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Topic: First War against Napoleon

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	List of Swedish wars Information
		The Livonian War and the Russo-Swedish War, 1590-1595 or 25-årskriget mot Ryssland (1570-1595)
		The War against Sigismund or Kriget mot Sigismund (1598-1599)
		The First War against Napoleon or Första kriget mot Napoleon (1805-1810)
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/List_of_Swedish_wars (283 words)

	First War against Napoleon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The First War against Napoleon or the Pomeranian War, was the first involvement by Sweden in the Napoleonic Wars.
		Napoleon’s plans to invade Sweden was never realized due to the British activity on the Baltic Sea, weakness of Danish military and hesitations of French Marshal Bernadotte, that made him popular enough to be elected as a Swedish Crown Prince after the coup d’etat in March 1809.
		On August 30, 1809, the new Swedish government was to conclude the treaty of Fredrikshamn with Russia legitimizing the latter’s capture of Finland and Åland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_War_against_Napoleon (630 words)

	Napoleon I - Encyclopedia.com
		Napoleon built up his army, apparently preparing to invade England, but the invasion fleet he assembled (1803-5) was repeatedly struck by storms, and a major part of the French fleet was engaged in the disastrous expedition of Charles Leclerc to Haiti.
		An attempt (1809) by Austria to reopen war against France was defeated at Wagram (July 6, 1809) and resulted in the cession of Illyria to France by the Treaty of Schönbrunn.
		Napoleon secured an annulment of his marriage with Josephine, who was unable to bear him a child, and was married in Mar., 1810, to Marie Louise, the daughter of the Austrian emperor Francis I (formerly Holy Roman Emperor Francis II).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Napoleon1.html (2729 words)

	First World War.com - Feature Articles - The Planning of the War
		Before war broke out Joffre and his advisers were convinced that the threat of British involvement would keep Germany from invading through Belgium (with whom Britain had a treaty guaranteeing its neutrality; Germany regarded this as a mere "scrap of paper").
		However once war broke out Britain, governed by Asquith's administration, and after some initial confused dithering, determined to come to the aid of 'Brave Little Belgium' (as Belgium was represented in the initial British propaganda recruitment campaign) and to France.
		Instead, upon the declaration of war (or, in the case of Germany, invasion), the entirety of Belgium's armed forces, comprising 117,000 field troops, were concentrated west of the River Meuse in the (ultimately unsuccessful) defence of Antwerp.
	www.firstworldwar.com /features/plans.htm (2083 words)

	First World War.com - Feature Articles - The Causes of World War One
		The explosive that was World War One had been long in the stockpiling; the spark was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.
		Napoleon III, fearful of the prospect of theoretical war on two fronts - for the Hohenzollern prince was a relative of Kaiser Wilhelm I - objected.
		Napoleon III, who personally led his forces at the lost Battle of Sedan, surrendered and was deposed in the civil war that boiled over in France, resulting in the Third French Republic.
	www.firstworldwar.com /origins/causes.htm (4287 words)

	Napoloen Bonaparte - Destiny and Destruction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The wars which have become known as the Napoleonic Wars were essentially a continuation of the wars resulting from the Revolution, through which the Habsburgs of Austria and other royal houses in Europe combined in an effort to overthrow the revolutionary government of France and restore the French monarchy.
		In July 1809 Napoleon was forced to put down an Austrian army at the battle of Wagram and settled the war with the Treaty of Vienna, in terms of which Austria lost Salzburg, part of Galicia, and a large part of its southern European territory.
		Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to the island of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea.
	www.stormfront.org /whitehistory/hwr27.htm (2426 words)

	Bonaparte. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Napoleon’s father, Carlo Buonaparte, 1746–85, a petty Corsican nobleman, was a lawyer in Ajaccio.
		Napoleon’s youngest brother, Jérôme, 1784–1860, served in the navy and was sent to the West Indies.
		Napoleon refused to recognize the marriage and had little difficulty in changing the mind of the flighty Jérôme, for whom he made (1807) a new match with Catherine of Württemberg.
	www.bartleby.com /65/bo/BonapartFam.html (1266 words)

