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Topic: First Viennese School

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Second Viennese School

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	Vienna, Austria - Capital of Classical Music - Famous Austrian Composers from Vienna
		was born on the 25th of October 1825, as the first son of Johann Strauss Sr.
		In school he was always an outsider and after he failed the School of Agriculture, he started an apprenticeship as a cook.
		The Viennese waltz has its origins in the 18th century with the advent of a bourgeois society.
	www.aboutvienna.org /composers/musiker.htm (627 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Second Viennese School
		The Second Viennese School is a term used to refer to the composers who studied under Arnold Schoenberg in early 20th century Vienna, as well as Schoenberg himself.
		The principal members of the school were Alban Berg, Anton Webern and Schoenberg, although there are lesser known composers who ought to be covered by the term, such as the Greek Nikolaos Skalkottas[?].
		The first Viennese school, which is rarely referred to as such except in comparison to the Second Viennese School, is generally taken to consist of composers working in the late 18th and early 19th century, particularly Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn and Ludwig van Beethoven.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/se/Second_Viennese_School (143 words)

	Sigmund Freud
		Freud was arguably the first thinker to apply deterministic principles systematically to the sphere of the mental, and to hold that the broad spectrum of human behaviour is explicable only in terms of the (usually hidden) mental processes or states which determine it.
		socially-acquired control mechanisms (usually imparted in the first instance by the parents) which have been internalised; while the ego is the conscious self created by the dynamic tensions and interactions between the id and the super-ego, which has the task of reconciling their conflicting demands with the requirements of external reality.
		This is a crucially important issue, since Freud not alone saw himself first and foremost as a pioneering scientist, but repeatedly asserted that the significance of psychoanalysis is that it is a new science, incorporating a new scientific method of dealing with the mind and with mental illness.
	www.crystalinks.com /freud.html (3101 words)

	Sigmund Freud [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The scope of Freud's interests, and of his professional training, was very broad - he always considered himself first and foremost a scientist, endeavouring to extend the compass of human knowledge, and to this end (rather than to the practice of medicine) he enrolled at the medical school at the University of Vienna in 1873.
		First of all, Freud himself was very much a Freudian - his father had two sons by a previous marriage, Emmanuel and Philip, and the young Freud often played with Philip's son John, who was his own age.
		This made it possible and plausible, for the first time, to treat man as an object of scientific investigation, and to conceive of the vast and varied range of human behaviour, and the motivational causes from which it springs, as being amenable in principle to scientific explanation.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/f/freud.htm (4636 words)

	Alban Berg Summary
		(The first Viennese school included those classical composers of the 18th century who wrote many of their important works in Vienna; Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven are the most outstanding representatives.) Schoenberg, the great innovator, first transcended the limitations of traditional tonality and then organized his new sounds according to the twelve-tone method.
		The first act is composed of five character pieces; the second is a fivemovement symphony; and the third is made up of six "inventions" (the extra section being an elaborate orchestral interlude between the fourth and fifth scenes).
		He was a member of the Second Viennese School along with Arnold Schoenberg and Anton Webern, producing works that combined Mahlerian romanticism with a highly personal adaptation of Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique.
	www.bookrags.com /Alban_Berg (1757 words)

	Biography of Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973)
		Carl Menger: The Founder of the Austrian School
		As the founder of the "neo-Austrian School" of economics, Mises’s business cycle theory, which blamed inflation and depressions on inflationary bank credit encouraged by Central Banks, was adopted by most younger economists in England in the early 1930s as the best explanation of the Great Depression.
		His Omnipotent Government (1944) was the first book to challenge the then-standard Marxian view that fascism and Nazism were imposed upon their nations by big business and the “capitalist class.” His Bureaucracy (1944) was a still unsurpassed analysis of why government operation must necessarily be “bureaucratic” and suffer from all the ills of bureaucracy.
	www.mises.org /content/mises.asp (3587 words)

