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Topic: First war of independence

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Indian Mutiny

Sepoy Mutiny

Indian Independence Movement

British India

British Raj

Company rule in India

British East India Company

Battle of Plassey

Robert Clive

Awadh

Imperialism in Asia

Bengal

History of South Asia

Bahadur Shah Zafar II

Heavenly Kingdom of Taiping

	First War- Declaration of Independence
		The overtures of the First Continental Congress in 1774 came to nothing, discontent grew, and as the armed skirmishes at Lexington and Concord (Apr. 19, 1775) developed into the American Revolution, many members of the Second Continental Congress of Philadelphia followed the leadership of John Hancock, John Adams, and Samuel Adams in demanding independence.
		The stirring closing paragraph is the formal pronouncement of independence and is borrowed from the resolution of July 2.
		The first is that of John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress.
	www.angelfire.com /ny5/firstwar77/dofind.html (548 words)

	First World War.com - Primary Documents - Soviet Recognition of Finland's Independence, 18 December 1917
		In December a full declaration of independence by the Finnish government was accepted by the new Soviet government.
		The independence of the Republic of Finland as a country is recognised, and
		A "creeping barrage" is an artillery bombardment in which a 'curtain' of artillery fire moves toward the enemy ahead of the advancing troops and at the same speed as the troops.
	www.firstworldwar.com /source/finland1917.htm (305 words)

	Ten Years' War - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Ten Years' War, first Cuban war of independence from Spanish rule fought between 1868 and 1878.
		The rebellion, caused chiefly by the failure of...
		In the 1820s, however, independence from Spain began to be discussed as Spanish rule became more repressive.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Ten_Years'_War.html (171 words)

	Independence War 2 - The Edge Of Chaos Preview for PC - Gaming Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Well, even if the general PC gaming public didn’t dig Independence War as much as the press did, the game is finally getting a sequel that will bring fans of the original to the edge of chaos.
		In Independence War 2: The Edge of Chaos, the story takes place one hundred years later, far from the core systems where the first war took place.
		If Independence War 2: The Edge of Chaos turns out as good as space-sim fanatics hope it will, it might just turn out to be Spaces-Sim of the Year in 2001.
	www.gaming-age.com /cgi-bin/previews/preview.pl?sys=pc&game=idwar2 (533 words)

	Marx and Engels. First Indian War of Independence 1857-58
		First, we have the stockholders in the East India Company, to the number of about 3,000 persons, to whom tinder the recent charter there is guaranteed, upon a paid-up capital of six millions of pounds sterling, an annual dividend of ten and a half per cent, amounting to £630,000 annually.
		On first reaching India, a civilian is allowed about $150 a month, till having passed a necessary examination in one or more of the native languages (which must be within twelve months after his arrival), he is attached to the service with emoluments which vary from $2,500 to near $50,000 per annum.
		In fact, the whole cost of the late Russian war may fairly be charged to the Indian account, since the fear and dread of Russia, which led to that war, grew entirely out of jealousy as to her designs on India.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1857/09/21.htm (1273 words)

	Spanish-Cuban-American War - History of Cuba
		The Spanish soldiers referred to the insurgents as “the men of Mamby,” and “mambies.” When Cuba’s first war of independence (known as the Ten Year War) broke out in 1868, some of the same soldiers were assigned to the island, importing what had, by then, become a derogatory Spanish slur.
		A number of war historians have agreed that the western invasion of Cuba was one of the great military achievements of the 19th century.
		The war was not going well for Spain, and General Martínez Campos was forced to resign in shame during the early days of January 1896.
	www.historyofcuba.com /history/scaw/scaw1a.htm (2083 words)

