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Topic: First millennium BC

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	1st millennium BC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1st millennium BC encompasses the Iron Age and sees the rise of successive empires.
		Towards the close of the millennium, the Han Dynasty extends Chinese power towards Central Asia, where it borders on Indo-Greek and Iranian states.
		The Axial Age (8th century BC - 2nd century BC), according to the theory of Karl Jaspers
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_millennium_BC (489 words)

	8th millennium BC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the 8th millennium BC, agriculture becomes widely practiced in the Fertile Crescent and Anatolia.
		Circa 7500 BC– Mesolithic hunter-gatherers are the first humans to reach Ireland.
		8,000 BC is the approximate birth date of The Emperor in the fictional Warhammer 40,000 universe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/8th_millennium_BCE (778 words)

	Historical Gallery
		The mankind is at the threshold of the third millennium of the Era of Christ.
		The Scythians, nomads and tillers of the soil, intrepid warriors and refined artists, remain, to a large extent, an enigma waiting to be explored.
		In the middle of the first millennium BC, along the Black Sea coast the ancient Greeks established many city-states which came into close contact with the autochthons.
	www.artukraine.com /historical/ukrhist.htm (1365 words)

	Mathematics Magazine
		This meant that they each had their own currency, weights and measures etc. These in turn led to small differences in the number system between different states since a major function of a number system in ancient times was to handle business transactions.
		The first Greek number system we examine is their acrophonic system which was use in the first millennium BC.
		'Acrophonic' means that the symbols for the numerals come from the first letter of the number name, so the symbol has come from an abreviation of the word which is used for the number.
	www.mathematicsmagazine.com /NumberSystems/Greeknumbersystems.htm (286 words)

	[No title]
		This emphasis changed dramatically during the first millennium BC with the construction of the massive Atlantic round- houses, among them the broch towers.
		Once the upper parts had been excavated it became apparent that the present-day ground surface was in fact the first floor level in the broch tower, and that the first floor gallery was intact, with a set of steps leading up to the (now vanished) second floor (Figure 7.4).
		First they were low, often achieving negative height by virtue of being dug into sand hills, middens or the ruins of old buildings.
	members.lycos.co.uk /hebrides/atlantic_roundhouses.htm (7768 words)

	The demographic context of the Archaic expansion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		For much of the first millennium BC, the number of Greeks increased considerably, both in the Aegean core and in the expanding periphery of the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions.
		This paper is the first attempt to establish a coherent quantitative framework for the study of this process.
		In the first section, I argue that despite the lack of statistical data, it is possible to identify a plausible range of estimates of average long-term demographic growth rates in mainland Greece from the Early Iron Age to the classical period.
	www.stanford.edu /~scheidel/JHS.htm (188 words)

	Astronomy in Ancient India - Crystalinks
		It is generally believed that the first "professional" astronomers were priests (Magi), and that their understanding of the "heavens" was seen as "divine", hence astronomy's ancient connection to what is now called astrology.
		Aryabhatta was the first one to have propounded this theory in the 5th century.
		About a hundred years before Brahmagupta, another astronomer, Varahamihira had claimed for the first time perhaps that there should be a force which might be keeping bodies stuck to the Earth, and also keeping heavenly bodies in their determined places.
	www.crystalinks.com /indiastronomy.html (2904 words)

	Welcome to the Republic of Ghana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Ghana is the first African country south of the Sahara to achieve independence in 1957.
		Their fort at Elmina ("the mine") was the first in a series of forts along the Gold Coast designed to repel the other European seafarers who followed in their wake, all struggling for their share of the profitable Gold Coast trade.
		In December 2004 general elections, President Kufuor won in the first round with 52.45% and was mandated to rule a second four-year term from 2005 to 2008.
	www.ghana.gov.gh /visiting/ghana/history.php (1798 words)

