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Topic: First Space War

	Naval Network and Space Operations Command - Desert Storm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The conflict was hailed as the first "space war" in recognition of the key role played by space-based assets.
		First of all, NAVSPACECOM provides a space liaison officer to the Commander, Joint Task Force-Southwest Asia on a rotation between U.S. Space Command and its component commands.
		The space liaison officer coordinates space force enhancement, space force application and space control measures in support of the task force's on-going mission in the region.
	www.nnsoc.navy.mil /news/desertstorm.htm (1086 words)

	Cold War space approach must change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Changes must be made in the United States' Cold War space approach, he said, adding that in today's rapidly changing, dynamic world, the nation must continue to lead in all space operations to assure national security and freedom of action.
		Space capabilities are a prominent feature of the global advantage the nation enjoys, but space technology's context is changing, making possible more space-business models and expanded-business bases, Admiral Cebrowski said.
		The national security space program was viewed as a source of national power with a clear connection between space and the nation's strategic-deterrent forces.
	www.af.mil /news/story.asp?storyID=123007371 (1105 words)

	From Space, They Say, They Will Be Able To Strike Targets Anywhere On Earth Almost Instantaneously.
		Space provides an unprecedented flow of information to troops on the ground, in the air and at sea, and the flow is increasing.
		Data from space helped troops find their position and navigate, provided weather and terrain information, was central to tactical-missile defense, made communications possible, and was central to reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition.
		The long-range space plan envisions the capability to "hold a finite number of targets at risk anywhere, anytime with nearly instantaneous attack from space-based assets." It could be done with lasers, high-powered microwave weapons and even smart missiles fired from orbit.
	www.fas.org /irp/news/1998/05/980518-area58.htm (1455 words)

	Military learns from Gulf War glitches, updates space technology
		But Space Command shouldn't be blamed automatically, said John Pike, director of globalsecurity.org, a defense policy research organization in Washington, D.C. The military space gurus were in the midst of upgrading systems, evolving them from a Cold War stance to a more flexible position.
		As the war began, little military equipment was equipped with GPS, but commanders saw the need for it as they prepared to fight in the vast desert, said Lt. Col.
		In the 10 years since the war, Space Commanders have taken the lessons of the war to heart.
	www.globalsecurity.org /org/news/2001/010127-space2.htm (1315 words)

	Wired News: Iraq War Boosts Space Spending (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		WASHINGTON -- The Iraq war proved how essential weather, communications and targeting satellites are to the U.S. military, and that is good news for a U.S. space industry still reeling from a devastating slump in the commercial market, analysts and defense officials said.
		Air Force Undersecretary Peter Teets, who also heads the National Reconnaissance Office, said the Iraqi war would be seen as "the most integrated and precise military engagement in history," largely due to a greater use of space-based equipment.
		But a meaningful upturn in the commercial space area, hammered hard by the demise of the technology sector beginning in 2000, was not yet in sight, said Lockheed spokesman Tom Jurkowsky.
	wired-vig.wired.com /news/print/0,1294,59094,00.html (778 words)

	TFF Jonathan Power Columns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The first, now well known, came up with the argument that the threat of a ballistic missile attack on the U.S. was "evolving more rapidly" than had been previously thought.
		The enemy is assumed, first, to be the old one, Russia, even though the Cold War and the reason for conflict are supposedly dead and buried.
		Space war has been an on and off political theme since the big American fright at the launching of the Soviet Sputnik in 1957, the first successful satellite.
	www.transnational.org /forum/power/2001/05.02_Rumsfeld.html (760 words)

	Gray Space: Desert Storm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Every space mission played a part, in fact, the most satellite ground stations and pieces of user equipment in history were deployed to the theater of operations—all to enable the warfighter on the ground to reach out and touch space.
		Iraq's space capability at the beginning of Desert Shield was quite limited and as the war progressed it became almost nonexistent.
		Space must be integrated into exercises and included in training so every airmen understands how best to use what space offers.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/grayspc/dstorm/dstorm.htm (3015 words)

