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Topic: First Saudi State

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	The History of Saudi Arabia
		On September 23, 1932, the country was named the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, an Islamic state with Arabic as its national language and the Holy Qur’an as its constitution.
		He initiated the first of a series of economic and social development plans that would transform Saudi Arabia’s infrastructure, especially industry, and set the Kingdom on a path of rapid growth.
		One of King Fahd’s greatest accomplishments in Saudi Arabia was a series of projects to expand the Kingdom’s facilities to accommodate the millions of pilgrims who come to the country each year.
	www.saudiembassy.net /Country/History.asp (2797 words)

	Saudi Arabia - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		The Basic Law adopted in 1992 declared that Saudi Arabia is a monarchy ruled by the sons and grandsons of King Abdul Aziz Al-Saud, and that the Holy Qur'an is the constitution of the country, which is governed on the basis of Islamic law (Shari'a).
		Saudi Arabia is considered to be one of the fifteen countries that comprise the so-called "Cradle of Humanity."
		Saudi Arabia was a key player in the successful efforts of OPEC and other oil producing countries to raise the price of oil in 1999 to its highest level since the Gulf War by reducing production.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /saudi_arabia.htm (1870 words)

	Neil Quilliam and Maggie Kamel, Modernising Legitimacy: Saudi Strategies
		First, it served as a mobilising factor in the founding of the Kingdom, and was later developed into a means of social control.
		The state requires the ulema to endorse its policies, especially when they are unpopular, and the ulema depend upon the state to maintain their exalted status vis-à-vis state and society.
		Nonetheless, the state heeds to the ulema's intermittent call for the closure of Shi'a mosques and celebration halls (husayniahs); the Shi'a call to prayer is prohibited, whilst the state remains indifferent towards materials that defame Shi'a expressions of faith.
	www.alternativesjournal.net /volume2/number2/kamel.htm (11367 words)

	Encyclopedia: First Saudi State
		The First Saudi State was established in the year 1744 (1157 H.) when the Wahhabi leader Sheikh Mohammed ibn Abd al Wahhab settled in Diriyah and Prince Mohammed Ibn Saud agreed to support and espouse his cause, with a view to cleansing the Islamic faith from distortions.
		Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud 1726 - 1765 (1139 - 1179 H) Imam Abdul Aziz Ibn Mohammed Ibn Saud 1765 - 1803 (1179 - 1218 H) Imam Saud Ibn Abdul Aziz Ibn Mohammed Ibn Saud (Saud Al Kabeer) 1803 - 1814 (1218 - 1233 H) Iman Abdullah bin Saud 1814 - 1818
		Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad bin Saud was the second ruler of the First Saudi State and son of Muhammad bin Saud.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/First-Saudi-State (536 words)

	Saudi Arabia (08/05)
		This council consists of a prime minister, the first and second deputy prime ministers, 20 ministers (of whom the minister of defense also is the second deputy prime minister), two ministers of state, and a small number of advisers and heads of major autonomous organizations.
		Saudi Arabia was a key player in coordinating the successful 1999 campaign of OPEC and other oil-producing countries to raise the price of oil to its highest level since the Gulf War by managing production and supply of petroleum.
		Saudi Arabia supports a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict but rejected the Camp David accords, claiming that they would be unable to achieve a comprehensive political solution that would ensure Palestinian rights and adequately address the status of Jerusalem.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3584.htm (5065 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		The first Saudi state reached its zenith under the leadership of Saud, grandson of Mohammad, in 1811 when raids were made into Syria and a campaign against Baghdad contemplated.
		Turki's son Faysal ruled sternly but effectively and was the first Saudi leader to come into contact with westerners, represented by Lewis Pelly, the British resident in the Gulf who travelled to Riyadh in 1865.
		The second Saudi state was then at its peak, benefiting from flourishing trade in horses and pearls with the outside world.
	web.nps.navy.mil /~relooney/Arabia_MEED52.htm (1381 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		By 1788, the Saudi State ruled over the entire Najd, the central plateau of the peninsula and, by the early years of the 19th century, over most of the peninsula, including the holy cities of Makkah and Madinah.
		Another of the attributes that attracted loyal followers to the Saudi State was the cohesion of the ruling family and the smooth transfer of power from one ruler to the next - unique characteristics at a time when most other ruling houses in the peninsula were steeped in factional fighting and grabs for power.
		The ruins of Dariyah, named for the first Al-Saud to move to the Wadi Hanifah area from Qatif in the early 15th century - Mani' Al-Muraidi, known as Ibn Dar - have been preserved as a monument to the Saudi commitment to their just cause, refusal to be subjugated by foreign powers and resilience.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /ksa100/html/history.html (1542 words)

