First-past-the-post election system

First-past-the-post election system - Factbites
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Topic: First-past-the-post election system

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In the News (Thu 24 Dec 09)

Northern Trust

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	First Past the Post - Disadvantages
		In the Malawi multi-party elections of 1994, a history of colonial rule, missionary activity, and Hastings Banda's "Chewa-ization" of national culture combined to plant the seeds of regional conflict which both dovetailed with, and cut across, pre-conceived ethnic boundaries.
		This was particularly apparent in the Kenyan elections of 1993 when huge disparities between the sizes of electoral districts - the largest had 23 times the number of voters as the smallest - contributed to the ruling Kenyan African National Union party's winning a large parliamentary majority with only thirty percent of the popular vote.
		In the 1983 British general election, the Liberal-Social Democratic Party Alliance won twenty-five percent of the votes, but only three percent of the seats.
	www.aceproject.org /main/english/es/esd01b.htm (827 words)

	First-past-the-post election system - Wikipedia
		This facet of the system, led to the practice of gerrymandering, which is the drawing of electoral district boundaries for the purpose of influencing an election.
		If the system has multiple areas, such as the states in the electoral college system for the US presidential elections, or constituencies for the UK parliamantary elections, the system favors political parties with concentrated geographical support, as they can command the majority in that area.
		If there are three candidates in an election, it is possible for the winner to have received only one more vote than his or her competitors, and thus two thirds of the electorate have voted against the winner.
	nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/Relative_majority (443 words)

	Democracy, Singapore style: editorial
		Because of Singapore's first-past-the-post election system, opposition parties will have just two of the 84 seats in the new parliament.
		HE party in government had fought the election as one in which it needed a resounding mandate from the people to steer the country through perilous times.
		Mr Goh's first task will be to attend the 10-member Association of Southeast Asian Nations summit in Brunei, which aims, among other objectives, to create an ASEAN-China free-trade area that could become the biggest free-trade area in the world.
	www.singapore-window.org /sw01/011106ag.htm (472 words)

	The Sunday Leader Internet Edition
		The government has proposed a new system of elections for the country according to which the number of parliamentarians will increase from the current 225 to 245, while 168 of these members, will be elected under the first past the post system.
		We can support a 50-50 system as stated in the PA manifesto where multi-member constituencies are also provided for in the first past the post election system Zuhair had said.
		The electoral districts determined by the delimitation commission of 1976 will be the electoral districts for the purpose of electing the first category of 168 members at the first general election to be held after the commencement of the constitution, the minister told the committee.
	www.lanka.net /sundayleader/1997/april/27th/news.html (1045 words)

	Articles - Spoiler effect
		The spoiler effect is one of the components contributing to the effect known as Duverger's law, which states that the first-past-the-post election system creates and preserves a two-party system.
		For example, instant runoff voting is considered to have less frequent IIA failure than First Past the Post, and Condorcet methods are considered to have less frequent IIA failure than instant runoff voting.
		In that election, George W. Bush and Al Gore had a very close election in many states, with neither candidate winning a majority of the votes.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Spoiler_effect (537 words)

	BBC News UK Politics Voters 'want change in election system'
		British voters are likely to back a change in the first-past-the-post election system - with women leading demands for reform.
		However, if the last British general election had been held under the same system it is likely the result would have given Labour an even bigger majority because many voters who did not select the party's candidates as their first choice, would have put them second.
		In Northern Ireland, where elections for the new assembly were held last week, voters used a single transferable vote system of PR, under which they listed their favourite candidates in order.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/low/uk_politics/123992.stm (615 words)

	FPTP
		In the past, this system and the whole structure of elections, created absurd anomalies with the existence of "rotten boroughs" such as Old Sarum, Dunwich and Gatton.
		In the 1997 election, the victorious Labour Party gained 43.2% of the total votes cast and won 63.6% of seats at Westminster.
		When the election takes place, for example a by-election for a constituency MP for Westminster, the person who wins the highest number of votes within that constituency, wins that election.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /first_past_the_post.htm (1225 words)