	Space Power in Joint Operations: Evolving Concepts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is for this reason that space power must be integrated with air, land, and sea power at the operational level across the spectrum of conflict from peace to crisis to war.
		For the first time in OIF, the JFC designated the JFACC to function also as the joint space coordinating authority, and a senior space officer was deployed to assist the JFACC in that role.
		First, although some space forces are deployable and could, in theory, be fully dedicated to a single JFC, breaking our space forces into penny packets is not an efficient way to allocate these scarce resources.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/apj04/sum04/fredriksson.html (5563 words)

	The Influence of Space Power Upon History (1944-1998) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Space, by contrast, was still the subject of extreme fiction a mere one hundred years ago, when Jules Verne’s From the Earth to the Moon and H.G. Wells’ First Men in the Moon were the "authoritative works" on the subject.
		First, that the initiatives and outcome of the latter half of the 20th century’s bipolar Cold War were determined overwhelmingly by space power.
		First, in Walter McDougall’s view, the lasting legacy of the space race in Americana was the founding of technocracy, the precedent that the federal government can fund and direct scientific and technological progress on a large scale.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/cc/shaw.html (5248 words)

	Yorkshire CND - Ocean based X band Radar plans - 25/2/03
		According to the war game director, space has become so critical for the warfighter, testing space assets’ abilities and vulnerabilities is as essential as war games involving ships, troops and aircraft on Earth.
		“Space is the critical enabler, and we’re looking at how space transitions to the warfighter,” said Maj. John Wagner, Schriever II war game director and deputy chief, Wargaming and Simulation Branch of the Space Warfare Center, which is conducting the war game on behalf of the Air Force.
		Wagner said space was found to provide a range of conventional deterrent options, which demonstrated its capability to apply pressure to potential adversaries.
	cndyorks.gn.apc.org /yspace/articles/spaceassetstest.htm (633 words)

	Wired 10.04: Peace Is War
		In distant 1990, when the US fought Space War I in the Persian Gulf, its military was a lumbering Cold War juggernaut.
		Space War III began on September 11 with a direct assault on the Pentagon.
		Space dominance wins wars because it overcomes the two fundamental impediments to victory famously summarized by 19th-century theorist Carl von Clausewitz as fog and friction.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/10.04/sdi.html (1113 words)

	Johnson-Freese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Space became, on one level, a Cold War battlefield, where scientists and engineers were the frontline soldiers, fighting for the prestige and global influence that would flow from technical prowess, prowess also beneficial to the military.
		Space weaponry (beyond the handguns that have been carried into space by astronauts and cosmonauts), including both weapons placed in space and those on the ground for use against space-based assets, has until recently been carefully avoided by all space-faring nations.
		The first efforts of both the United States and Soviet Union toward space weaponry were in the area of antisatellite (ASAT) systems; the Americans initially favored guided missiles (an early form of missile defense), while the Soviets preferred “killer satellites,” basically orbiting satellites armed with shrapnel charges that would disable enemy spacecraft.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/2003/Summer/art2-su3.htm (8638 words)

	Space Wars - The Defense Monitor - Center For Defense Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Any doubts that the Pentagon views war in (as well as from) space as a future reality were erased in January when the Air Force Space Command activated the 76th Space Control Squadron.
		Another interesting development that lends credence to predictions that space will receive more attention in the Bush Administration is the retention from the Clinton Pentagon of Keith Hall, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Space and Director of the National Reconnaissance Office.
		Space has been militarized since the first reconnaissance and signals collection satellites were lofted into orbit.
	www.cdi.org /dm/2001/issue2/space.html (2163 words)