	Asia Times Online
		One is the prospect of a drawn-out Saudi "Brezhnev" era of geriatric leadership, as the throne continues to pass among aged sons of the founder of the Saudi Kingdom Abdulaziz, as it has done since his death in 1953.
		The Saudi state which was proclaimed by Abdulaziz in 1932, after all, is in fact the third al-Saud Kingdom.
		The first Saudi "state" was founded in 1744 by the first great al-Saud leader Muhammad bin Saud (who made the historic alliance with the religious reformer Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab, the founder of "Wahhabism").
	www.atimes.com /front/DC19Aa02.html (2102 words)

	Let the Sane of Saudi Arabia Unite
		The first Saudi state lasted from 1744 until 1819, when Ibrahim Pasha, Mohamed Aliâs eldest son, led a military expedition which destroyed the state, razed its capital, Al-Dirâiyah, to the ground and captured its prince, Abdullah ibn-Saud, sending him first to Cairo then on to the capital of the Ottoman state where he was executed.
		The truth is that the Saudi state, whether in its first, second or third incarnations, has never been free of the pernicious effects of the doctrine preached by the Ikhwan.
		The question is whether the sane elements in Saudi Arabia will follow a course similar to the one taken by their famous forbear eighty years ago or whether they will continue to coexist with the modern-day disciples of Faisal al-Dawish until the ship sinks with everyone on board.
	www.ocnus.net /artman2/publish/Analyses_12/Let_the_Sane_of_Saudi_Arabia_Unite.shtml (1883 words)

	The State Dept.'s Saudi-First Policy
		State, Secret Service, and the FBI then began what bureaucrats refer to as an “interagency process.” In other words, they started fighting.
		State went to the mat in part because it was responsible for giving visas to the three in the first place.
		Though it cannot be said that U.S. diplomats do favors for the Saudis in the hopes of lucrative payoffs later on, the Saudis reward those officials who were kind to them while working for the State Department.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/Printable.asp?ID=11101 (634 words)

	Sadi Profile
		The Saudi Arabian state was first established in the central region of the Arabian Peninsula in the early 18th century.
		Saudi Arabia is the home of two of Islam's holy sanctuaries: Makkah the Blessed and Madinah the Radiant The Al-aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, enclosing the place from which the Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven, completes the trio of venerated shrines in the Islamic world.
		In 1985, the first Saudi National Heritage and Culture Festival was held in Jenadriyah near Riyadh The annual event organized by the National Guard under the patronage of the King epitomizes Saudi Arabia's commitment to preserving and exploring its culltural heritage.
	www.un.int /saudiarabia/sa-prfl.htm (11076 words)

	Wahhabism -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Wahhabism is an offending synonym for one form of (A militant group of extremist Sunnis who believe themselves the only correct interpreters of the Koran and consider moderate Muslims to be infidels; seek to convert all Muslims and to insure that its own fundamentalist version of Islam will dominate the w) Salafism.
		Wahhabism in (An absolute monarchy occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula in southwest Asia; vast oil reserves dominate the economy) Saudi Arabia began with a surge of reformers seeking to reclaim orthodox Islam from innovation by various sects of (One of the two main branches of orthodox Islam) Sunni Muslims.
		The spread of Wahhabi Islam has been facilitated by Saudi (A slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water) oil revenues; Saudi laypeople, government officials and clerics have donated many tens of millions of dollars to create Wahhabi-oriented religious schools, newspapers and outreach organizations.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/w/wa/wahhabism.htm (1029 words)

