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	Fish
		Fish farming is now the world's fastest growing sector of animal production, and salmon and trout form the mainstay of Britain and Europe's 'aquaculture' industry, with further species such as cod, halibut and turbot being added to the list as wild populations crash due to overfishing.
		Cod farming is causing a wave of interest, not least because of the decline in the wild cod population.
		Farmed fish are fed on wild fish in the form of fish meal: more than 3 tonnes of wild-caught fish are needed to produce 1 tonne of farmed salmon.
	www.vegansociety.com /html/animals/exploitation/fish.php (0 words)

	Factory Farming - Seafood Production
		The fish may be raised in highly- controlled tanks or raceways (rectangular concrete enclosures up to 20 acres in size) constructed inland, or they may be raised in artificial enclosures in coastal estuaries.
		Fish crowded into small areas are susceptible to disease and suffocation, as exemplified by an article from the Cornell Countryman, which states, "...growing 2,500 pounds of fish in 2,500 gallons of water doesn't give the fish much room to breathe..."
		The ability of fish to feel pain and distress is given so little consideration that in some restaurants, fish are actually eaten alive — eviscerated, filleted, and delivered to the serving table.
	www.factoryfarming.com /fish.htm (0 words)

	Langston University Goat Research Extension (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Markets for fish are expanding rapidly because fish are highly nutritious, low in fat and calories, and may contribute to a reduced incidence of heart disease as suggested by recent research.
		High density tank or raceway fish culture using a relatively small amount of recirculating water, constant aeration, and filtration is a possibility as technologies improve; however, at the present time only highly experienced and well financed fish culturists have been consistently successful with these methods.
		New fish farmers often discover that water supplies are not as abundant as originally assumed or that a different pond design or drainage system would better suit their needs.
	www.luresext.edu /aquaculture/is_fish_farming_for_me.htm (0 words)

	Fish Farming a Bust - Various Authors .... reefs.org Article
		The study, penned by a 10-member group of ecologists, economists, fisheries and aquaculture specialists, evaluated whether farmed fish are adding to global food supplies or contributing to the depletion of fish stocks worldwide.
		According to the study, many farmed fish are fed ground up wild fish; it takes 3 pounds of wild caught fish to grow a pound of shrimp or salmon.
		As far as I have read, the fish farmers do not want to go this route due to the fact that this technology is largely unproven in their eyes, as well as the fact that one has to build such a facility (read large capital outlay) and run it (i.e.
	www.reefs.org /library/article/fish_farming_bust.html (0 words)

	fish farming
		Fish farming is the only alternative source of supply, but it also can be environmentally harmful.
		Currently, both the farming fishing industries face the need to investigate all means of diversification or of moving to new activities.
		The slaughter of farmed fish is a government controlled expedient; there is no waste or damage to by-catch as in open water fishing.
	www.flogrosystems.com /html/fish_farming.html (0 words)

	Fish farming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fish farming is the principal form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mariculture.
		A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish hatchery.
		The cost of inputs per unit of fish weight is higher than in extensive farming, especially because of the high cost of fish food, which must contain a much higher level of protein (up to 60%) than, e.g., cattle food and a balanced amino acid composition as well.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fish_farming (1535 words)

	October 3, 2000: Fish Farming May Soon Overtake Cattle Ranching
		Climbing from 13 million tons of fish produced in 1990 to 31 million tons in 1998, fish farming is poised to overtake cattle ranching as a food source by the end of this decade.
		But the fish farming advantage in the efficiency of grain conversion translates into a comparable advantage in water efficiency as well, even when the relatively small amount of water for fish ponds is included.
		Fish farming is not a solution to the world food problem, but as China has demonstrated, it does offer a potential source of low-cost animal protein for lower income populations.
	www.earth-policy.org /Alerts/Alert9.htm (0 words)