	Windows On Italy - The Early Italic Tribes
		And it was due to them, in all probability, that Rome was founded towards the middle of the 8C BC on one of the numerous hills (the Palatine) in the marshy depressions surrounding the river.
		The struggle between Rome and Carthage was to continue until the end of the century (264-201 BC) ending in two separate conflicts: Sicily was the scene of the first (264-241 BC) until it became a Roman province; and slightly later (238-227 BC) Sardinia and Corsica met the same fate.
		The events of the first century BC in Italy are marked by a move from republican liberties to dictatorial regimes and a return to a democratic-type structure (rather similar to present-day presidential republics) with the advent of the principate of Augustus (27 BC-AD 14).
	www.italic.org /aratxt5.htm (2213 words)

	Untitled Document
		It was not until the first millennium BC that the city experienced its golden age, when Hiram, King of Tyre, extended the city by joining two islets by landfill.
		In 332 B.C. the city was conquered by Alexander the Great to serve him as a strategic point in the war between the Greeks and the Persians, and was half destroyed.
		Between the 12th and 4th centuries BC, Tyre flourished because of its maritime trade and became renowned for its Tyrian purple dye, its glass industry and its Phoenician overseas settlements in the Mediterranean.
	www.talal-new-hotel.4t.com /tyrepage.htm (887 words)

	Ptolemy I Soter, the First King of Ancient Egypt's Ptolemaic Dynasty
		Some sources provide that his first marriage was to a lady named Thais, who was an Athenian hetera, and it is fairly well known that he was married to a Persian princess named Artacama (Artakama), but there is never further mention of her after the wedding.
		It was he who, in 290 BC, began the construction of the Pharos Lighthouse in Alexandria, though it was unfinished at his death in about 285 BC (some sources day 283 BC, at the age of 84) and had to be completed by his son and successor, Ptolemy II Philadelphus.
		Demetrius Phalereus, the first head of the ancient Alexandria Library and one who was also instrumental in creating the Mouseion, advised Ptolemy I to "collect together books on kingship and the exercise of power, and to read them".
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/ptolemy1.htm (1518 words)

	Millennium Mistake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		At first sight it possibly looks as if the logic of that reaction leaves little to be desired, for a century is by definition a period of one hundred years.
		In the first century the Jewish authorities, though ignorant of the date of the spring equinox, were able, by plying that competence with due care, not only to prevent that on average the Jewish calendar year should become too short or too long but also that Passover should be celebrated too early, i.e.
		The “magic” year 2000 is the closing year of the previous millennium and of the previous century, the “dull” year 2001 is the opening year of the new millennium and of the new century.
	www.millenniummistake.net /tekst6.htm (9623 words)

	Oman in the Second Millenium BC
		Oman in the First Millenium BC The most important site dating back to the first millennium BC is located in Sohar.
		Ptolemy I was the first geographer to draft a map of the Dhofar district in which he identified the Salalah Plain (Khwar Rawri) as the region where frankincense was cultivated.
		At all events, the locality known as Shasir was the Nejd/Dhofar district's principal trade centre for the northern land route which began at the start of the Neolithic Period and which appears to have been associated with trade between Dhofar and the north of the Arabian peninsula to Sumer in the south of Iraq.
	www.omanet.om /english/history/sec_first.asp (1272 words)

	History of the Macedonian People from Ancient times to the Present - Part XV, by Risto Stefov
		The Slavs, as opposed to other hordes that invaded the Balkans in the first millennium AD, became very important during the 19th century, particularly in 1833 when Slavic languages were recognized as Indo-European.
		The entire legislation was compiled by first appointing a commission of ten lawyers to reduce the bulky Theodosian Code, published in 438 AD, to an orderly and concise summary, with a means of inserting new laws into it.
		Justin first surfaced on the political scene in 552 AD when he was appointed to take charge of day to day business affairs in the palace.
	www.maknews.com /html/articles/stefov/stefov35.html (7424 words)

	Ireland's OWN: Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		At the start of the first millennium BC, a civilisation developed from Indo-European roots around the waters of the Rhine, the Rhône and the Danube.
		At the height of their greatest expansion, the third century BC, they were as far west as Ireland and as far east as the plains of Turkey; and they had expanded as far north as Belgium and as far south as Cadiz in Spain and across the Alps into the Po valley.
		In 475 BC, the Celts defeated the armies of the Etruscan empire at Ticino and took control throughout the Po valley; in 390 BC, they defeated the Romans and occupied the city for seven months.
	irelandsown.net /thecelts.html (846 words)