	First Grade Readiness
		In the physical realm, the first grade child's limbs are now in proportion with the body and head.
		As the first grade ready child leaves the world of fantasy and enters the world of imagination, she or he also leaves the world of imitation and enters the world of authority.
		Occasionally, though, one also needs to consider the relationship of the child to his classmates who are going on to first grade, or the relationship of the child to the first grade teacher.
	www.christopherushomeschool.org /first_grade_readiness.htm (1480 words)

	Lecture 21: Bartok, Stravinsky, Schoenberg
		First, much of the folk music was based on different types of scales: pentatonic, chromatic, and modal scales.
		You may remember that in that first lecture I compared a scale to a bolt of fabric in the way it influences the final product; there was an analogy about making gardening pants from rough cloth and a wedding gown from lace.
		The first movement is based upon a small row (not a full 12 notes) that was devised to have tonal implications.
	www.omnidisc.com /MUSIC/Lecture21.html (3315 words)

	helnwein1
		Although the watercolor at first glance resembles the paintings of American photorealists of the period, it also differs significantly.
		In total contrast to this plethora of paintings of agony was Helnwein's first elated encounter with the pictorial universe of Walt Disney.
		He abandoned school and was admitted to the Experimental Institute of Higher Graphic Instruction in 1965 an institution that was anything but experimental; instruction proved to be totally traditional and conformist.
	www.helnwein1.homestead.com (6972 words)

	The Gustav Mahler Biography Page on Classic Cat
		His first long-term appointment was at the Hamburg Opera in 1891, where he stayed until 1897.
		Mahler was the last in a line of Viennese symphonists extending from the First Viennese School of Joseph Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and Franz Schubert to Bruckner and Johannes Brahms; he also incorporated the ideas of Romantic composers like Robert Schumann and Felix Mendelssohn.
		The Seventh is tonally highly 'progressive', with a first movement that moves from a (possible) B minor start to an E major conclusion, and a finale that defines a celebratory C major.
	www.classiccat.net /mahler_g/biography.htm (4800 words)

	Internet Public Library: Music History 102
		Viewing themselves as the direct heirs of the Viennese musical legacy from Haydn to Brahms, Schönberg and his pupils began composing works that, with their advanced chromaticism, strained the boundaries of traditional tonality, to the point where the use of a key signature was eventually superfluous and ultimately abandoned.
		The most outwardly romantic of the three composers of the Second Viennese School, his music is the most suggestive of the post-romanticism of Wagner and Mahler.
		The opera was given its first performance at the Berlin State Opera in 1925, and was received with a mixture of horror, admiration, heavy criticism, awe and perception.
	www.ipl.org /div/mushist/twen/schoenberg.htm (979 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: News :: Stop, Look and Liszten
		The end of the baroque era is generally demarcated at 1750 with the death of Bach, who is not to be confused with his many less talented progeny.
		After the baroque era is the classical period, the time of Mozart, Haydn and others who are said to form the first Viennese School.
		In Vienna there arose a second Viennese School that included Arnold Schoenberg, whose earliest music is the most listenable, Anton Webern, and Alban Berg.
	www.thecrimson.com /article.aspx?ref=119426 (1635 words)

	Ravinia - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		That was precisely what the "Second Viennese School" did.
		Comprising Schoenberg (1874-1951) and his two pupils Alban Berg (1885-1935) and Anton Webern (1883-1945), the Second Viennese School (as opposed to the "First" Viennese School of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven) represented some of the first conscious attempts to do away with tonality and replace it with an entirely new principal of composition.
		In their revolutionary "12-tone" system, every note of the chromatic scale had equal stature; there was no "tonic," no single key that dominated a musical movement.
	www.ravinia.org /RaviniaU/essentials_contemporary02.aspx?&month=9&year=2005 (469 words)