	UCLA International Institute :: Wahhabism, bin Ladenism, and the Saudi Arabia Dilemma
		Still, they continue to provide the state with "justification and legitimization for every policy that the al Saud leadership has decided." There has never been a case "where the senior ulema in Saudi Arabia have publicly objected to a major element of state policy," Gause said.
		While the ulema were very influential in cultural life, the religious ideals of Wahhabism were translated politically into a state ideology in which the primary duty of Saudis was to obey their rulers.
		Saudi control of oil helps this navigation -- relations with the U.S. remain at status-quo despite the fact that religious establishments are still strong.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /article.asp?parentid=25057 (1669 words)

	Untitled Document
		This was the first such sect but by no means the last, and throughout the history of Islam the quiet of religious life was broken many times by marginal groups who tried to impose their extremist views on the majority by violent means.
		The alliance led to the first incarnation of the Saudi state, which, by 1804, had expanded to control nearly one million square metres of the Arabian Peninsula.
		The Saudis, under the leadership of Abdul Rahman, father of the founder of the current Saudi dynasty, King Abdul Aziz, were defeated in 1891.
	www.heggy.org /tolerant_islam.htm (1890 words)

	Teach English in saudi arabia, Information on International House Schools in saudi arabia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		The first Saudi state in the 18th century drew upon the twin streams of Wahabi puritanism and the Bedu clans fusing the two together.
		Saudi Arabia was a vital coalition partner in the first Iraq war (1991).
		Saudi families are big; the country has one of the highest birth rates in the world.
	www.ihworld.com /directory/countries.asp?country=SA (1029 words)

	Islam: A Global civilization
		At first the great physicians among Muslims were mostly Christian but by the 9th century Islamic medicine, properly speaking, was born with the appearance of the major compendium, The Paradise of Wisdom (Firdaws al-hikmah) by 'Ali ibn Rabban al-Tabari, who synthesized the Hippocratic and Galemic traditions of medicine with those of India and Persia.
		In fact it was a vastly superior technology that first impressed the Crusaders in their unsuccessful attempt to capture the Holly Land and much of this technology was brought back by the Crusaders to the rest of Europe.
		The Saudi family rules to this day in that land, considering itself first and foremost as Khadim al-Haramayn, that is, servant of the two holy cities of Makkah and Madinah.
	www.ldolphin.org /islamiad.html (10274 words)

	Ambassador talks to major foreign policy-security group
		Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab was a religious and social reformer in the first Saudi State of the 18
		Saudi Arabia's economy is among the top 25 economies in the world, accounting for one fifth of the GDP of the entire Middle East and 25 per cent of all trade between Arab countries.
		This desire for peace was clearly stated in Crown Prince Abdullah's Plan, which calls for total Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories according to UN resolutions in return for total Arab recognition of Israel.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/saudi/050621-turki.htm (5296 words)

	The Saudi Arabian Information Resource - Saudi Arabia to celebrate 74th National Day
		The first Saudi state was established in 1157H, when the late Imam Mohammad bin Saud decided to support the call of Sheikh Mohammad bin Abdulwahab, aimed at a return to the true Islam.
		The Jihad of Al-Saud continued in spite of the end of the first Saudi state forty-six years after its inception, due to foreign intervention.
		In 1240H, the second Saudi state was established under the leadership of the late Imam Turki bin Abdullah bin Mohammad bin Saud.
	www.saudinf.com /main/y7500.htm (433 words)

	Islamic Saudi Academy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Objectives: Introducing students to the religious and social life in Saudi Arabia before Islam; The changes that took place after prophet Mohammad, his life and accomplishments, in such away that picture him a model to be followed.
		Objectives: Introducing students to the basics of Saudi Arabian geography as well as other countries of the Arabian Peninsula, with special focus on the physical characteristics of Saudi Arabia, new developments and economic advancement, and its impact on other part of the world.
		Introducing students with the prestigious position of Saudi Arabia its relation with its neighbors on the peninsular, with special focus on the strong ties and relations among the Saudi people and their role in the Islamic world.
	www.saudiacademy.net /html/Curriculum-LowerSchool.html (2965 words)