	Essay about Spain and the Spanish-American War of 1898
		The war against the French invaders and the intensity of subsequent political strife bred an unusual violence in Spanish politics.
		Already during the first insurrection of 1868-78, U.S. President Grant felt that Cuban independence and the emancipation of slaves in the island would have been the last chapter of the American Civil War and the full implementation of the Monroe doctrine after the expulsion of the French from Mexico.
		The war freed Spain from the shackles of imperial ideology and allowed it to look into the future for the first time and consider, on their own merits, the understanding of its historical being and its development in the modern world.
	www.loc.gov /rr/hispanic/1898/ojeda.html (2149 words)

	1857 - The First War of Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		And in it's broad sweep it was the greatest armed challenge to colonial rule during the entire course of the nineteenth century.
		In the first report of the Torture Commission at Madras presented to the British House of Commons in 1856, this was acknowledged along with the admission that officers of the East India Company did not abstain from torture, nor did they discourage its use.
		In the first half of the 19th century - tax revenues payable to the British increased 70%.
	www.indhistory.com /1857-war-of-independance.html (1865 words)

	The Sepoy Rebellion (1857)
		Furthermore, the telling of the history of the war is, to this day, an ongoing battle between two competing narratives, the history belonging to the British that won the war, and the history claimed by the Indians who were defeated.
		There the war lasted until late November, until the rebels were driven to defeat in the Ganges Valley in December and January by Hugh Rose and Colin Campbell.
		Though the exact cause of the Sepoy War has yet to be agreed upon, and it is likely that there were many complex causes rather than one, it is clear that British interference governments and the oppression of the Indian people, religious and economic, created a bloody revolution.
	www.english.emory.edu /Bahri/Mutiny.html (2603 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Alexandru Averescu
		First and foremost a military commander, Averescu's wartime service dated back to involvement in the War of Independence against Turkey in 1877-78.
		In August 1916 however she finally entered the war against the Central Powers.
		After the war Averescu was responsible for establishing the People's League political group which triumphed in Romania's 1920 elections.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/averescu.htm (355 words)

	BALOCHISTAN: SECOND WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
		The first War of Independence of the Balochs launched immediately after the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971, was ruthlessly crushed by the late Zulfiquar Ali Bhutto, then in power, with the help of the Pakistan Army and the Air Force.
		The first War of Independence was fought largely by the Marri tribe led by Khair Bux Marri and the Mengal tribe led by Ataullah Khan Mengal.
		Whereas the first Baloch War of Independence was triggered off largely by political grievances, the second War of Independence has been triggered off by a mix of political, economic and social grievances.
	www.saag.org /papers17/paper1651.html (1350 words)

	A Southern View of History: The War for Southern Independence-Introduction
		A "civil war" is a war within a country where two or more political factions do battle for control of the government.
		The War of 1861-65 was a War Between States, a War for Southern Independence or a Defensive War Against Northern Aggression.
		The war, started by the Northern aggression was a call, as in the First War for Independence, for men to defend their rights included in the Constitution and their homeland.
	www.scv674.org /SH-Introduction.htm (1449 words)

	Advani in independence war commemoration body
		Leader of Opposition L.K. Advani's suggestion to set up a broad-based panel to commemorate the 150th anniversary of India's First War Of Independence has had an immediate impact - he will be a member of the body.
		"As leader of opposition, you would be an honoured member of the National Committee (to commemorate the 1857 independence war) as soon as it is constituted," Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said in a letter to the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader.
		In his reply, Manmohan Singh said the department of culture was setting up a broad-based national committee to commemorate the First War of Independence, as also other milestones in the country's path to independence.
	news.webindia123.com /news/Articles/India/20060516/336148.html (220 words)

	The War of Independence, 1948 - The Peace Encyclopedia
		This was Britain's first contribution to the burden of the nascent state.
		And through one of the greatest miracles of modern times, and a testimony to the will to survive, tiny Israel was not only able to survive intact - she was also able to capture territory from which the Arab aggressors attacked; this is the penalty for waging war (and losing), and it always has been.
		Some came through Jordan and even through Amman....They were in reality to strike the first blow in the ruin of the Arabs of Palestine.
	peace.heebz.com /warindep.html (1493 words)