	The French Revolt and Empire
		Napoleon himself was not of a disposition to resist playing the same power games as those around him, and so not until 1815 did the wars end with the battle of Waterloo and the return of a monarch to Paris.
		Napoleon however, was increasingly aware of the negative effects of the ongoing warfare which threatened stability at home and he hoped to encourage Austrian neutrality by preventing the sort of resentment which usually accompanied severe war reparations.
		Napoleon remained in Moscow in the belief that an armistice would soon be offered, but none was forthcoming, and after a month of waiting he realized that the situation had become serious.
	www.wtj.com /articles/napsum1 (3463 words)

	The French Revolt and Empire
		Napoleon himself was not of a disposition to resist playing the same power games as those around him, and so not until 1815 did the wars end with the battle of Waterloo and the return of a monarch to Paris.
		Napoleon however, was increasingly aware of the negative effects of the ongoing warfare which threatened stability at home and he hoped to encourage Austrian neutrality by preventing the sort of resentment which usually accompanied severe war reparations.
		Napoleon remained in Moscow in the belief that an armistice would soon be offered, but none was forthcoming, and after a month of waiting he realized that the situation had become serious.
	wtj.com /articles/napsum1 (3463 words)

	The Assassination of Napoleon
		Napoleon won it by his success with the sword, not the sword of execution, nor the sword of the guillotine, but the sword of battle against the enemies of France.
		Napoleon established awards such as the "Legion of Honour" to reward those whose services to the nation merited special recognition; the recipient could be scientist, composer, legislator, clergyman, writer, as well as a soldier.
		Napoleon was poisoned slowly and chronically with arsenic in order to break down his health and make it appear that he was deteriorating in a normal and natural way from disease.
	www.napoleon-series.org /ins/weider/c_assassination_w.html (6894 words)

	NAPOLEONS LEGACY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Napoleon could never bring himself to cut his losses and abandon this war, partly because he persisted in thinking it was "a war of monks," which could be stamped out by ruthless repression, and partly because he was constantly tempted by the prospect of catching the English army and destroying it in Spain.
		Napoleon knew perfectly well the risks he was running in the surrender, but he was banking on the generosity of the British people and the fascination of his personality.
		Napoleon did not owe his rise to power to the arts of a demagogue or a party-manager (though he was no mean exponent of the art of propaganda), but to his transcendent ability as a military leader and as a ruler.
	www.cooper.edu /humanities/core/hss3/Markham_F.html (6723 words)

	Best of Russia --- History --- War with Napoleon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Anna's mother despised Napoleon and refused to give her daughter to Napoleon, saying that Anna, at fifteen years old, was too young to marry and that Napoleon would have to wait until she would be eighteen.
		Napoleon was sure that he had the Russian troops on the run and that it would only be a matter of time.
		Petersburg, the capital, to bring the war to an end was out of the question as the army was in such poor condition and would be without supplies on the road.
	www.bestofrussia.ca /napoleon.html (2554 words)

	Napoleon I of France - France.com
		Napoleon was one of the so-called "enlightened monarchs".
		He was born Napoleone Buonaparte in the city of Ajaccio on the island of Corsica one year after Corsica had been sold to France by the Republic of Genoa.
		A coalition against France formed in Europe, the royalists rose again, and Napoléon abandoned his troops and returned to Paris in 1799; in November of that year, a coup d'état made him the ruler and military dictator ("First Consul") of France.
	www.france.com /docs/364.html (1925 words)

	Cavour, Count Camillo Benso di (1810-1861) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Whereas Gustavo, as the first son could expect a position in the administration or the diplomatic corps in Piedmont, Camillo, as the second son of a nobleman, was earmarked for a career in the army, even though his interests were more political than military.
		The reopening of the war on March 20, 1849, was followed by the defeat at Novara on March 23 and the abdication of Carlo Alberto in favor of his son, Vittorio Emanuele.
		The Second War of Italian Independence opened in April 1859, approximately a decade after the close of the First War of Independence, and was decided by the battles of Magenta, San Martino, and Solferino.
	www.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/ac/cavour.htm (1086 words)