	Duverger's law
		Duverger's Law is a principle which asserts that a first-past-the-post election system naturally leads to a two-party system.
		This is particularly true in the case of countries using systems that, while they are not strictly speaking "first past the post", do not incorporate proportional representation.
		While there are indeed many FPTP systems with two parties, there are significant counterexamples: Scotland has had until recently first-past-the-post and similar systems but has seen the development of several significant competing political parties.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/D/Duverger's-law.htm (591 words)

	The Advantages and Disadvantages of the First Past the Post Voting System
		Another disadvantage of the First Past the Post system is that a party can win a seat by just one vote or by a small amount.
		This is exactly what happened in the 1951 General election, The Conservatives won the election with 48.0% of the vote yet Labour had 48.8% of the vote and lost.
		It is also possible to win the election and become the government even though one of the other contenders got a larger share of the votes than you.
	www.coursework.info /i/4385.html (329 words)

	Canada and the World Backgrounder: peoples' voice: in a country of 30 million people, individuals often think they are not being listened to by those elected to govern. There are some cures available, The
		The first country, to adopt PR for national elections was Belgium in 1899.
		In a national referendum, the people approved a German-style system in which electors cast one vote for their constituency MP and another for their party.
		Look at the 1997 federal election; the Liberal Party won a clear majority of seats with only 38% of the vote.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3695/is_199901/ai_n8843007 (1486 words)

	United Kingdom general elections - Wikipedia
		However this can often have dramatic effects due to the first-past-the-post election system as support for a given political party tips sufficiently to give a landslide result.
		In the UK general elections are generally affairs in which public opinion changes gradually from general election from election.
		United Kingdom general elections are the times when the each Member of Parliament must seek re-election in the House of Commons.
	nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/United_Kingdom_general_elections (139 words)

	The Hindu : Kerala News : Sharp fall in Congress vote share
		According to it, the results clearly highlight the exaggerated nature of reward and punishment that the `first past the post' election system provides.
		The Election Watch, Kerala, a civil society initiative for free and fair elections, came out with slightly varying figures today.
		The Congress votes in the State dipped by more than 12 lakh in the just concluded elections compared to the 1999 elections to the Lok Sabha.
	www.hindu.com /2004/05/16/stories/2004051607110400.htm (635 words)

	BBC NEWS VOTE2001 VOTING SYSTEM First past the post
		The electoral system used for UK general elections is commonly known as first past the post.
		This involves most of the representatives being elected via first past the post with a "top-up" vote rewarding parties that win many votes but fail to win seats.
		In the European elections, voters in England, Scotland and Wales use a closed list system under which votes are cast for a party and the victorious candidates come from a pre-ordered party list.
	news.bbc.co.uk /vote2001/hi/english/voting_system/newsid_1173000/1173697.stm (732 words)

	Electoral Reform Society
		If a candidate receives a majority of first place votes, he or she would be elected just as under the present system.
		The system tends to produce single party governments, which are strong enough to create legislation and tackle the country's problems, without relying on the support of any other party.
		Voters' first preferences are counted and if one candidate gets 50% of the vote, then he or she is elected.
	www.electoral-reform.org.uk /votingsystems/systems2.htm (1132 words)

	The Canadian Electoral System: A Case Study
		Electoral reform toward a more proportional system was proposed by a number of columnists and editorialists in the wake of the two elections, and raised by the leaders of the Progressive Conservative Party, but only wistfully.
		Ironically, the distorting effects of the FPTP electoral system on representation in the House of Commons - combined with Canadians' tendency to identify politically along regional lines - have probably never been greater than in the last two federal elections.
		This was in Québec in the early 1980s when an investigatory commission advocated adoption of a regional-list system of PR, a recommendation endorsed by the Québec cabinet but one that due to lack of support from the opposition, and even in the governing party caucus - was never presented to the legislature.
	www.aceproject.org /main/english/es/esy_ca.htm (1001 words)