	History of Cuba - The Ten Year War
		The first large-scale war for Cuban independence began on October 10 1868 with a historic speech known as the Grito de Yara (Cry of Yara) by landowner and slave-owner Carlos Manuel de Céspedes.
		Within the first year of the war a young man named Antonio Maceo rose to the unprecedented rank of lieutenant colonel of the Liberating Army and captured the admiration and imagination of fl and white Cubans alike.
		Even though the island was too valuable for the Spanish to loose (Cuba was their last foothold on the new world), the idea of a free and independent Cuba had soaked the national consciousness and would not die.
	www.historyofcuba.com /history/funfacts/tenyear.htm (321 words)

	Asia Times Online Community and News Discussion - BALOCHISTAN : SECOND WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
		Instead of achievable independence leaders of smaller provinces especially Balochistan and NWFP chose a hope in future of a federal Pakistan as they all joined unanimously to put in words, in form and shape, in 1973 Constitution to translate into a formidable action plan their dream of provincial autonomy.
		This is the first reported incident of its kind targeting a general officer and his deputy in their own area of command.
		As the warring factions have so far failed to put aside their differences the people of the region have little reason to beleive that the present ceasefire will succeed where those of 1960s and 1970s failed.
	forum.atimes.com /topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=4910 (12801 words)

	3D Gamers :: Game Listing :: Independence War 2: the Edge of Chaos Info
		One hundred years have passed since the end of the first Independence War, and far from the riches of Sol and the core systems, trouble is brewing.
		The Badlands Cluster: Eight barely habitable star systems populated by the flotsam and jetsam of humanity who, after years of oppression at the hands of greedy corporations and ruthless marauder bands, are ready to fight back.
		With the help of a small band of escaped prisoners - and a dead war hero immortalised in silicon - his actions inadvertently become the trigger for rebellion.
	www.3dgamers.com /games/iwar2 (174 words)

	Indian History - British Period - First war of Independence
		One of the leaders of the First War of Independence, Nana Saheb of Bithur was born in 1824.
		India’s First War of Independence carried on as late as 1859 in some instances before it was finally over.
		A number of heroes and heroines of the India’s First war of Independence have been immortalized for their fight in against British rule.
	www.gatewayforindia.com /history/british_history2.htm (2232 words)

	The First Italian War of Independence (1848-49) -- a Military History
		The States had, however, tasted reform and the modern world under the French, and calls grew either for a change from traditional monarchy to constitutional monarchy or for the disparate states of Italy to unite as one nation.
		Garibaldi, who had joined the fight for independence just as the armistice was about to be agreed, took his followers into the mountains and fought on for another three weeks, winning two stunning victories with his 500 men against an Austrian army of 5,000, but then was forced to retreat to Switzerland.
		Carlo Alberto first surrendered, then abdicated in favour of his son Vittorio Emanuele, and the Sardinian part of the conflict was over.
	www.victorianweb.org /history/risorgimento/2.html (953 words)

	Scotland's First War of Independence - Book Review - History
		The subject of Scotland's Wars of Independence with England during the 13th and 14th centuries has been extensively written about, but no inclusive book on the subject has been available until now.
		From Orkney in the north of Scotland, to Whithorn in the south, from the Vale of York in northern England to southern Ireland, the reader is led through the events, people and places that changed Scotland's destiny and shaped its relationship with its neighbours.
		It is also the first comprehensive book on this subject to be produced.
	thecapitalscot.com /scotbook/warindependence.html (675 words)

	Revolt of 1857,The Great Indian Revolt of 1857,Revolt of 1857 in India,First Indian War of Independence
		The revolt of 1857 was concluded as a first Indian War of Independence.
		It is true that the old poet-king in Delhi, Bahadur Shah Zafar and his cohorts, Tatia Tope of Gwalior (Gwalior itself did not rebel, Tope was merely a general), the Rani of Jhansi and so on had very narrow and selfish aims to achieve – their petty kingdoms, money and power.
		Their war was not for a small kingdom, they were fighting for freedom.
	voice.indiasite.com /1857.html (811 words)

