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Topic: First generation language

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	First-generation programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Originally, no translator was used to compile or assemble the first-generation language.
		This is done without user interaction, usually from a higher-level language as Fortran, C/C++ or Pascal, often with intermediate byte code or assembly code.
		This language had no means of inserting assembly code or to link to libraries made by other languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First-generation_programming_language (427 words)

	Fifth-generation programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A fifth-generation programming language (abbreviated 5GL) is a programming language based around solving problems using constraints given to the program, rather than using an algorithm written by a programmer.
		While fourth-generation programming languages are designed to build specific programs, fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve the problem for you.
		In the 1990s, fifth-generation languages were considered to be the wave of the future, and some predicted that they would replace all other languages for system development, with the exception of low-level languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fifth-generation_programming_language (293 words)

	Smart Computing Encyclopedia Entry - first generation language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In the beginning of computer history, as first generation computers were no longer being rewired but rather programmed using some input component, computer programming took the form of numbers and numbers alone.
		First generation language was really a low-level language because it specified the numerical-programming that was directly read and interpreted by certain early or first generation computers themselves.
		So, first generation language was purely numerical machine code, meaning binary strings signified a series of instructions often intermixed with data.
	www.smartcomputing.com /editorial/dictionary/detail.asp?guid=&searchtype=1&DicID=17348&RefType=Encyclopedia (503 words)

	Fourth Generation Language
		It's the latest generation of languages, which began with 1 GL (first-generation language) in the 1950s.
		When digital computers were first invented in the early 1 950s, computer "programs" had to be written this way - using 1's and 0's - and were entered into the computer by placing wires on circuit boards.
		Assembler language was in wide use by the late 1 950s and continued in very heavy use until the late 1 960s.
	www.dexterchaney.com /showpage.asp?page=108 (2939 words)

	Spoken Language Generation
		Spoken language generation allows for provision of responses as part of an interactive human-machine dialogue, where speech is one medium for the response.
		The field of spoken language generation is in its infancy, with very few researchers working on systems that deal with all aspects of producing spoken language responses, i.e., determining what to say, how to say it, and how to pronounce it.
		Although response generation is a critical component of interactive spoken language systems, and of any human computer interface, many current systems assume that once a spoken utterance is interpreted, the response can be made using the underlying system application (e.g., the results of a database search) and commercial speech synthesizers.
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /HLTsurvey/ch5node6.html (1859 words)

	Low-level programming language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In computer science, a low-level programming language is a language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's microprocessor.
		The word "low" does not imply that the language is inferior to high-level programming languages but rather refers to the lower level of abstraction.
		It is considered a second-generation language because while it is not a microprocessor's native language, an assembly language programmer must still understand the microprocessor's unique architecture (such as its registers and instructions).
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/l/lo/low_level_programming_language.html (162 words)

	Webopedia: The Five Generations of Computers
		The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
		First generation computers relied on machine language to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.
		Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.
	www.webopedia.com /DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/2002/FiveGenerations.asp (713 words)

	Fourth-generation language
		The first three generations were developed fairly quickly, but it was still frustrating, slow, and error prone to program computers, leading to the first "programming crisis", in which the amount of work that might be assigned to programmers greatly exceeded the amount of programmer time available to do it.
		Thus were born report-generator languages[?], which were fed a description of the data format and the report to generate and turned that into a program which actually contained the commands to read and process the data and place the results on the page.
		Some other successful 4th-generation languages are: database query languages, e.g.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/4g/4GL.html (181 words)

	Smart Computing Encyclopedia Entry - third-generation language (3GL) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Because there was not a connection between the language and the hardware, 3GLs were the first to have names.
		The term “first-generation language” is rarely used; however, it describes what we know as machine language.
		A fourth-generation language is closer to human language than a 3GL language, and a fifth-generation language is closer still to human language.
	www.smartcomputing.com /editorial/dictionary/detail.asp?guid=&searchtype=1&DicID=19240&RefType=Encyclopedia (474 words)

	FIRST from FOLDOC
		In a functional language, it is standard to have first class programs, so program building blocks can have the same status.
		First Fit fits data into memory by scanning from the beginning of available memory to the end, until the first free space which is at least big enough to accept the data is found.
		When computers were first "programmed" from an input device, rather than by being rewired, they were fed input in the form of numbers, which they then interpreted as commands.
	www.instantweb.com /d/dictionary/foldoc.cgi?query=FIRST (757 words)