	Third Parties - dKosopedia
		Likewise, in the United Kingdom which also has a "first past the post" voting system, Welsh, Scottish and Irish nationalist parties consistently receive seats in Parliament despite receiving tiny percentages of the total vote, because they have majority strength in their respective regions.
		The "first past the post" voting system used in the United States (outside Louisiana) really only has a natural tendency to doom all but two parties in any one region.
		The reason for this is because the structure of the US Government encourages a two-party system and puts Democratic Intent at risk when a third party participates in an election.
	www.dkosopedia.com /index.php/Third_Parties (551 words)

	DUCKPOND: FIRST PAST THE POST
		We do not usually think of Australia as having a winner take all, or first past the post electoral system, because the preferential system distributes the votes until one candidate has an absolute majority (50% + 1).
		With the Australian system, called sometimes Alternative Vote, and Run Off Voting it is possible, a point of difference, for a candidate trailling on first preferences to win with other candidates preferences, but this does not happen very often, so on that basis it can be included without single member constituency voting systems.
		Canada is well on the way to electoral reform with developments in Ontario, BC and PEI, and at least a promise by a former Liberal PM to introduce proportional representation.
	ian_westbrook.blogspot.com /2005/10/first-past-post.html (672 words)

	Arab2000.net - the first online Arabic news site in North America.
		Every MP under the PR system is appointed by the party -- or later elected by voters -- from a larger list made public before the election (which in theory should represent more women, and minorities).
		In the PR system, an MP is more a delegate of his or her party than a direct hands-on representative of the people.
		This system demands accountability from each and every MP to all the people of the riding, whether they elected him or her, or not.
	www.arab2000.net /wnewsDetails.asp?id=13717&cid=25 (1041 words)

	GOPUSA - Commentary
		Spokesperson, reaffirmed today that the draft Election Law's preferential voting system for the BiH Presidency is both in complete conformity with the BiH Constitution and the best possible system for BiH.
		Finally, should this system be adopted by the state it will lead eventually to national elections under preferential voting.
		The whole object of this voting system is to neutralize political positions and homogenize the political system thereby freezing the political system to change and raising the power and influence of the bureaucracy.
	www.gopusa.com /alaska/commentary/0807_instantrunoffp.shtml (2430 words)

	First-past-the-post election system - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about First-past-the-post election system
		First-past-the-post election system is not available in the Hutchinson encyclopedia.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
		You may also use the word browser links:
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /First-past-the-post+election+system (81 words)

	Declared-Strategy Voting: An Instrument for Group Decision-Making
		Three ideas motivate DSV: the possibility of taking advantage of electronic voting systems to achieve more beneficial methods of vote aggregation than are feasible with traditional voting systems, the desire to find an information-neutral voting system, and the desire to maximize a voting system's expressiveness.
		DSV is useful for gauging strength of preference and level indifference, identifying sets of alternatives that act as mutual substitutes, and determining which alternatives voters would support if they knew their favorite was not a serious contender.
		DSV allows voters to vote strategically, maximizing the effectiveness of their votes regardless of whether they have obtained information about the preferences of the rest of the voters or whether they know how to formulate optimal strategies.
	lorrie.cranor.org /pubs/diss (329 words)

	Chapter 10: Institutional Reform Questions
		The United States operates on a “first-past-the-post” election system. What is the average voter turnout in countries with this system?
		What is the United States’s rank on the global survey of voter participation for elections in the 1990s?
		If you assume democracy exists when at least 50 percent of the eligible voters participate in an election, in how many states would the 2000 elections be considered nondemocratic?
	www.wwnorton.com /lowi7/html/ch10_irQues.htm (171 words)

