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	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Superstring theory is a theory whose fundamental one-dimensional, oscillatory entities (the so-called strings) determine the dynamics on the Planck-energy-scale.
		With regard to its parsimony, superstring theory even shows at least two advantages: On the one hand, the unification of the fundamental forces of interaction, realized at least conceptually within superstring theory, means simply a minimization of the number of theories which are necessary for a dynamical description of these fundamental forces.
		For superstring theory, as it appears nowadays, it is more or less completely unclear which of its theoretical statements and which of its implications we should have to interpret in a realistic way as descriptions of real natural facts, and which not.
	philsci-archive.pitt.edu /archive/00000608/00/superstr.doc (6940 words)

	First superstring revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physics, the first superstring revolution is a period of important discoveries in string theory roughly between 1984 and 1986.
		The revolution was started by a discovery of anomaly cancellation in type I string theory by Michael Green and John Schwarz in 1984.
		The anomaly is cancelled due to the Green-Schwarz mechanism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_superstring_revolution (169 words)

	FT March 2003: Retelling the Story of Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		First, he said, the original unity of the human race has to be upheld.
		However, the Scientific Revolution occurred when it was realized that final causes could be dispensed with altogether in physics and that phenomena could be adequately explained in a completely mechanistic way in terms of preceding physical events.
		We recall that the first theme of that story was the Copernican one, the overthrow of the religious cosmology, and in particular of the supposedly religious idea that man is at the center of the universe.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0303/articles/barr.html (7501 words)

	Why Superstrings
		Superstring theory would then be a unique description of how the universe could work.
		All five superstring theories were identified as different realisations of this one unique model when reduced from eleven to ten dimensions.
		Without that, superstring theory for all its mathematical elegance provides no predictive power, and without that it is barely science at all.
	www.weburbia1.demon.co.uk /WS.htm (7219 words)

	Myswizard » String Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This first superstring revolution was started by a discovery of anomaly cancellation in type I string theory by Michael Green and John Schwarz in 1984.
		Superstring theories related by S-duality are: type I superstring theory with heterotic SO(32) superstring theory, and type IIB theory with itself.
		In superstring theory, every point of the string is not only located at some point in spacetime, but it may also have a small arrow “drawn” on it, pointing at some direction in spacetime.
	www.myswizard.com /2006/06/12/string-theory (5723 words)

	SS > NF reviews > Brian Greene
		The beginning of the 20th century saw two major revolutions in physics: general relativity explaining the universe in the large, and quantum mechanics explaining it in the small.
		Superstring theory, a product of the last quarter of the same century, may well be that theory.
		And that promise is delivered in the middle part, which gets down to the meat: superstring theory, covering both the "first superstring revolution" of 1984--1986, and the "second superstring revolution" that started in 1995.
	www-users.cs.york.ac.uk /~susan/bib/nf/g/greene.htm (531 words)

	Talk 3072 data/Spring_1999/0405 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		String theory arose in the late 1960s as a candidate theory of the strong nuclear force, but in 1974 the goal of the program was changed to the construction of a unified quantum theory containing gravity and all other fundamental forces.
		Major advances in understanding perturbative aspects of supersymmetrical strings (superstrings) were made in 1984--85 (the first superstring revolution).
		One result is that what once appeared to be five distinct superstring theories, all requiring a ten-dimension al spacetime, are now understood to be five different limits of a unique underlying theory, and there is a sixth limit that gives eleven dimensions.
	www.math.duke.edu /mcal?abstract-3072 (158 words)

	Eleventh Dimension
		This revolution began when physicists realised that the subatomic particles found in nature, such as electrons and quarks, may not be particles at all, but tiny vibrating strings.
		In superstring theory, the subatomic particles we see in nature are nothing more than different resonances of the vibrating superstrings, in the same way that different musical notes emanate from the different modes of vibration of a violin string.
		The first step towards this advance came two years ago when Witten and Paul Townsend of the University of Cambridge showed that Type 2a string theory in 10 dimensions was equivalent to M-theory in 11 dimensions with one dimension curled up.
	www.fortunecity.com /emachines/e11/86/dimens.html (3039 words)

	String Colloquium 6
		The subject arose in the late sixties in an attempt to describe strong nuclear forces.
		Supersymmetric strings -- or superstrings -- were discovered in 1971.
		In the first superstring revolution (1984-1985) we learned there were five consistent superstring theories:
	superstringtheory.com /theatre/col06.html (86 words)

	Almost in Awe, Physicists Ponder 'Ultimate' Theory
		String theory first arose in the late 1960's and early 70's as an ill-fated attempt to understand the strong force.
		Along the way, the theory came to be called superstrings when it was endowed with a hypothetical quality called supersymmetry, in which the force-carrying particles like gluons and the matter-making particles like quarks are closely knit together.
		A breakthrough came in the mid-1980's when, in the first revolution, it was shown that of all possible string theories, only five were mathematically sturdy; the rest would come crashing down because of various inconsistencies.
	cab.cnea.gov.ar /difusion/maldacena/maldacena1.html (2492 words)

