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	Wars of Scottish Independence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between Scotland and England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.
		The First War (1296–1328) began with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296, and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328.
		The war began in earnest with Edward I's sacking of Berwick in March 1296, followed by the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Dunbar and the abdication of John Balliol in July.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence (3711 words)

	Scottish independence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Scottish independence is the name given to a political movement of Scottish people seeking the re-establishment of an independent sovereign state of Scotland, via the dissolution of the United Kingdom.
		Demands for Scottish independence are based on the idea that Scotland is a nation with separate culture and identity from that of England and ought ultimately to secede from the United Kingdom and revert to the independent status as a nation-state it enjoyed before 1707.
		The independence movement is a diverse one which ranges from those who seek a gradualist advance to independence through the incremental devolution of governance, and those wishing to move straight to a sovereign state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scottish_independence (1838 words)

	House of Dunkeld - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The House of Dunkeld or Canmore was a dynasty of Scottish kings that ruled Scotland from 1058 to 1290.
		The first king of this new dynasty was Malcolm III of Scotland who determined that succession would be to the eldest son, not according to the rules of tanistry.
		Fearing the influence of king Eric II of Norway, her father, and another endless civil war, the Scottish nobles appealed to Edward I of England.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/House_of_Dunkeld (231 words)

	Encyclopedia: First War of Indian Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The war caused the end of the British East India Company's rule in India, and led to a century of direct rule of India by Britain: the British Raj.
		The events of this period are known to Indians as the First War of Independence and the War of Independence of 1857 and to the British as the Indian Mutiny, the Sepoy Mutiny, the Sepoy Rebellion, the Great Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857.
		At first he was reluctant but eventually he agreed to the demands and became the leader of the rebellion.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/First-War-of-Indian-Independence (3524 words)

	Scotland's Past - Robert Bruce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the Wars of Independence, during which the Scots fought against the English for the right to be an independent nation, reach a climax.
		The modern, and infinitely milder, equivalent of a war of independence is a referendum and the Scottish have re-established their right to independence through the recent referendum.
		The emphasis on the wider implications of the war is justified by the fact that the vast bulk of the archive material relating to the war emanates from the English royal government which was unable to operate in Scotland from1311.
	www.scotlandspast.org /roberti.cfm (4701 words)

	Scotland's Past (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This book is the first attempt to embrace in a single volume the whole course of the wars from the invasion of 1296 to the release of David from English captivity in 1357.
		The name 'Comyn' has long been associated in Scottish tradition with treachery - the family were involved in the infamous kidnapping of the young Alexander III in 1257, were accused of treachery against William Wallace at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298 and of betraying Robert Bruce to Edward I of England in 1306.
		Comyn dominance of the Scottish political scene adds a new twist to the murder of John Comyn by Robert Bruce in the Greyfriars' Church at Dumfries in 1306 and to the impact of the battle of Bannockburn (1314) on the power struggle within Scotland.
	www.scotlandspast.org /wallaceID1.cfm (2870 words)

	Military History Online - King Philip's War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Increase Mather, writing after the war, suggested he was killed "out of hatred for him for his Religion, for he was Christianized, and baptiz'd, and was a Preacher amongst the Indians...and was wont to curb those Indians that knew not God on the account of their debauchereyes".
		The war was spreading to the West, and on Sept. 1, Wampanoags and Nipmucks attacked Deerfield, Mass.
		The war, which was extremely costly to the colonists in life and property, resulted in the virtual extermination of tribal Indian life in southern New England and the disappearance of the fur trade.
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com /horsemusket/kingphilip/default.aspx (3729 words)

	Scottish Devolution: A Historical and Political Analysis
		The first clause of the Scotland Act of 1998 reads, "there shall be a Scottish parliament."<1> In May 1999 Scotland elects its first Parliament since 1707, and the Queen will formally open it on July 1st, 1999.
		As Archie Brown theorized in his article, Asymmetrical Devolution: the Scottish Case, "membership in the European Union means that a break with England would not be absolute."<16> With Scotland’s striving economy and claims to the North Sea oil, the EU may be the larger entity needed to replace the UK and give Scotland stability.
		By 1979 the Scottish public was bored of the five-year struggle that had become the Scottish Home Rule campaign and which had culminated in the Referendum.
	www.loyno.edu /history/journal/1998-9/Rivera.htm (3340 words)

	UK Battlefields Resource Centre - Medieval - The Myton Campaign
		During the first half of the 14th century the Scots were involved in a series of campaigns to secure their independence, following Edward I’s conquest in the 1290s.
		The Scottish army numbered perhaps 10-15,000 men, one account says 20,000 though medieval chronicles are notoriously inaccurate when it comes to numbers of troops involved in major actions.
		Brown a more extensive summary of the first Scottish war of independence, of which Myton was a part, in the introductory chapter to his study of the second war of independence.
	www.battlefieldstrust.com /resource-centre/medieval/campainview.asp?CampainId=10 (483 words)