	Fish Farming
		The country is without a doubt the world's largest producer of farmed fish and has seen strong growth in recent years.
		And it is scientific and technical knowledge that is driving competitiveness in the industry, by improving fish health and nutrition, and by reducing stress, disease and the use of antibiotics and vaccines.
		In the past decade, 1m non-native Atlantic salmon have escaped from fish farms and established themselves in streams in the north west of America.
	www.cdfe.org /fish_farming.htm (0 words)

	minnesota sea grant - aquaculture - fish farming: is it for you?
		Fish farming, or aquaculture, has attracted the attention of farmers, landowners, and investors as an alternative agriculture enterprise.
		If you are considering fish farming, this checklist can help you determine whether a fish farming enterprise is feasible for your particular situation.
		Although information on fish farming in Minnesota is limited, your county extension agent can direct you to sources of the best information to answer the more technical questions.
	www.seagrant.umn.edu /aqua/farming.html (0 words)

	Fish farming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Most fish farms are relatively small, A large number of farmsuse manure as the main nutrient input but a significant number use commercial fish feeds.
		The centre for kapenta fishing is Lake Kariba.This industry supplies kapenta to the country where it is eaten by a wide range of the local population and served as snacks and starters in hotels.
		Tocommence fishing during darkness [kapenta are light attracted] the nets andunderwater lights are lowered into the water and the overhead lights switched onto attract kapenta into the vicinity of the rig.
	members.mweb.co.zw /fish/farming.htm (0 words)

	FishingHurts.com >> Fish Farms
		All fish farms are rife with pollution, disease, and suffering, regardless of their location.
		Fish on aquafarms spend their entire lives in cramped, filthy enclosures, and many suffer from parasitic infections, diseases, and debilitating injuries.
		These farmed fish will spend their entire lives crammed together, constantly bumping against each other and the sides of their grossly overcrowded cage.
	www.fishinghurts.com /fishFarms.asp (0 words)

	Monterey Bay Aquarium: Seafood Watch Program - Issues - Aquaculture
		The ecological impact of fish farming depends on which species are raised, how they are raised and where the farm is located.
		While farmed fish and shellfish can supplement our seafood supply, they can't replace the variety and abundance of seafood from the wild.
		Many farmed fish, including most farmed salmon, are raised in net pens, like cattle in a feed lot.
	www.mbayaq.org /cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_ac.asp (0 words)

	FactoryFarm.org: Industrial Fish Farming: Facts & Data
		Farmed seafood makes up about a third of the seafood consumed in the U.S. More than 60% of the salmon, virtually all of the catfish and trout, and two-thirds of the shrimp consumed by Americans are raised in ponds, tanks and pens.
		In Scotland, fish farms now produce a quantity of untreated waste estimated at twice the flow of sewage from the nation's human population.
		The average stocking density of cages on salmon farms is 15 kg/m 3; this is equivalent to keeping a strongly migratory, 2-foot-long salmon in a bathtub.
	www.factoryfarm.org /topics/fish/facts (0 words)

	David Suzuki Foundation: Oceans and fishing: Aquaculture
		The other most-common farmed seafood are shellfish like oysters, clams, mussels, scallops, and shrimp which are mainly produced in tropical nations where coastal mangrove forests have been cut down and replaced with shrimp farms that supply markets in Europe, Japan and the US.
		Clams and some types of oysters are farmed on beaches where habitat can be damaged from bad farming practices like driving large vehicles on the beach and changing entire ecosystems to accommodate the farmed species, which is often not native to the area.
		The ecological impact of fish farming ranges from benign to catastrophic, and depends on which species are raised, how they are raised and where the farm is located.
	www.davidsuzuki.org /Oceans/Aquaculture (0 words)

	PCC Sound Consumer : Offshore fish farming — The selling of common waters
		Alaska prohibits fish farms in their state waters, yet under NOAA’s legislation, floating feedlots could be placed as close as three miles to the richest salmon-producing rivers in the world.
		The damage from industrial fish farming is largely under the waterline and out of sight, so the industry has gotten away with pollution that would have closed down comparable dirty land-based operations.
		Fish farm sewage is untreated and non-sterile and the cost to fish farmers for this use of our public waters is zero.
	www.pccnaturalmarkets.com /sc/0504/sc0504-fishfarming.html (0 words)