	Brane - An Essay by Jian-Xin Lu, Ph.D.
		The other is that even though each of the five superstring theories unifies quantum mechanics with general relativity, none of them is the final theory but merely a special aspect of a fundamental and yet-unknown big theory.
		However, for each of the five perturbative superstrings, we assume, from the outset, the space-time to be flat and the string coupling, which is related to the vacuum expectation value of dilaton (a massless particle in the spectrum), to be small to validate the perturbative expansion.
		If the 10-dimensional superstrings are the whole story, we cannot explain the origin of the 11-dimensional supergravity which is equally good as any other supergravities on the supergravity level.
	www.esi-topics.com /brane/interviews/DrJian-XinLu.html (1183 words)

	Physicists To Mark 20th Anniversary Of First String Theory Revolution
		Growing numbers of physicists see superstring theory as their best chance to formulate a set of natural laws that govern everything from the largest galaxies to the smallest quarks in one grand unifying theory of everything.
		"It was the first time that one had a theory in which gravity was combined with the other fundamental forces, such as electromagnetism, and the other elementary particles, such as electrons and quarks that make up ordinary matter, all together in a single, all-encompassing framework," he said.
		Strings measure an estimated millionth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a centimeter across.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/physics-04y.html (844 words)

	Wall Street, War, and Revolution \| Z (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Revolution never comes from the masters, but from the oppressed, from the margins.
		Once we get people interested into politics, the first thing we can do to let them form their own framework and interests is to let 'em loose on the 'Net.
		I think the "revolution" could be sped up if Democrats could somehow be taught the true principles of the left, which to me is socialism, and not be ashamed to speak of it in the media.
	blog.zmag.org /index.php/weblog/entry/wall_street_war_and_revolution (5614 words)

	SparkNotes: The Elegant Universe: Overview
		Without dismissing the importance of electrons and quarks, which are the basis of quantum mechanics, superstring theory depicts the smallest particles in the universe not as dots but as tiny strings of energy.
		After praising the elegance and economy of the theory, Greene gives a brief history of its first incarnation in the 1970s, when it was referred to as the bosonic string theory.
		He also covers the second superstring revolution, which shows that all five string theories are really part of a single, unified framework called M-theory.
	www.sparknotes.com /lit/elegantuniverse/summary.html (1122 words)

	Welcome to four dimensions
		In the Second String Revolution*, a string theory was temporarily thought to have an anomaly.
		In the Third String Revolution, it was discovered that D=10 superstrings** required M theory [3], which is based on D=11 supergravity or superMembranes.
		However, since the Third String Revolution, tendency has been to ignore fermions altogether, since the interesting part of the solution comes from the bosons, so supersymmetry is a moot point, except indirectly through restrictions necessary to obtain the Standard Model, which ironically is already considered to be supersymmetric.
	insti.physics.sunysb.edu /~siegel/parodies/lobotomy.html (1114 words)

	Home Page
		Another important development during this period (in 1971) was the discovery that to incorporate a class of elementary particles called fermions (electrons and quarks are examples) string theory requires a two-dimensional version of supersymmetry.
		I have touched on some of the highlights of the current revolution, but there is much more that does not fit here.
		Despite all the progress that has taken place in our understanding of superstring theory, there are many important questions whose answers are still unknown.
	www.superstringtheory.fanspace.com (1019 words)

	Open Questions: Superstring Theory
		Although we've mentioned a number of times that superstring theory seems to require higher dimensions of spacetime (usually 10) in order to work, we haven't said much about why this is. There are several things going on here.
		First, "topological space" is just a fancy name mathematicians use for a geometrical object such as a curve, surface, solid, or something of even higher dimension.
		Superstring theory postulates that elementary particles are strings on the scale of the Planck length (1.6 x 10
	www.openquestions.com /oq-ph001.htm (16748 words)

	[No title]
		The proposal to use superstrings as the basis of a unified theory of all elementary particles and fundamental forces was first made at Caltech by John Schwarz and Joel Scherk in 1974.
		A breakthrough in understanding superstrings made by Schwarz and Michael Green in 1984 led to the first superstring revolution.
		This convinced many theorists that superstring theory is the most promising approach to constructing a consistent quantum theory containing gravity, unified with all the other forces, from first principles.
	www.pma.caltech.edu /GSR/theopart.html (812 words)