	Austin Scottish Rite History
		The Austin Scottish Rite Temple and Theatre was constructed in 1871.
		The Scottish Rite sign, located on the corner at the intersection of 18th Street and Lavaca is seen by tens of thousands of people each week.
		Another is Anson Jones, who would become the first Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Texas: Brother Jones was issued a dispensation from the Grand Lodge of Louisiana to create Holland Lodge, the first lodge in Texas.
	www.austinscottishrite.org /history/aus_sr_hist.html (457 words)

	Scottish Independence Web Server
		Edward's Scottish campaigns were characterized by excessive cruelty and destruction, and whenever a section of the country was in the power of his troops he ruled it with an iron hand.
		In Scotland the first result of James' accession to the throne of England was the impoverishment of the country.
		In the wars between Charles I and his parliaments, Scotland bore her share, and the trickery of that king often led her into positions which her own devotion to the Royal House of Stuart on one hand, and her love of political liberty on the other, could not harmonize, much less justify.
	www.forscotland.com /aou.html (7798 words)

	The first government of the United States had a distinctly Scottish flavour
		The "shot heard round the world", the first blast that began the American Revolution, is claimed to have been fired by a Scottish American, Ebenezer Munro, of the Lexington Minutemen.
		The Declaration of Independence was not the first such declaration and was heavily influenced by a Scottish document – the famous Declaration of Arbroath, written some 456 years previously.
		The first President of the US and his entire cabinet were all men of Scottish ancestry, and since that beginning more than 75% of all American Presidents have had at least some Scottish blood.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Aegean/2653/mark_of_the_scots_usa.htm (761 words)

	Last_Confederate_Widow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It was in Tallassee that Alberta married her first husband, Howard Farrow, in a little church on a street corner.
		While she was pregnant with their first child, Miz Alberta worked 12 hours a day in a cotton mill until her clothes could no longer hide her condition.
		At first, the local clergy were not sure how to handle the marriage, so Charlie and Alberta were temporarily estranged from their church.
	www.lastconfederatewidow.com (2918 words)

	Introduction to "The Second Scottish Wars for Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Despite having given his name to the Treaty of Northampton, Edward III was determined to avenge the humiliation of both Bannockburn and the Weardale Campaign in which the Scots had thoroughly trounced the English forces.
		The Treaty of Northampton was the treaty which officially recognised Scotland as an independent Kindom and Robert the Bruce as its rightful King.
		After the hugh Scottish Victory at Bannockburn under Robert the Bruce, the Scottish supporters of Edward I and his son Edward II, had lost all of their lands and holdings as Bruce gave them to his allies whom had supported him.
	members.aol.com /skyelander/intro5.html (363 words)

	Scottish Wars of Independence Society, Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The House of Labhran Scottish regimental uniforms and insignia including a full range of badges and related militaria and kilts from the Highland regiments.
		Battle of Falkirk Essay on the war in 1298 between Scotland and England, which culminated in the execution of William Wallace.
		Isabella of France Brief biography of Isabella of France, who was Princess of Wales during the 13th-14th C. Scottish Wars.
	www.morrisarearedcross.org /bWFfMTg3OTAy.aspx (468 words)

	War film (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Films of the war film genre deal primarily with actual warfare, usually featuring sea, air, or land battles and their combatants, or on daily military or civilian life in the midst of battle or the threat of battle.
		Many of the dramatic war films in the early 1940s in the United States were designed to create consensus at the expense of "the enemy".
		War films produced during and just after the Vietnam War era tended to reflect the disillusionment of the American public towards the war.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/W/War-film.htm (870 words)

	Scottish Heraldry
		This makes Scottish heraldry one of the most tightly controlled in the world, as it is one of the few countries where heraldry is protected by law, and that law is still actively enforced.
		The first is that subsequent marriage of the parents will legitimate a child so long as the parents were free to marry at the time of that child's birth.
		The most famous example of this is the "MacDonald Peerage Case" where the Irish Barony of MacDonald was inherited by the descendents of the first child son after the marriage of 3rd Lord MacDonald and the Scots Baronetcy passed to the descendents of the eldest son (born previous to the marriage).
	www.clanmacrae.org /documents/heraldry.htm (4060 words)

	Military History Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The First Crusade culminated with the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 and within decades new institutions military orders, were founded in the newly claimed Latin East.[1] These orders consisted of members who lived according to rules which resembled existing monastic regulations.
		They would be transported to their target beaches with anticipation from their superiors of accomplishing a series of damaging blows to the German fortifications in Dieppe as well as in the towns, villages, and open areas surrounding Dieppe.
		So there was no one to puzzle out the faint white flecks of sails growing larger on the pinkish gray horizon, and no one to ring the massive church bells to sound the alarm that a fleet of seven ships was approaching.
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com (2315 words)

	Attack on Fallujah can't be justified
		Of course it was convenient and the better part of valor for the president to wait until after the election to start dropping the 500-pound bombs on Fallujah as well as raking the streets with artillery and aircraft firepower.
		Under the U.N. Charter, armed force by a state against the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of another state is a violation of international law.
		As was the case with the original October 2002 congressional resolution authorizing war, Democrats are unsure of themselves and therefore unwilling to challenge the president.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /opinion/199290_thomas12.html (718 words)