	Satellite Vulnerability: A View from the USAF
		Military satellites were the first systems on scene, and they supported Coalition missions that included theater ballistic missile defense, Scud hunting, interdiction missions, navigation and intratheater and intertheater communications.
		General Thomas Moorman, vice chief of staff of the Air Force, noted in 1992 that "our current launch vehicles and their associated processes do not provide the responsiveness needed to rapidly replace or augment on-orbit assets." In addition to being too slow, the U.S. launch infrastructure is vulnerable, inflexible, and expensive.
		In war fighting terms, the big satellites are like B-17s in space: self-defending [sic; ???], capable -- and easy targets for a determined foe.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/library/news/1995/at_951122.htm (695 words)

	Yorkshire CND - Air Force War Game Aims to Test Space Technologies - 5/2/05
		The classified tabletop war game, the third focused primarily on space, involves 250 military and civilian experts from about 20 federal agencies, and officials from Canada, Australia and Britain, all gathered at the isolated base on the plains east of Colorado Springs.
		The first space-based war game, which took place in January 2001 focused on growing tensions between the United States and China in 2017.
		The war game will also test possible responses in case certain satellites could no longer be used due to extreme space weather, or destruction of a ground-based control station due to an earthquake, Darnell said.
	cndyorks.gn.apc.org /yspace/articles/space_war_game.htm (503 words)

	Gray Space and the Warfighter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		As civilian use of space has grown along with the military's, the recent pace of civilian technological sophistication has quickly narrowed the US military's lead.
		These space services now "for hire," are in direct competition with the military and may pose a considerable threat to future military operations against even non-space powers, who can buy satellite services, often simply using the Internet.
		We thus define "Gray Space" to reflect these systems available to the general populace that could potentially be used against the US and its allies for hostile purposes.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/grayspc (447 words)

	First Space War Game Alarms Pentagon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Pentagon has held its first war games in space and discovered that it could be vulnerable to a serious defeat, military planners said yesterday.
		The military has been reluctant to talk about the results of the war game, but it is believed both sides used "cyberattacks" - efforts to disable each other's mainframe computers.
		Unexpected side-effects of the war game are thought to have included the new tactic of hijacking an opponent's satellites and using it to broadcast propaganda.
	www.rense.com /general7/game.htm (200 words)

	SMC Historical Overview Space Systems in the Persian Gulf War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The space systems acquired by SMC's predecessors during the 1970's and 1980's proved their worth in the Persian Gulf during 1990 and 1991, when the US and its allies mounted Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.
		Lieutenant General Donald L. Cromer, Commander of SSD at the time, pointed out that Desert Storm was the first space war--the first war in which space systems were used by operational commanders and integrated into their daily decision-making processes.
		All future wars will be planned and executed with that in mind." As SMC began its fifth decade, therefore, it could take pride in the fact that space systems had finally come into their own, and their importance could only increase in the future.
	www.fas.org /spp/military/program/smc_hist/SMCHOV15.HTM (395 words)

	Global Network - Space Alert Newsletter #13
		The space agency put the five civilians on the NASA payroll, at pay rates of $134,000 a year, in order to take advantage of provisions that allow boards composed exclusively of “federal employees” to meet in secret.
		Under pressure from European space scientists, European government and industry officials appear to have reached a consensus that a Europe-wide military space program is essential to ensure the growth of their fledgling space program.
		The purpose of the annual week of local activity is to bring the space issue to as many people as possible all around the world — to symbolically hold hands in acknowledgement that the movement to keep war out of the heavens is indeed growing.
	www.space4peace.org /newsletter/gnnews14.htm (7457 words)

	Space War! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In Space War, two players attempt to destroy each other while flying around a planet with a strong gravitational pull.
		The planet is a rarity: it is a gas giant so near a sun that it radiates energy.
		Space War was reportedly the first video game ever written, designed originally with the classic cartoon rocket-ship look on a vector graphics terminal.
	www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca /~anicolao/sw/Spacewar/spacewar.html (248 words)