	Dave Kopel on Osama bin Laden on National Review Online
		During most of the Napoleonic wars, French generals could afford to fight battles with massive losses, because there were more conscripts to replace the casualties.
		The shared weakness of bin Laden and Napoleon was the limitlessness of their ambition, and their inability to recognize that the more they abused other nations, the greater the force that would be raised against them.
		Against bin Laden, the anti-Taliban coalition is the broadest that has ever existed in a war on this planet.
	www.nationalreview.com /kopel/kopel111901.shtml (1730 words)

	PBS - Napoleon: Napoleon at War
		Napoleon considered the Iberian Peninsula another world — with people from the Dark Ages - dominated by clergy, according to Napoleon, who were illiterate, ignorant, and fanatical.
		Napoleon didn’t take the trouble to study the country he was going to invade.
		Napoleon could never imagine that some people loved their countries as much as he loved his own.
	www.pbs.org /empires/napoleon/n_war/campaign/page_9.html (361 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Napoleon Bonaparte
		Napoleon refused to treat with Cardinal Litta, and demanded that Pius VII should be represented by a Frenchman, Cardinal de Bayanne.
		First the committee voted as the emperor wished, then, on more mature consideration, suspecting some stratagem on the emperor's part, it recalled its vote, and, on 10 July, Hirn, Bishop of Tournai, speaking for the committee, proposed to the council that no decision be made until a deputation had been sent to the pope.
		Napoleon defeated the Allies at Saint Dizier and at Brienne (27 29 January, 1814), the princes offered peace on condition that Napoleon should restore the boundaries of France to what they were in 1792.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10687a.htm (13132 words)

	PBS - Napoleon: Napoleon at War
		Napoleon advanced alone to meet them: "Soldiers," he cried, "if there is one among you who wants to kill his general, his Emperor, here I am." Suddenly, the soldiers began cheering wildly, "Long live the Emperor.
		For months after Napoleon's abdication, the Allies had been at odds with one another as they met in Vienna to hammer out an agreement to determine the shape of post-war Europe.
		Napoleon’s fate would be decided on a field of clover and rye, one mile long and three miles wide.
	www.pbs.org /empires/napoleon/n_war/campaign/page_15.html (883 words)

	The Claremont Institute: The Little Tyrant
		In contrast, for the insecure, megalomaniac, and duplicitous, Napoleonic power holds an eternal appeal, one apparently with increased attraction for a slowly eroding contemporary France, which deploys half an aircraft carrier as it eyes longingly the 12 fleet carrier groups of the United States.
		Napoleon's 1798 expedition to Egypt was an utter disaster, leaving the French fleet sunk by Lord Nelson at Aboukir Bay, the war against the Ottomans lost at Acre, and his army sick and stranded—as their general scurried home, leaving behind thousands of corpses, French and Arab.
		Military historians are impressed with Napoleon's 50 or so battles and his later small victories against the odds at Lützen, Dresden, and Hanau, but forget sometimes that he lost the really great historical decisions at Leipzig ("The Battle of Nations") and Waterloo, not because of overwhelming enemy superiority but because of tactical and strategic blunders.
	www.claremont.org /writings/crb/summer2003/hanson.html (1629 words)

	The Heritage of the Great War / First World War 1914 - 1918 / Eerste Wereldoorlog 14-18. Photographs: color pictures, ...
		Subjects are: the horror of the Great War battlefields, soldiers and kid soldiers (boy soldiers) in the First World War, civilians, wounded men, doctors, and the daily life in and behind the trenches of No Man's Land aka Nomansland during the Great War 14-18.
		We also have Great War propaganda posters and postcards and censored, forbidden pictures of corpses, dead and mutilated soldiers, mud and rain and shell holes and trenches, many trenches and entranchments, executions.
		There was a poppy and poppies near the war memorial at the Menin Gate, the Meense Poort, an "oorlogsmonument" and a klaproos, drawings by Albert Hahn.
	www.greatwar.nl (1674 words)