	The Claremont Institute: First in War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The second wave was composed primarily of fugitives from the Civil War: Cavaliers and the prosperous gentry of the south of England who moved to the Tidewater of Virginia.
		The conventional wisdom holds that the winter encampment at Valley Forge was the turning point of the war, providing the crucible for the transformation of a ragged, ill-equipped, and starving rabble into an effective military instrument of national policy, capable of holding its own in the open field against disciplined British regulars.
		Thus the experience of the winter of 1777-78 "forged a temporal—and especially a spatial—template for the rest of the war in the north." There is a tendency to treat the outcome of events as inevitable.
	claremont.org /writings/crb/summer2004/owens.html (2144 words)

	General History
		His first son was created Earl of Arran in 1503 and Duke of Catelherault in 1549.
		The first reliable record of the name in Scotland was in 1296 when Walter Fitzgilbert de Hameldone was one of these Scottish nobles to pledge allegiance to Edward I of England.
		After this initial support of the English, the Hamiltons lent their allegiances to Bruce during the Wars of Independance and were granted the lands of Cadzow.
	www.geocities.com /hamiltonweb2000/_private/GENERALHISTORY.HTM (660 words)

	South Carolina SC – Firsts
		In addition to being the first professional female artist in the American colonies, Johnston was also the first artist in the colonies to work primarily with pastels.
		Four months before the Declaration of Independence was signed, South Carolina adopted a state constitution–drafted by a Provincial Congress–and elected John Rutledge (1739-1800) as the state's president and Henry Laurens (1724-1792) as its vice-president.
		Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley sunk the USS Housatonic.
	www.sciway.net /facts/firsts.html (1467 words)

	Scots For Independence: Andrew de Moray
		His father, Sir Andrew de Moray, and his uncle were still held in the Tower of London, along with many other Scottish knights who had earlier shown a tendency to revolt, and had been captured and taken to England as assurance against further uprisings.
		Nor is it on record that he attended the Scottish council at Perth in October where he and Wallace were jointly named "leaders of the army of the realm of Scotland." Both received their knighthood at around this point also, presumably in recognition of their services to Scotland at this fatal juncture.
		He is directly responsible for the heroic uprising in the north, indirectly responsible for the overthrow of the English in Aberdeenshire, and one of two great leaders who defeated English chivalry at the Battle of Stirling Bridge.
	www.angelfire.com /sc2/scotsforindependence/history/demoray.html (1969 words)

	The Early Days of a Better Nation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		After all, independence is almost universally acknowledged to be a fine attribute in an individual, a housekeeping budget, a family or an enterprise; so why is it such a bad thing for a country to be independent?
		Independence would only improve matters if more of the Scottish people were to indeed acknowledge independence to be a fine attribute in an individual, and fewer were to regard it with as much enthusiasm as a tick regards sheep-dip.
		There used to be a Scottish nationalist T-shirt slogan: 'England is foreign to me.' For myself, I'd prefer to be a true commonwealth's man. I refuse any politics that would make me a foreigner in England.
	kenmacleod.blogspot.com /2005_01_01_kenmacleod_archive.html (2784 words)

	Scottish Heritage - Book Reviews
		Holcombe, the first American to publish on the subject, shows who really killed Colin Campbell, and discusses whether the hanging of James Stewart was justified, and how the deaths of both men described the historical trends then shaping Scotland.
		If you are interested in Scottish history, clans, Scotland and its environment, its culture, lifestyle and traditions, in Scottish language (Scots or Gaelic), then we have the books for you.
		The Scottish Publishers Association was founded in 1973, by a group of 12 publishers as the Scottish General Publishers Association.
	thecapitalscot.com /scotbook/reviews.html (987 words)

	A Few Non (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The American civil war defined the face of the United States for a generation at least, the American revolution broke British power in America, while cementing it in India.
		Contrary to popular belief, many Scots in the first Scottish war of independence really did not care much about who ruled them, provided he left them in peace.
		Edward I was daft enough to presume his claim of overlordship gave him the right to conscript Scottish lords and their people to fight in France.
	www.changingthetimes.co.uk /admin/a_few_non.htm (1134 words)

	Scotland: Gateway to Scotland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		After centuries of wars with the Picts, they put the crown of Scots and Picts on the head of their king, Kenneth MacAlpin, in 843.
		The defeat of Edward II at Bannockburn in 1314 was a great victory, reflected in the songs and spirit of Scottish nationalism until present times.
		The desire to preserve independence was embodied in a plea to the Pope, known as the Declaration of Arbroath.
	www.geo.ed.ac.uk /home/scotland/scotland.html (1630 words)

	Wars of Edward III, 0851156460, £50.00/$90.00, 416pp, 2000
		The young king's first campaign against the Scots was a complete failure, and the next year the `shameful peace' set the seal on Robert Bruce's victory in the First Scottish War of Independence.
		Complementing these primary source materials are eight classic articles covering the Scottish Wars, the outbreak of the Hundred Years War, the recruitment, organisation and supply of English armies, English strategy and war aims, and the war's impact on French society and on the development of Parliament in England.
		A good introduction to the history of the war, the chief primary and secondary sources, and...
	www.boydell.co.uk /51156460.HTM (414 words)

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