	Fish farming \| Defending our Oceans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		But it is single-handedly responsible for the destruction of countless ecosystems and the fishing communities that rely upon them, in some of the most vulnerable marine environments on the planet.
		It is common to regularly dose farmed fish with antibiotics in their food to protect against disease.
		The release of this noxious cocktail into the surrounding waters of salmon farms threatens the very survival of smaller, native salmon species, the predators that rely on them and the future of sustainable fishing practices and communities that rely upon clean and healthy oceans.
	oceans.greenpeace.org /en/our-oceans/fish-farming (0 words)

	AlterNet: Fish Futures
		More than half of the salmon Americans eat is farmed, that is, not hunted and dragged flailing from the sea but raised docilely in giant sea cages floating in the ocean, where they grow big and fast on high protein diets, just like their feed lot and henhouse friends.
		"Fish farming degrades coastal waters through discharge of nutrients and chemicals, and it disrupts coastal ecosystems by the introduction of exotic species," writes Rosamond L. Naylor, senior fellow at Stanford's Center for Environmental Science and Policy, and the author of numerous cross-disciplinary studies on aquaculture.
		In Scotland, the farmed fish industry has been blamed for a toxin that is ruining the shellfish industry there, although, as elsewhere, numerous factors are at play.
	www.alternet.org /story.html?StoryID=13646 (0 words)

	INTEGRATED FISH FARMING IN CHINA
		Combining fish farming with mulberry cultivation, sericulture, and silk extraction from cocoons allows the pupae to be used as fish feed and the worm feces and wastewater from the processing factory to be used as pond fertilizers.
		Helei Fish Farm began to raise ducks, cattle, and pigs in 1976, became involved in the food-processing industry in 1979, and began to actively trade produce in 1980.
		Fish stocking models — In many fish farms, the main or sole source of feed and fertilizer is the cultivated pasture grasses.
	www.fao.org /docrep/field/003/AC264E/AC264E08.htm (0 words)

	Trout Imports & Fish Farming Related News
		The hatchery fish were not at all shy to humans, although it is harder to demonstrate that this is related to lack of 'respect' for resident fish, and consequent stress.
		Fish farms are bad news not only for their effluent, but also for their 'contamination' of the wild fish stocks.
		Back to the points of this letter: fish farms if they must exist should surely be required to have strict controls to prevent the possibility of fish loss in the event of a severe flood; and stocking of good spawning streams should be seen as potentially damaging, and discouraged.
	www.geocities.com /ken_sims_98/nzffa/politic.htm (0 words)

	Welcome to Fish Friendly Farming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Fish Friendly Farming® is a certification program for vineyard properties that are managed to restore fish and wildlife habitat and improve water quality.
		Fish Friendly Farming provides for voluntary, self-directed compliance with the rigorous standards of state and federal water quality laws (Clean Water Act), the federal Endangered Species Act, the state fish and game code as well as local regulations.
		The Fish Friendly Farming certification assures the consumer that the wines they purchase are produced by protecting and restoring the environment and by sustaining the beauty and habitats of California.
	www.fishfriendlyfarming.org (0 words)

	Fish Farming in Barn and Pond
		Geese and fish farming are not compatible because of the soiling of water and surrounding ground by the birds.
		The fish were purchased in different sizes: as 1-2.5 inch fingerlings, as 3-10 inch fish and as 400 g fish.
		Nunamaker and his group found that the highest mortality rate occurred among the larger fish, 25 of the 100 ten-inch fish died primarily due to trauma inflicted by the other fish, so the remaining 75 were released into the pond.
	www.vet.upenn.edu /comm/publications/bellwether/44/fishfarm.html (0 words)