	Crisis Magazine
		The sumptuous, absolutely gorgeous String Sextet in E-flat (1912) could easily pass as a work from the twilight of the First Viennese School along with Zemlinksy, early Schoenberg, and Schmidt, though without the hint of decay from over-ripeness that is in their music.
		Despite French and German influences, Bridge was not immune to his native soil and first flourished during the bucolic period in British music at the beginning of the 20th century.
		Nonetheless, one wonders about Bridge’s partial conversion to atonality after the First World War, especially in the later chamber pieces, Oration (1930), a cello concerto; and Phantasm (1931), a piano concerto—though these are not as forbidding as the description may make them sound.
	www.crisismagazine.com /january2005/music.htm (1191 words)

	UMass Amherst: In the Loop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Department of Music and Dance will join in the worldwide celebration of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s 250th birthday with a concert entitled “Duos, Trios and Quartets from the First Viennese School” on Tuesday, Sept. 27 at 8 p.m.
		The concert is the first of four in the “Tuesdays in Bezanson” series, which is coordinated by Christopher Krueger.
		Music of composers from the Second Viennese School will be performed on Feb. 28 and the final concert will be on April 11 and features jazz and classical collaborations.
	www.umass.edu /loop/print.php?articleID=20795 (203 words)

	The Academy of Digital Music - The Composers
		Beethoven (he died in Vienna in 1827) was to be the bridge between the Classical period, and the Romantic, with his roots firmly in Classical ground; but he first became known as a pianist, a reputation which he developed in the salons of Vienna.
		Felix Mendelssohn was born into a well-to-do Jewish family in Hamburg in 1809 (he died in Leipzig in 1847); his grandfather was a philosopher (Moses Mendelssohn, formerly Moses Dessau) and the influences upon him were those of culture and discussion, equality and enlightenment.
		He was firmly in the Classical Period, and was of the first Viennese school, along with Haydn and Beethoven (the second Viennese school consisted of Schoenberg, Berg and Webern)
	www.minuet.demon.co.uk /composer.htm (355 words)

	The Metropolitan Performing Arts Center
		While music has always been an important part of the cultural fabric of Vienna, there were times when Vienna was the world capital of music.
		The accumulation of composers and their influence was so important that it was named the “Viennese School.” The “First Viennese School” represented by Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven and Schubert; and the famous “Second Viennese School” by Schoënberg, Berg and Webern.
		This concert showcases the inspiration of the composers of the first as well as the phenomenal creative skills of the second, continuing the musical heritage that made Vienna “The City of My Dreams”.
	www.mettheater.com /pages.asp?id=events&PK=615&type=&details=true (153 words)

	Bauhaus Furniture, Design, Architecture & People
		He founded the Bauhaus, a school of design where students were taught to use modern and innovative materials to create original furniture and buildings.
		Leaving the workshop to study at the Viennese Darmstadt Artists Colony, he became interested in Walter Gropius’s Bauhaus manifesto.
		Breuer may be best known for his design of the Wassily Chair, the first tubular bent-steel chair, designed in 1925 for Wassily Kandinsky and inspired in part by bicycle handlebars.
	www.purebauhaus.com (3074 words)

	iClassics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In doing so he spearheaded one of the main developments in modern music, the Second Viennese School, whose members also included his disciples Alban Berg and Anton Webern.
		(The "First Viennese School" lasted from around 1730 to 1780 and numbered Matthias Georg Monn and Georg Christoph Wagenseil among its members; it should not be confused with the Viennese Classicism of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.)
		Often misjudged, and beset by perpetual controversy, he was long regarded as a difficult composer whose works were calculated to drive away audiences, since many listeners failed to understand that, no matter how unusual they sounded, these works were grounded in tradition and subject to stringent rules.
	iclassics.com /artistBio?contentId=888 (418 words)