	SpaceWar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The first version was developed for the PDP-1 at MIT in 1960.
		The first CRT display was a converted oscilloscope used to play SpaceWar.The first trackball (and thus, the first mouse) was a SpaceWar control at MIT.
		Text from the first chapter of the 1997 book Joystick Nation, about the early history of video games.
	www.wheels.org /spacewar (376 words)

	Tidbit - December 6, 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		At first look, Spacewar is a fascinating space-age game, in which two players maneuver rocket-armed spaceships in the near weightlessness of space until one is in a position to fire the winning shot.
		I loved playing Space War (although I wasn't all that good at it) and was awed by the capabilities of the machine behind it.
		Space War home page, includes several interesting articles about the game and a number of links -- probably the best single source of information on the game and its history
	www.alteich.com /tidbits/t120699.htm (334 words)

	Defense Tech: Real-World Space War
		While he conceded that some in the military believe the United States should deploy space-based weapons as soon as possible to avoid a "space Pearl Harbor," Wright argued that no lasting military advantage would be gained by being first to weaponize space.
		THERE'S MORE: "A small segment of the Air Force space leadership has always been in favor of unrealistic space weaponry, but is rarely able to convince anybody at higher levels that it is necessary," notes Dwayne Day in a strong Space Review essay.
		Power was in charge of Strategic Air Command, and the Orion space battleship was obviously not approved, either by his bosses on the Air Staff or the Secretary of Defense.
	www.defensetech.org /archives/001567.html (564 words)

	Seeking New World Vistas — www.greenwood.com
		Description: The military is moving slowly but surely toward a world in which weapons will be stationed in outer space, and officials argue that these developments are essential to the maintenance of US national security in the post-Cold War world.
		Taking the reader through the first Sputnik launch and then the Gulf War, the "first space war," Handberg introduces his audience to a broad overview of space as an arena for the conduct of military activity.
		As a result, the great changes occurring across the spectrum of space activities, as well as the commercial applications of space, have become particularly critical to the field.
	www.greenwood.com /books/bookdetail.asp?sku=C6295 (310 words)

	Space War 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Space War 2000 is a good, but not quite finished 3D space shooter for the 64-Bit Atari Jaguar.
		When I shot the first droid, I mistook it for the other player/enemy.
		Space War 2000 is highly recommended to all Jaguar fans!
	metalstuff.com /area64/jaguar/reviews/spacewar2000.htm (634 words)

	fUSION Anomaly. Space War!
		MIT students Slug Russell, Shag Graetz, and Alan Kotok wrote SpaceWar!, considered the first interactive computer game.
		First played at MIT on DEC's PDP-1, the large-scope display featured interactive, shoot-'em-up graphics that inspired future video games.
		It was first realized on the PDP-1 in 1962 by Stephen Russell, Peter Samson, Dan Edwards, and Martin Graetz, together with Alan Kotok, Steve Piner, and Robert A Saunders.
	fusionanomaly.net /spacewar.html (252 words)

	Saturday, January 27, 2001
		COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. — When the U.S. military went to war in the Persian Gulf 10 years ago, it took a powerful and untested new weapon: space technology.
		A model of a GPS satellite on display outside the Second Space Operations Squadron at Schriever Air Force Base.
		The Global Positioning System, which is based at Schriever, proved vital to U.S. military operations during the Persian Gulf War and has become a part of everyday life.
	www.estripes.com /jan01/ed012601k.html (1331 words)

	North Korea condemns G8 declaration on nuclear program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The second round of talks ended with agreements to set up a preparatory working group and hold a third round by the end of June.
		At the first working group meeting held last month, Pyongyang insisted it would never accept US demands for a complete dismantling of its nuclear programs without receiving rewards first.
		Pyongyang says it is ready to freeze its nuclear weapons drive if Washington abandons its "hostile policy" towards the communist country and signs a non-aggression accord.
	www.spacewar.com /2004/040613094656.kg1cflus.html (378 words)

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