	A Story of Anti-Fish Farming Battles
		Newman declared, 'We do not want fish farms on the central coast.' Most First Nations, as aboriginal peoples in Canada are called, have never signed treaties ceding their land.
		When viruses occur, farm operators are often forced to kill all their fish, compost them on land, and sterilize all nets, boats, and equipment.
		Fish farms are careful not to waste the fish meal they feed to salmon.
	www.organicconsumers.org /Toxic/021603_fish_farming.cfm (0 words)

	Online NewsHour: Farming for Fish -- June 29, 1998
		REBECCA GOLDBURG: Many of the fish we farm, such as shrimp and salmon, are fed feeds that are high in fish meal and fish oil that's made from wild fish stocks.
		And, as a result, it actually takes more pounds of wild fish to grow a pound of shrimp or a pound of salmon, and you get out in the end, so we have a net loss of fish protein in some forms of fish farming.
		Farming is being done in Indonesia, in Thailand, in the Philippines, in Guatemala, in Mexico, those shrimp are transported to the United States.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/business/july-dec98/fish_7-29.html (0 words)

	Global Experts Pin Hopes On Fish Farming To Feed The World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		An increasing number of people depend on aquaculture — the farming of fish, crustaceans and aquatic plants — with some 1 billion people satisfying protein needs from eating fish, researchers said.
		As wild fish stocks continue to dwindle, often due to overfishing, fish farming has increased in importance, Jia said at the opening of the meeting in Trondheim, 500 kilometers (310 miles) north of the capital, Oslo.
		Environmentalists and the industry agree that the use of animal antibiotics and dioxins in farmed fish pose health concerns, seabeds are damaged by fish cages and farmed fish that escape can harm wild stocks.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/innews/farming2003.html (0 words)

	FactoryFarm.org: Industrial Fish Farming: Information & Resources
		Fish are also increasingly used in the laboratory as animal models in studies that might otherwise employ mice or other mammalian species.
		This comprehensive review of the available information resources regarding fish welfare and its related issues covers the topics of general fish welfare, pain and awareness related to fish, and fish welfare related to aquaculture, laboratory and field research, and fisheries.
		Chile's fish farming industry, the world's second largest exporter of farmed salmon after Norway and provider of nearly half the salmon consumed in the United States, is causing a growing dissatisfaction among Chileans and abroad over the practices of many of the approximately 60 national and foreign salmon companies operating in the country.
	www.factoryfarm.org /topics/fish (0 words)

	Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Division of Freshwater Fisheries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Fishing Tips--beginning and intermediate tips on fishing for some of Florida's premier freshwater fish.
		Fishing Forecasts and Fishing Site Locator--describes many premier fishing areas in Florida, by region, species, or alpha-order, with quarterly fishing forecasts and interactive maps.
		Fish Management Areas--explains what a Fish Management Area is and provides a list; many have links to brochures about local features.
	floridafisheries.com (0 words)

	IATP \| Fish and Marine Conservation
		Unfortunately, the bill contains no environmental protections or standards specific to fish farms, gives away the right to use the public’s land to private entities and allows all of this to be done in secrecy.
		As boats are readied for another fishing season, elected officials in Washington D.C. may be voting on a bill this spring that would benefit corporations while jeopardizing ocean integrity and wild fish.
		The paper is the first to assess this novel new form of fish culture in a comprehensive manner.
	www.iatp.org /fish (0 words)

	Aquaculture and Water Treatment
		In more than 10 different countries, from trout farmers in the UK to sea bass farmers in Spain, eel farmers in Holland to shrimp farmers in Asia and the USA, we have supplied liquid oxygen and oxygen gas cylinders.
		Through our close relationship with our customers, and as a result of listening to them, we have developed a range of new VSA oxygen generators, specific to their fish farm needs.
		Traditional aeration methods have been satisfactory in keeping fish alive during drought periods, but often feeding has had to stop as the low dissolved oxygen level is insufficient to allow complete food metabolism.
	www.airproducts.com /Markets/Aquaculture/default.htm (0 words)

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