	Chapter 6: The War of 1812
		The first blows of the war were struck in the Detroit area and at Fort Michilimackinac.
		The expedition against Montreal in the fall of 1813 was one of the worst fiascoes of the war.
		The militia, occasionally competent, was never dependable, and in the nationalistic period that followed the war when the exploits of the Regulars were justly celebrated, an ardent young Secretary of War, John Calhoun, would be able to convince Congress and the nation that the first line of defense should be a standing army.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/amh/amh-06.htm (8946 words)

	disaster of war1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Goya's Disasters of War records with extraordinary realism the horrors of the Peninsular War, in which the Spanish rebelled against Napoleon's imposition of his brother Joseph as King in place of the Bourbon dynasty.
		The Spaniards conducted a heroic 'guerilla' war against the occupying forces which lasted from 1808 until 1814 when British forces under the Duke of Wellington succeeded in expelling the French.
		Goya decided against publication of the series, probably because the political situation remained oppressive after the conflict.
	www.hunterian.gla.ac.uk /Archives/goya3/dow1.html (255 words)

	Military Art by Louis Ernest Meissonier
		It was at this time that he developed his penchant for Napoleonic subjects as a way of glorifying France's military past in the wake of the disastrous defeat in 1871 and the subsequent horrors of the Paris Commune.
		Inspired by the first Napoleon, Meissonier developed the idea of creating a cycle of pictures dramatising the great soldier from his rise to his fall.
		Napoleon and his Staff by Meissonier Painted in 1868, Napoleon wears the uniform of the Chasseurs and is followed by his generals and an Egyptian Marmaluke (extreme left).
	www.militaryartcompany.com /meissonier.htm (1267 words)

	On the Road to Empire- by Justin Raimondo
		Critics of the war pointed to this possibility as a reason not to invade Iraq in the first place.
		The regionalization of the war, and the widening split in Islam, are successes so far as the War Party is concerned.
		As the American people are handed the bill for their orgy of extroversion, including an ongoing threat of terrorism on their own territory, they are bound to find the idea of isolation increasingly attractive.
	www.antiwar.com /justin (1307 words)

	ipedia.com: Swedish Pomerania Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Pomerania became involved in the Thirty Years' War during the 1620's, and with the town of Stralsund under siege by imperial troops its ruler Bogislaus XIV, the Duke of Stettin, concluded a treaty with the Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus in June 1628.
		During 1657 to 1659, under the Northern Wars (not to be confused with the Great Northern War), Polish, Austrian and Brandenburg troops ravaged the country and upon this followed the occupation by Denmark and Brandenburg 1675-1679 under the Scanian War, whereby Denmark claimed Rügen and Brandenburg the rest of Pomerania.
		The first years of the Great Northern War did not affect Pomerania and even when Danish, Russian and Polish forces had crossed the borders in 1714, Prussia first appeared as a hesitant mediator before turning into an aggressor.
	www.ipedia.com /swedish_pomerania.html (1739 words)

	War Is A Racket - Major General Smedley Butler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		I suppose, if the war had lasted just a little longer, the enterprising mosquito netting manufacturers would have sold your Uncle Sam a couple of consignments of mosquitoes to plant in France so that more mosquito netting would be in order.
		This was the "war to end all wars." This was the "war to make the world safe for democracy." No one mentioned to them, as they marched away, that their going and their dying would mean huge war profits.
		Had secrecy been outlawed as far as war negotiations were concerned, and had the press been invited to be present at that conference, or had radio been available to broadcast the proceedings, America never would have entered the World War.
	lexrex.com /enlightened/articles/warisaracket.htm (5834 words)

	Napoleon--World History lesson plan (grades 6-8)--DiscoverySchool.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One of Napoleon’s first tasks as a dictator was to simplify the French legal system by writing the Napoleonic Code.
		Napoleon links are part of this War Times Journal webzine on military history.
		Context: Napoleon is commissioned as second lieutenant in the artillery, a fortuitous choice since new advances in weaponry and tactics are about to rewrite history.
	school.discovery.com /lessonplans/programs/napoleon (1194 words)

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