germany's worst death camps including Auschwitz/Birkenau.
	www.uiowa.edu /intlinet/projects/kaletkar/history.htm (1705 words)

	Polish F-16 Jets Arrive in Poland (26 October 2006) - U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Warsaw, Poland
		The first Polish F-16 fighter jets arrived in Poland on November 9 at the Krzesiny Airbase near Poznan.
		Indeed, the Republic of Poland has emerged as a leader, a beacon of progress, and an example for other nations to follow.
		Poland’s F-16s are the latest example of your leadership in bringing peace and stability to Europe and the world.
	warsaw.usembassy.gov /poland/f16inair.html (750 words)

	Polish culture: Andrzej Romanowski on Jerzy Giedroyc
		One could say Giedroyc, born in the first years of the 20th century, was the last "citizen of the First Republic of Poland," one whose politics derived more and more from the collective interests of Poles, Lithuanians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians - all of whom he saw as depositaries of a collective heritage.
		Once Poland was free, this man who instinctively supported the state found himself condemning the demise of long-term thinking, the pursuit of self-interest over the common good, the terrorism of tattered formulas, and ideology's command over public life.
		Poland was a difficult heritage for Giedroyc, one that required incessant struggle and disputes, but one that condemned him to greatness.
	www.culture.pl /en/culture/artykuly/cz_tygodnik_giedroyc_romanowski (1645 words)

	GoPoland! Web Travel Guide to Poland
		In the mid-17th century, Poland was invaded and pillaged by Sweden.
		The first time such a veto was used, in 1652, the dissenting deputy left and the session ended without final approval of any legislation.
		The first partition of Poland took place in 1772 when Russia realized it would be easier to cede land to Austria and Prussia than fight for it.
	www.gopoland.com /history/h3.shtml (553 words)

	Republic of Poland - Concluding Statement of the IMF Mission
		Missions are undertaken as part of regular (usually annual) consultations under Article IV of the IMF's Articles of Agreement, in the context of a request to use IMF resources (borrow from the IMF), as part of discussions of staff monitored programs, and as part of other staff reviews of economic developments.
		For Poland to fully reap the benefits of EU membership and to occupy a strong position in the European economy, policies that strengthen productive potential are crucial.
		In our view, Poland would be better served by a rule limiting the increase in real state spending (apart from that related to EU transfers) below potential growth (as determined by an independent assessor) combined with binding restrictions on borrowing by all other parts of the general government.
	www.imf.org /external/np/ms/2006/112006.htm (1444 words)

	POLAND
		In 1927, a new image of the eagle was adopted by decree of the President of the Republic.
		The flag that features Poland's white eagle set against a red shield on the white field is known as a "bandera" (ship's flag or ensign).
		The conditions governing the use of the state flag and emblem and details of the national anthem are laid down by act of parliament.
	www.cs.montana.edu /angryk/pages/poland.htm (596 words)

	Welcome to Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Poland is one of the larger countries in Europe.
		Today, free from outside interference, Poland is the place to go if you're interested in seeing how a nation picks itself up off the floor and tries to reinvent itself.
		It's a multifaceted country where the capital and medieval old towns are coddled by contemporary city slickers and where horse-drawn carts negotiate country lanes in areas where the 20th century appears to have got lost somewhere down the road.
	www.angelfire.com /mn/farhan/Poland.html (190 words)

	Republic of Poland and the IMF -- Page 1 of 7
		The Republic of Poland is a subscriber to the Special Data Dissemination Standard.
		On behalf of: Republic of Azerbaijan, Switzerland, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Poland, Republic of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan.
		On behalf of: Republic of Azerbaijan, Switzerland, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Poland, Republic of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Republic of Uzbekistan.
	www.imf.org /external/country/POL (825 words)

	Living Prague - Independent Tourist Information and Czech History (1918) Guide
		The Czechoslovak Republic (CSR) was composed of the historical Czech lands of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia as well as Slovakia and Ruthenia (Sub-Carpathian Russia).
		Of course, a Czech - by name of Frantisek Behounek - took part in the 1928 multinational attempt to reach the North Pole in a zeppelin - and was one of the survivors to be rescued after the good airship "Italia" crashed discouragingly far from its destination.
		The economic crisis and the growing influence of the Nazi movement in Germany served to politicize the ethnic Germans in Czechoslovakia.
	www.livingprague.com /history2.htm (956 words)

	AllRefer.com - Madagascar - Independence, the First Republic, and the Military Transition, 1960-75 \| Malagasy ...
		After France adopted the Constitution of the Fifth Republic under the leadership of General Charles de Gaulle, on September 28, 1958, Madagascar held a referendum to determine whether the country should become a self-governing republic within the French community.
		The vast majority of the population at the urging of the PSD leadership voted in favor of the referendum.
		After a year of negotiations between Tsiranana and his French counterparts, Madagascar's status as a self-governing republic officially was altered on June 26, 1960, to that of a fully independent and sovereign state.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/madagascar/madagascar15.html (1135 words)

	First World War.com - Primary Documents - U.S. Recognition of Paderewski Government, 29 January 1919
		With Germany defeated in November 1918 the path was cleared for a newly constructed Polish republic to be established with Allied backing; this was duly declared on 10 February 1919.
		This was however by no means the end of uncertainty for Poland, with the ultimate makeup of Europe yet to be agreed at the Paris Peace Conference, and with military disagreements with Russia, the Ukraine and Czechoslovakia rumbling on.
		Click here to read the statement issued by the Polish Regency Council - established by the country's wartime German occupiers - on 11 November 1918 (the date of the armistice) which announced that General Josef Pilsudski, newly freed from German incarceration, was to be appointed to military command of Poland's Army.
	www.firstworldwar.com /source/poland_lansing.htm (451 words)

	Emanuel (Il05) - Press Release - Emanuel Introduces Resolution to Make Republic of Poland Eligible for the Visa Waiver ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		“Poland is a first-class friend and should not be treated as a second-class citizen,” Emanuel said.
		In recognition of the historic changes in bilateral relations and motivated by the strong desire to enhance contacts between Polish and American citizens and their families, Poland unilaterally repealed the visa obligation to U.S. citizens traveling to Poland for up to a 90-day period beginning on April 15, 1991.
		Whereas, The Republic of Poland and the United States in 1999 became formal allies through the membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; and
	www.house.gov /apps/list/press/il05_emanuel/Poland_Resolution.html (763 words)

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