	History of Nepal: Lichavi Dynasty, Malla Dynasty,Shah Dynasty, Rana autocracy, Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Although Nepal emerged in history in the first millennium BC, it was only in the 18th century that Nepal developed as a country of the present size.
		It was during this period that Buddhism first came to the country; indeed it is claimed that Buddha and his disciple Ananda visited the Kathmandu Valley and stayed for a time in Patan.
		In the first half of the 19th century, Nepal entered a short period of instability that culminated in the Kot Massacre, in which fighting broke out among military personnel and administrators after the assassination of a high-powered favorite of the queen.
	www.himalayanmart.com /historyofnepal/historyofnepal.php (2214 words)

	Domingo Liotta - International Foundation - Medical Corp.
		A penetrating interpretation of the first millennium BC—the higher mystery to the world--, the Greek Classics from the 5th century BC to our days and the introduction to the theory of modern science, are the book characteristic marks.
		The first millennium is the golden key opening the intellectual unflinching attitude that has been preserved throughout the centuries.
		Aristotle (384-322 BC) is one of Plato’s better-known disciples; Plato, the mathematician and Aristotle, the biologist.
	www.fdliotta.org /book.htm (2967 words)

	Monotype Imaging: Non-Latin Font Info
		During most of the first millennium BC, the Hebrew language was written in a script, now called 'Old Hebrew', which descended directly from Phoenician, the first alphabet known to humankind.
		By about 200 BC, Old Hebrew script had been displaced by a distinct variant of Aramaic script which is yet another Semitic script descended from Phoenician.
		In fact, its influence was so strong that by the first century AD Aramaic had taken the place of Hebrew as the everyday language in Palestine.
	www.monotypeimaging.com /productsservices/wt_info.aspx?type=hebrew&prn=yes (507 words)

	Palestine-UN.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Around 5000 BC, the first wave of Semitic migrations began and by the end of the fourth millennium BC and the beginning of the third millennium, the Semites had left the desert towards Iraq.
		In the year 1269 BC, the Egyptians and Hittites concluded a treaty that brought what had been to the north of Qadesh and Byblos under the control of the Hittites and what was to the south of them under the control of the Egyptians.
		In 323 BC, Palestine was given to Laomedon and later became part of the Kingdom of Ptolemies with Alexandria as its capital.
	www.palestine-un.org /info/hist.html (4158 words)

	Written in Stone: Pre-Islamic Exhibit
		It is generally thought that writing gradually developed from the human, animal and other figures that prehistoric artists had been depicting on rocks for thousands of years before the first alphabets.
		Writing is thought to have originated around 3500 BC in Mesopotamia and perhaps originated independently in Egypt as well.
		Musnad al-Shamali (North Arabic) spread out around the first millennium BC through northern Arabia, and from this developed the Lihyanite, Safaitic and Aramaic writing systems, which flourished in the north of Arabia around the middle of the first millennium BC.
	www.mnh.si.edu /EPIGRAPHY/e_pre-islamic/preislamic.htm (321 words)

	e-Keltoi: Volume 6, War and Society in the Celtiberian, by Almagro-Gorbea and Lorrio
		From the first millennium BC on, Celtiberian society became increasingly hierarchical and by the Iron Age warrior elites had emerged that subsequently evolved into hereditary regional clans.
		The appearance of warrior societies in the Iberian Peninsula can be traced from the Bell Beaker Culture at the end of the third millennium BC on, as seen in the deposition of weapons in individual tombs and votive deposits which reflect a new warrior mentality in their ideology.
		From the first millennium BC on, permanent hill-fort settlements (locally known as castros) emerged in these Atlantic regions, characteristically occupying places that were easy to defend, fortified with surrounding walls to protect a number of individual circular dwellings suggesting a social organisation that was not very complex or hierarchical.
	www.uwm.edu /Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_2/gorbea_lorrio_6_2.html (11132 words)