	Elections: Results and Voting systems
		The Canada Elections Act Violates the Constitutional Rights of Canadians The case against First Past the Post
		First Past the Post - aka plurality voting, relative majority and Single-Member District Plurality or SMDP.
		Preferential Voting and the VOTE-123 system A lively advocacy for Alternative Vote and Condorcet (but he uses different names)
	www.barnsdle.demon.co.uk /vote/vote.html (331 words)

	CNN.com - Analysis: Can Blair make it three in a row? - Apr 5, 2005
		Britain does not have a proportional representation election system but a 'first past the post' constituency election system which has to be revised periodically to allow for population shift.
		In what is expected to be another a low turnout election -- turnout dropped to a record low of only 59 per cent in 2001 -- all parties will be seeking to run campaigns designed to bring out their core voters.
		Thanks to the current bias in the system, if both major parties take around 35/36 per cent of the national vote, Labour will still be in government with a majority of around 100.
	www.cnn.com /2005/WORLD/europe/04/02/uk.election/index.html (1100 words)

	LEADER ARTICLE<BR>Minority Rule: Pitfalls of First-past-the-post System- The Times of India
		What the new electoral system ought to be, can be the subject of a nationwidedebate, but the time has come to actively think about it.
		The urbanite has res-ponded to this by becoming largely aloof from the election process: It is not surprising that voting in urban areas is less than in rural areas.
		All this is a result of the electoral system that was outlined in the Representation of People Act in 1951.
	timesofindia.indiatimes.com /articleshow/658986.cms (910 words)

	First Past The Post Voting System free essays
		As in the 1997 election the protest/referendum party won 2.6% of the vote but no seats, whereas, under some PR systems this party would have received seats.
		in the 2001 elections many people did not vote as they were uninterested in the topics being discussed by the Conservatives such as the issue of Europe.
		It is not only small parties that suffer as Liberal Democrats in the 2001 election, won 18.3% of the vote and only 7.9% of the seats.
	www.needfreeessays.com /viewpaper/6058.html (308 words)

	PJ Online The Society Return to first-past-the-post election system leads to four changes on Council
		After a quarter of a century of the single transferable vote system, the election was the first to return to the first-past-the-post method, with each elector having seven votes.
		Return to first-past-the-post election system leads to four changes on Council
		The 2003 election of seven members of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society's Council has resulted in four changes in the Council's composition.
	www.pharmj.com /Editorial/20030524/society/fourchanges.html (465 words)

	LookSmart's Furl - View Item - First-past-the-post election system
		The first-past-the-post electoral system is a voting system Voting systems are methods (algorithms) for groups of people to select one or more options from many, taking into account the individual preferences of the group members.
		See also: First Past the Post electoral system.....
		Voting is often seen as the defining feature of democracy, and is best known for its use in elections — but it can also be used to award prizes, to select between different plans of action, or as a means for computer programs to evaluate which solution is best for a complex problem.
	www.furl.net /item.jsp?id=679676 (215 words)

	Plurality electoral system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first past the post election system is used in the Republic of China on Taiwan for executive offices such as county magistrates, mayors, and the president, but not for legislative seats which used the single non-transferable vote system.
		The election of a Member of Parliament in the UK is a well known example of the First Past the Post electoral system.
		The Plurality electoral system (or first past the post electoral system), is a voting system for single-member districts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plurality_voting (215 words)

	Plurality - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		However, all such systems are complex when compared with the extremely simple First Past The Post system, and may introduce their own undesirable effects; so plurality systems are still used in the major national elections of the majority of jurisdictions.
		Plurality-based voting systems can be very simple and transparent compared to ones that require majorities; the simplest case, First Past The Post, simply allows each voter to select one candidate and awards the election to the candidate with the most votes.
		For example, in the Alternative Vote system (the single-place version of Single Transferable Vote), the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated, and their votes transferred to the voter's second-preferred (or in later rounds third- or fourth-preferred) party, successively until one candidate has over 50% of the vote.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Plurality (215 words)

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