	Miserable condition of the grave of a warrior lady, The Milli Gazette, Vol. 2 No. 12
		There are two great Indian fighters of the war of independence who devoted their entire lives for the freedom of the country but after their death they could not get even two yards of land for burial in their beloved country.
		The first name among such unfortunate persons is that of the hero of India’s first war of independence Bahadur Shah Zafar and the second name of the same period is that of the great warrior lady Begum Hazrat Mahal who took an active part in India’s first war of independence of 1857.
		The battle of Alambagh is written in letters of gold in the history of India’s war of independence.
	www.milligazette.com /Archives/15062001/25.htm (1284 words)

	The Hindu : Metro Plus Chennai / Madras Miscellany : The first rebellion
		That expansion policy had in fact begun in the 1760s, after the defeat in the Carnatic of the French — who had first moved from trade to playing a role in local politics.
		It was as successors to this role that the British first met opposition within their own ranks.
		Mohammed Yusuf Khan, described by the British military leadership itself as "the bravest and ablest of all the native soldiers that ever served the English in India", was perhaps responsible more than anyone else for the English victory in the Carnatic, his guerrilla tactics preventing the French from establishing secure supply lines.
	www.thehindu.com /mp/2006/06/19/stories/2006061900220500.htm (536 words)

	Rajput News, Articles, Indian Resources, Hinduism Resources, Kshtriya Dharma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The part which Kunwar Singh played in the First War of Independence marks a glorious chapter in the chequered history of his country.
		Kunwar Singh was the first Indian to kill a British officer (Captain Charles Dunbar of the 10th Foot Regiment).
		Incensed by the death sentence of Mangal Pandey, Bihari soldiers of the Danapur cantonment, who were later called "mutineers" by the British Raj, were the first to raise a banner of revolt under the leadership of Babu Kunwar Singh against the British Raj.
	www.rajputindia.com /resources/showarticle.asp?JournalID=333 (980 words)

	Panthic Weekly: Truth Behind 1857, part 1
		First of all the misconception preached by most newspapers, magazines and history books is that the battle of 1857 was the first war of independence.
		He is the first martyr of the freedom movement in India.
		Bhai Maharaj Singh was the first Sikh to go to every village and city to preach for freedom and start a freedom movement against the British rule.
	www.panthic.org /news/129/ARTICLE/2623/2006-07-16.html (824 words)

	Start of the War of Independence
		Early in the war, from November 29, 1947 until April 1, 1948, the Palestinian Arabs took the offensive, with help from volunteers from neighboring countries.
		From mid-May to mid-July, the critical phase of the war, came the simultaneous, coordinated assault on the new State of Israel by five regular Arab armies from neighboring countries (Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon and Iraq), with an overwhelming superiority of heavy equipment - armor, artillery and airforce.
		This will be a war of extermination and a momentous massacre which will be spoken of like the Mongolian massacres and the Crusades.
	www.palestinefacts.org /pf_independence_war_start.php (702 words)

	first war of independence - Sify.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		"The first war of Indian independence," as it is called by some, was the first step in a long struggle for independence by the people of India.
		The first event occurred when the leaders of the "John Company" or, East India Trade Co., began to loose touch with the native soldiers who were called Sepoys.
		With numbers like these all the British could do for the first couple of months was try to ward off any Sepoy attack and wait until reinforcements arrived from Britain.
	sify.com /itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13375033 (1011 words)

	First War of Independence Mughals Delhi 1858 Massacre 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		First War of Independence Mughals Delhi 1858 Massacre 1
		This scene was a standard British way to settle scores, and continued long after the war of independence in 1857.
		It was hotly debated in British and Indian papers between liberals and conservatives.
	www.harappa.com /engr/delhi1.html (276 words)

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