	People: Pauline Oliveros
		Women were more than likely the first musicians singing lullabies to infants and wailing in grief for loved ones.
		Although some women composers through the centuries have found their voices - such as Hildegard of Bingen (a 900 year anniversary celebration of Hildegard is now under way) - women of Western culture have particularly been discouraged from composing art music.
		Though the audience was extended to the bougouesie the second Viennese school continued the exclusion.
	www.deeplistening.org /pauline/writings/breaking.html (1884 words)

	Instructor Class Description (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		This quarter we will continue chronologically, taking in the first Viennese School of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert, and touching on Chopin at the end.
		CDs will be available for such on the first day of class in the Winter quarter.
		In most cases, the official course syllabus will be distributed on the first day of class.
	www.washington.edu /students/icd/S/music/327mufeng.html (435 words)

	First Viennese School \| Classical Composers Database
		The three great classical composers, Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, are commonly referred to as the First Viennese School.
		They never really worked together as a group, though especially Mozart and Haydn knew each other well, and have most certainly influenced each other.
		Narrated by one to five people, this work presents the perfect opportunity to feature students, faculty, support staff, or school administrators.
	www.classical-composers.org /group/80 (360 words)

	Culinary School Connections - Connecticut Culinary Institute
		The maximum number of students in any CCI class is 12, so each student has ample opportunity for hands-on practice, and for individual evaluation and assistance by a skilled Chef/Instructor.
		While a passion for cooking is an important first ingredient to getting started on the path to a successful career as a chef or pastry chef, effective professional training is essential.
		The Pastry and Baking Program is designed to train students in the skills and techniques specific to a position in a professional bakery or pastry kitchen.
	www.foodservice.com /schools/connecticut_culinary (356 words)

	Michael Davidson, The Classical Piano Sonata from Haydn to Prokofiev / Vlado Perlemuter and Hèléne ...
		As I have noted in other places, the earlier the text, the fewer cues for the contemporary performer, but, as is evident from Davidson's book, even with plenty of evidence, the cues aren't always forthright.
		The first chapter gives a summary of some of the problem areas in interpreting the works of the First Viennese School (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert) and their successors.
		The main areas he examines are differences in the meaning of notations over time -- Mozart's slurs mean something very different than Haydn's, as a rule, and Beethoven, as usual, had his own idiosyncracies.
	www.greenmanreview.com /book/book_va_classicalmusings.html (872 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Second Viennese School
		Or else, you can start by choosing any of the categories below.
		The Second Viennese School was a group of composers made up of Arnold Schoenberg and those who studied under him in early 20th century Vienna.
		The first Viennese school, which is rarely referred to as such except in comparison to the Second Viennese School, is generally taken to consist of composers working in the late 18th and early 19th century, particularly Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Second_Viennese_School (282 words)

	Gramophone - Forum - The world's best classical music magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		To post messages to the forum you must register with Gramophone.
		Ever since the creation of the form, and particularly in the shadow of the achievements of the First Viennese School, many composers have shown reticence when contemplating the composition of a symphony - as conceived since the time of Haydn and Mozart - although some have not.
		Examples of the latter might include Mahler and Shostakovich, of the former most notably Brahms.
	www.gramophone.co.uk /mainforum.asp?messageSectionID=47&messageID=41251 (197 words)

	The Jewish Exponent
		At first glance, "Just Chill" looks like any another neighborhood ice cream joint.
		Instead, these three women -- all of whom grew up in South Philadelphia during the 1920s and 30s -- followed the trajectory of many others in their generation: They went to work, got married and raised children.
		The Education Directory contains must-have info for every parent on schools and educational programs in the area.
	www.jewishexponent.com (1802 words)

	The Life and Music of Anton Webern quiz -- free game
		Coincidentally, the first piece of each work is the same number of bars in length.
		Together with Schoenberg and Berg, Webern was one of the leaders of a school of composers.
		Webern wrote only one work for piano - what was it?
	www.funtrivia.com /playquiz.cfm?qid=184051 (222 words)

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