	Answer 1i
		Some commentators on the development of programming languages characterise their history as a linear progression from "first generation" languages (the machine languages of early computers), through second, third, fourth and fifth generations.
		Assembler language is very complex and to even do a simple task took a lot of writing but was still better to write than machine language.
		The fourth generation language (4GL) was designed to be very close to natural language and is mainly used in database programming because it’s so close to natural language it makes data retrieval much easier and quicker although its run inside a program who’s structure has been written in a third generation language.
	home.freeuk.net /steve.edwards/odl115_answer_1i.htm (452 words)

	First-Generation Language (1GL) was (and still is) machine language or the level of instructions and data that the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		First-Generation Language (1GL) was (and still is) machine language or the level of instructions and data that the processor is actually given to work on (which in conventional computers is a string of 0s and 1s).
		Languages for accessing databases are often described as 4GLs.
		Fifth-Generation Language (5GL) is programming that uses a visual or graphical development interface to create source language that is usually compiled with a 3GL or 4GL language compiler.
	cob.bloomu.edu /clamacchia/pgminfo.htm (250 words)

	[No title]
		In this group, there are 18 general purpose languages (including separate counts for differing versions of major languages as shown on the survey form), 9 special purpose languages (a subset of third generation languages), and 10 unclassified languages.
		The existence of first generation language (machine) is almost certainly due to the continued maintenance of fairly old legacy hardware and software.
		The modest use of fourth generation languages by the weapon system community could indicate that COTS products are seldom used to develop software or that the respondents did not consider the development environment as appropriate for this survey.
	archive.adaic.com /docs/lang_survey/text/Conclusions.txt (1097 words)

	Generations of Programming Languages
		We start out with the first and second generation languages during the period of 1950-60, which to many experienced programmers will say are machine and assembly languages.
		Languages specifying what is accomplished but not how, not concerned with the detailed procedures needed to achieve its target like in graphic packages, applications and report generators.
		The need for this kind of languages is in line with minimum work and skill concept, point and click, programmers who are end users of software applications designed using third generation languages unseen by the commercial users.
	www-dse.doc.ic.ac.uk /~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol2/mjbn/article2.html (1301 words)

	[No title]
		Total SLOC by Language Generation for AISs Language Generation Total SLOC Reported (in millions) First 0.30 Second 0.63 Third General Purpose 38.24 Special Purpose 0.00 Fourth 10.81 Fifth 0.05 Table 8 is the SLOC estimates in millions for third generation languages.
		The first column in Figure 16 showing no use of third generation languages indicates that some applications are developed only with fourth generation languages.
		Fourth generation languages for such applications as database query, report writing, and screens are not applicable to weapon system applications except in the support activities required to construct or maintain applications.
	archive.adaic.com /docs/lang_survey/text/Findings.txt (1146 words)

	epowiki: Programming Language
		The definition of a particular language consists of both syntax (how the various symbols of the language may be combined) and semantics (the meaning of the language constructs).
		Languages are classified as low level if they are close to machine code and high level if each language statement corresponds to many machine code instructions (though this could also apply to a low level language with extensive use of macros, in which case it would be debatable whether it still counted as low level).
		A roughly parallel classification is the description as first generation language through to fifth generation language.
	www.possibility.com /epowiki/Wiki.jsp?page=ProgrammingLanguage (128 words)

	[No title]
		First and foremost, they tend to create condensation droplets on the CPU, and any water getting on electronic circuitry is a serious thing.
		Generally, the machine-language code is stored in an array, and the array is somehow inserted into memory using pointer variables.
		First introduced in Windows XP, WPA is a "feature" of Windows that requires the OS to be registered with Microsoft.
	www.geocities.com /SiliconValley/2072/glossary.txt (19863 words)

	EET 3150 - Introduction to C++
		language called C++ that is a superset of C. Because C++ retains C as a subset, it gains many of the attractive features of the C language, such as efficiency, closeness to the machine, and a variety of built-in data types
		A generalization of a data object along with its possible data variables and methods (what to do with the variables) is a class of data objects.
		A first-generation language (1GL) is machine language or the level of instructions and data that the processor is actually given to work on (which in conventional computers is a string of 0s and 1s).
	cset.sp.utoledo.edu /cpp_int.html (1840 words)

	Fourth-generation programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This led to the first "programming crisis", in which the amount of work that might be assigned to programmers greatly exceeded the amount of programmer time available to do it.
		Report generators take a description of the data format and the report to generate and from that they either generate the required report directly or they generate a program to generate the report.
		The more ambitious 4GLs (sometimes termed fourth generation environments) attempt to automatically generate whole systems from the outputs of CASE tools, specifications of screens and reports, and possibly also the specification of some additional processing logic.
	www.cs.unca.edu /~brownsmi/0408_Fall/csci431/resources/languageGeneral/3and4GL/4GL.htm (410 words)