	British Academy: Medals and Prizes (Burkitt Medal) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		This medal was endowed in 1992 by Professor Sir Grahame Clark, a Fellow of the Academy from 1951 to his death in 1995, who wished by it that distinguished achievements involving recent contributions to the study of prehistoric archaeology should be acknowledged.
		Andalucia in the first millennium BC His contribution, which includes over 60 books, of which about half are multi-volume scientific monographs, also ranges into the first millennium AD.
		John Coles is the best type of humane archaeologist; a scholar who understands both the scientific and theoretical complexities of his discipline without having succumbed to the many pseudo-scientific interpretations of the subject which have so bedeviled it over the last thirty years.
	www.britac.ac.uk /misc/medals/clark.html (892 words)

	Room VIII
		Room VIII is dedicated to archaeological material from Mesopotamia and from pre-classical Syria-Palestine (3rd-1st millennium BC), the region on the eastern bank of the Mediterranean where the first Semitic urban societies flourished and where the three great modern monotheistic religions originated: Christianity, Hebraism and Islam.
		Eloquent evidence of the extraordinary process of formation of the first society are the tablets written in cuneiform writing and the cylinder seals which were used for ratifying the documents produced by the first public administrations in history.
		The autonomy of these ceases in the 16th century BC due to the advent of the Egyptian military domination in Palestine and, in Syria, with the temporary Mitanni government (a political force of northern Mesopotamia), followed by the more consistent domination of the Hittites.
	mv.vatican.va /3_EN/pages/MEZ/MEZ_Sala08.html (222 words)

	:: Pendar.net : 3000-Year-Old Prayer House Discovered in Qoli Darvish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		During the third season of archeological excavations in Qoli Darvish Tepe, the first fire temple and prayer house belonging to the Iron Age in the Central Plateau of Iran was discovered and unearthed which had remained almost intact and is considered one of the most important discoveries in this historical site.
		The first urban architectural plan belonging to the Iron Age (the first millennium BC) along with a jar burial dating back to the third millennium BC were the other important discoveries in Qoli Darvish hill.
		First archeological excavations in this historical hill started three years ago which resulted in numerous discoveries such that the archeologists now regard Qoli Darvish Tepe as a potential archeological site in which hides valuable information about this region’s past.
	www.pendar.net /en/main1.asp?a_id=409 (551 words)

	Abstract 37(2), p. 267 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		However, the incongruity between biblical and secular data seems also to be explainable by the postulate that exactly 1000 yr were accidentally dropped from traditional biblical chronology just prior to the first millennium BC.
		I evaluate this postulate relative to extra-biblical data for the exodus, Joseph's famine and Lot's observation that the Jordan valley was ``well watered'' in his day.
		Biblical chronology, when corrected by the restoration of the lost 1000 yr, promises to reduce present uncertainties in secular historical chronologies in the 3rd and 4th millennia BC by at least an order of magnitude.
	www.radiocarbon.org /Journal/v37n2/Abstracts/267.html (170 words)

	Historical Evolution of the 'ratha' or chariot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A variation of this wheel first appears on a stela of Gudea in the Ur III period (figure 1b), in the late third millennium.
		On it, the central plank, through which the axle passes, is narrowed to a diametral bar; the flanking planks of the tripartite wheel are eliminated, and the former bonding slats are turned into sturdy transverse bars between the diametral bar and the felloe.
		These are first attested in earlier 3rd millennium BC Mesopotamia by figured documents and actual remains, preceded in the 4th millennium by pictographic signs showing sledges and sledges on two rollers or (more likely) alreadyh four wheels, which point clearly to a sledge-with-roller origin.
	www.hindunet.org /saraswati/ratha3.htm (6128 words)

	Thracian Hill Forts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Only some of the new settlements of the early first millennium BC are hillforts in the traditional sense.
		The assumption that many hillforts were first fortified in the EIA, and that hillforts represent the principal settlement type, 68 has not been confirmed by fieldwork.
		Dated by finds from the 5th-4th centuries BC, such forts continued to be occupied as needed before and after the Roman conquest until the 6th century AD.
	www.thrace.0catch.com /forts_main.htm (1686 words)

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