	Saudi-American Forum - Wahhabism - Saudi Arabia Relations Information
		She noted there are many areas in Saudi society that people would like to see changed, many areas that we are pleased with and many misconceptions we would like to see corrected.
		Between these two extreme judgments is a Saudi society that views with pride the remarkable contributions the reform movement of Abdul Wahhab gave to the country.
		In fact, Saudis are indebted to the movement and its alliance with Al-Saud for the unprecedented development in Saudi Arabia.
	www.saudi-american-forum.org /Newsletters/SAF_Essay_12.htm (1067 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Middle East \| Putin in first Saudi state visit
		It is the first time a Russian head of state is to visit these countries, considered allies of the West.
		Russian diplomats deny any notion of grandstanding, however, pointing to rapidly growing trade with the region, which in the case of Saudi Arabia, tripled last year.
		Russia had close links with the Middle East during the Communist era, but the end of the Soviet Union saw it marginalised and struggling to maintain influence.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/middle_east/6351079.stm (384 words)

	Abdullah bin Saud
		The success of the Saudi State under Emir Abdulaziz and his successors, Saud bin Abdulaziz and Abdullah bin Saud, aroused the suspicions of the Ottoman Empire, the dominant power in the Middle East and North Africa at the time.
		In 1818, an Ottoman expeditionary force commanded by Muhammad Ali was sent to the peninsula, and armed with modern artillery and vast manpower, it advanced to the heart of Najd and laid waste to the Saudi capital of Dariyah.
		Thus, the first temporary decline in the House of Saud occurred.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/gulf/abdullah-bin-saud.htm (479 words)

	Arabian Night
		All of this talk out of Washington and Riyadh is carefully couched within what both sides call the "longtime strategic partnership" between Saudi Arabia and the United States (just as it was after the 1995 bombing of the American military mission in Riyadh and the 1996 Khobar Towers bombing).
		The alliance of 1744 was consecrated by a mithaq, or covenant, under which ibn Saud formed the first Saudi state, and Wahhabism became its ideology.
		Over time, the clerics provided the ideological glue that sustained the Saudis through attacks from the Ottomans (who could not ignore the rivalry for suzerainty over Mecca and Medina and the threat to their legitimacy as Muslim rulers), from the Hashemites, and from the West.
	weeklystandard.com /Content/Public/Articles/000/000/002/725weohr.asp (569 words)

	First Saudi State
		It was established in the year 1744 (1157 H.) when Sheikh Mohammed Ibn Abdul Wahab settled in Diriyah and Prince Mohammed Ibn Saud agreed to support and espouse his cause, with a view to cleansing the Islamic faith from distortions.
		The first era of the Saudi State lasted for about 75 years.
		This historic era ended in 1817 (1233 H) when Ottoman troops invaded the Arabian peninsula under the command of Ibrahim, the son of Mohammed Ali Pasha.
	www.the-saudi.net /al-saud/first_state.htm (151 words)

	Department of Energy - Maryland E-85 Facility Opening, August 2006
		Governor Ehrlich and Secretary Bodman fuel the first state vehicle with E-85.
		Secretary Bodman's visit the Tokyo Electric Power Company is the first stop in a three-nation trip to Asia to advance global security in the Asia-Pacific region.
		Short biographies of the first through the present Secretaries of Energy.
	www.energy.gov /news/3917.htm (813 words)

	Link TV - Mosaic - Saudi Arabia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Al-Ikhbariya, launched in January 2004, was the first Saudi state-owned
		Saudi Arabia has three other national channels which are overseen by the Information Ministry.
		The channel was established to improve the image of Saudi Arabia and its media in the region and the rest of the world.
	www.worldlinktv.org /mosaic/countries/mossaudiarabia.php3 (208 words)

	Photographs / Pictures of Dir'iyah, Saudi Arabia
		The First Saudi State was established in the year 1744 when Mohammed Ibn Abdul Wahhab (religious reformer) settled in Dir'iyah and Prince Mohammed Ibn Saud agreed to support his views to cleanse the Islamic faith from distortions.
		The Ottomans ultimately captured Dir'iyah, thus ending the first phase of the Al-Saud reign in 1818.
		A period of unrest and tribal warfare began in 1865 and resulted in the Al-Rashid family, with Ottoman support, extending its power over the Saudi state.
	www.toursaudiarabia.com /diriyah.html (576 words)

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