	Canadian Italian: How Language Adapts to Environment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This can be defined generally to be a version of the language of origin which, primarily as a consequence of the frequent borrowing and adoption of words from the culturally dominant language, has come to characterize the speech habits of the immigrant community.
		Wherever there exists prolonged contact between a culturally and communicatively dominant language and an ethnolect, there is bound to be an extensive borrowing of words from the dominant language (the source language) by the ethnolect (the receiving language).
		As the loanwords pass into general currency among the members of the immigrant community, they are adjusted unconsciously and systematically to the pronunciation and grammatical patterns of the receiving language.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /magic/mt84.html (1944 words)

	The First Generation Computers
		The first generation of computers is said by some to have started in 1946 with ENIAC, the first 'computer' to use electronic valves (ie.
		My personal take on this is that ENIAC was the World's first electronic calculator and that the era of the first generation computers began in 1946 because that was the year when people consciously set out to build stored program computers (many won't agree, and I don't intend to debate it).
		This is not to suggest that all of these computers were first generation computers, or that no first generation computers were made after 1958.
	members.iinet.com.au /~dgreen (1888 words)

	Weiqi Li - Chapter 15 Program Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		For third generation language, the translation is performed using one of two types of programs: a compiler or an interpreter.
		Many fourth-generation languages, such as query languages and report generators, are subsets of larger programs, such as database management systems or integrated system for designing and building business application.
		The five generations of programming languages define an important stream of development, which makes programming less procedural and permits the user to be more concerned with the desired processing or outputs rather than the specific method used for performing the processing.
	spruce.flint.umich.edu /~weli/courses/bus181/notes/chap15.html (4416 words)

	[No title]
		In general, the trend has been towards specifying instructions in more abstract terms, closer to how people think, with automatic translation of these “high-level” instructions into more basic instructions that computers can directly execute.
		Third-generation: general purpose, high-level languages There are many programming languages that include more abstract instructions that correspond to more than a single machine-language instruction.
		A compiler is a program that reads as input a program in a high-level language (the source code) and produces as output a program in machine language (the byte code or object code).
	www.si.umich.edu /Classes/540/Readings/ProgrammingLanguages.doc (1600 words)

	GLOSSARY F
		FIRST GENERATION LANGUAGE (1GL) - A language that can be recognized by the processing unit of a computer.
		FIRST GENERATION RADAR SIGNAL - A generic classification of radar signal sophistication.
		THIRD GENERATION LANGUAGEs by a factor of 10 (or provides an equivalent improvement in productivity if its interface with the programmer is not a language per se).
	www.sew-lexicon.com /gloss_f.htm (6429 words)

	Natural Language Generation
		First, it is making NLG, ANLG and the user tracking and modelling that underlies adaptivity more and more important.
		Adaptive generation can be sensitive to the users' browsing history, reducing repetition and allowing the targeting of marketing information based on user models.
		As part of the MIAKT project, we are now working on generating natural language summaries of formal ontological knowledge.
	gate.ac.uk /nlg (684 words)

	[No title]
		First generation language The first generation of hardware used first generation language.
		This was machine language, machine code, in which every instruction in these sorts of programs was represented as a series of 0's and/or 1's.
		Generations of hardware There are four generations of computer hardware - and some say we are in the midst of the fifth generation of hardware development.
	www.comp.dit.ie /asloan/CTech0405/03-History.doc (1948 words)

	Programming Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Second generation was actually called symbolic language, but to avoid confusion we'll call it assembly language because every language after the second generation is symbolic.
		In assembly language, mnemonic symbols were used to represent the instructions and the data, however, these instructions and the representation of the data locations directly reflected the architecture of the machine.
		Assembly language is close to machine language except that mnemonic symbols that are meaningful to programmers are used instead of 0's and 1's.
	www.humboldt.edu /~blaisdel/cis110/lectures/prgrmlng.shtml (317 words)

	What is fourth-generation language? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		Often abbreviated 4GL, fourth-generation languages are programming languages closer to human languages than typical high-level programming languages.
		fifth generation: languages used for artificial intelligence and neural networks.
		Article by James Elliot entitled, "The Paradoxes and Advantages of Using Fourth Generation Languages," that provides descriptions of the nature of the language and expertise, and mastering the 4GL.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/F/fourth_generation_language.html (125 words)

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