	The Graduate Center, CUNY
		Khuri, who works in theoretical high-energy physics and string theory, is credited with helping to launch the "second superstring revolution" in the field in 1995.
		So, interest in string theory waned for a while, but then in the early to mid '90s there was the "second superstring revolution," in which my work was involved, when it was shown that certain different string theories are connected, that they are probably unified in a way.
		One of the big successes of the "second superstring revolution" was--and this is a bit technical--that it showed that the counting of quantum states in a fl hole agrees with the classical entropy disorder parameter of a fl hole (i.e.
	www.gc.cuny.edu /faculty/folio/fall2003/Theory.htm (933 words)

	Greene (Brian) Elegant Universe Summary
		But there were unresolved conflicts between string theory and QM until 1984, when Green and Schwarz found a way to resolve these, and that the resultant theory could incorporate all 4 forces and all of matter as well.
		The existence of the superparticles predicted by superstring theory will be sought with the CERN Large Hadron Collider under construction in Geneva for operation in 2010.
		In 1995, the second superstring revolution began by Witten's suggestion that the 5 candidates are all related and part of an overall synthesis or framework called M-theory.
	www.mcgoodwin.net /pages/elegantuniverse.html (6488 words)

	String theory in a nutshell
		The panorama after the first superstring revolution consisted of five perturbatively consistent superstring theories, living in a ten-dimensional spacetime.
		Instrumental in the second superstring revolution are the so-called branes.
		Recently a novel large rank limit of the gauge theory, inspired by Penrose's plane-wave limit in gravity, allows for the first time a perturbative test of the correspondence simultaneously in the gravity and gauge theory sides, albeit for a special sub-sector of the theory.
	www.maths.ed.ac.uk /~jmf/Research/strings_2.html (461 words)

	Superstring Theory
		Superstring theory resolves the most enigmatic problem of twentieth century theoretical physics: the mathematical incompatibility of the foundational pillars of quantum mechanics and the General Theory of Relativity.
		Since string theory differs from general relativity on short distance scales, it is conceivable that a different answer might emerge.
		At first sight, however, even the equations of string theory appear difficult to analyze in this context.
	www.math.vt.edu /people/gao/physics/string.html (2320 words)

	Superstrings! String theory references
		A recent and well-written book on the subject, that makes ties between the ideas in superstring theory and basic principles of physics like quantum mechanics, relativity, and gravity.
		In addition to describing the theory from basic principles, it covers the major topics from the "second superstring revolution".
		Superstring Theory 2: Loop Amplitudes Anomalies and Phenomenology
	www.physics.ucsb.edu /~strings/superstrings/refs.htm (318 words)

	IBSS - News - Physics
		An international team of NASA and university researchers has found the first direct evidence the Earth is dragging space and time around itself as it rotates.
		The researchers believe they have measured the effect, first predicted in 1918 by using Einstein's theory of general relativity, by precisely observing shifts in the orbits of two Earth-orbiting laser-ranging satellites.
		Researchers create the first plastic magnet that works well at room temperature – computers may be the first to benefit.
	www.bibleandscience.com /news/2004/physics.htm (3295 words)

	Luboš Motl's reference frame: The next revolution
		A student who wants to join a scientific field because of some of her scientific dreams simply cannot avoid the question what string theory is going to look like in 5 or 10 years and what is the framework into which the small pieces of the research should fit.
		With a help from the LHC (that may generate some fantastic data) and perhaps a next revolution in the theory, we may come closer to God's mind.
		But if you want to be serious about these things, you must first learn a lot of material and work on some serious things.
	motls.blogspot.com /2005/07/next-revolution.html (2400 words)

	Scientific discoveries highlight U of C summer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		These experiments are also the first time that all of the relevant measurements were made during one modern experiment.
		Four papers—the three written by University affiliated researchers and one written by Troy Andre, a graduate student who performed the calculations on the validity of the measurements—will be published on the experiment, created a sizable change in the physics world.
		A rising numbers of physicists see superstring theory as a promising tool that will allow them to put together a set of natural laws that describes every object and force in the universe in one unifying theory.
	maroon.uchicago.edu /news/articles/2004/09/18/scientific_discoveri.php (1550 words)

	particle content
		Therefore another discovery, the heterotic string, was also\nandgt; important for the "First Superstring Revolution" in the 1980s.
		It is certainly an\nandgt; elementary confusion that the first chapters of textbooks - or even the\nandgt; popular books such as The Elegant Universe - can clarify for you.
		side upon (a)+(b) as a superstring theory, on another upon (a)+(b)+(c) as a bosonic string theory.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?p=289474 (1614 words)

	Untitled Document
		With Paul Steinhardt, I was among the first to introduce supergravity into the theory of inflation.
		In hep-th/9812052 and hep-th/9902071 I explored basic concepts of cosmological expansion and inflation within the context of the strongly coupled heterotic superstring and M-theory brane universes.
		It has become clear that all the properties of cosmology, including the flatness, horizon and monopole problems, can be addressed using brane collisions in string and M-theory, and do not require a period of inflation.
	dept.physics.upenn.edu /facultyinfo/ovrut1.htm (431 words)

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