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Topic: Fission bomb

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	Nuclear weapon design - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fission bombs derive their power from nuclear fission, where heavy nuclei (uranium or plutonium) are bombarded by neutrons and split into lighter elements, more neutrons and energy.
		The isotopes desirable for a nuclear weapon are those which have a high probability of fission reaction, yield a high number of excess neutrons, have a low probability of absorbing neutrons without a fission reaction, and do not release a large number of spontaneous neutrons.
		A pure fission bomb is practically limited to a yield of a few hundred kilotons by the large amounts of fissile material needed to make a large weapon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design (6187 words)

	Documentation and Diagrams of the Atomic Bomb
		Fission, simply put, is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus splits into fragments, usually two fragments of comparable mass, with the evolution of approximately 100 million to several hundred million volts of energy.
		The detonating head (or heads, depending on whether a Uranium or Plutonium bomb is being used as a model) that is seated in the conventional explosive charge(s) is similar to the standard-issue blasting cap.
		In a Uranium bomb, the neutron deflector serves as a safeguard to keep an accidental supercritical mass from occurring by bouncing the stray neutrons from the `bullet' counterpart of the Uranium mass away from the greater mass below it (and vice- versa).
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /neutronics/todd/nuc.bomb.html (4355 words)

	MSN Encarta - Multimedia - Fission Bomb
		The first atomic bomb used in warfare was dropped by the United States on August 6, 1945.
		In this bomb, a mass of uranium about the size of a baseball produced an explosion as powerful as 15 kilotons of TNT.
		A small wedge of uranium was fired at a larger target piece of uranium and, upon impact, the two pieces fused together briefly, forming what is called a supercritical mass (a mass slightly greater than that necessary to sustain a chain reaction).
	encarta.msn.com /media_461531041/Fission_Bomb.html (120 words)

	[No title]
		The hydrogen bomb uses the nuclear properties of deuterium and tritium (the two isotopes of hydrogen) to set up an uncontrolled, self-sustaining, thermonuclear fusion reaction, as opposed to the fission bomb in which uranium or plutonium is the principal explosive.
		The term 'boosted fission' is used because the core of a small atom bomb (fission bomb) is filled with hydrogen fuel and when the atom bomb is detonated the radiation from the exploding atom bomb is focussed for a split second on to the hydrogen fuel.
		Chidambaram claimed that from the three nuclear explosions, the item-by-item yield was: from the fission device 15 kilotons; from the low-yield device 0.2 kilotons; and from the thermonuclear device (comprising a fission trigger and a fusion device) 12 kilotons from the fission trigger and 45 kilotons from the fusion device.
	www.flonnet.com /fl1512/15120260.htm (2032 words)

	2. Gone fission
		Fission powers the "atomic" bomb that destroyed Hiroshima, and all nuclear power reactors.
		Fusion powers the sun and "hydrogen" bombs, which are called "thermonuclear" for the intense heat needed to overcome electrical repulsion between positively-charged hydrogen nuclei.
		The spark plug becomes a second fission bomb, heating the fusion fuel and igniting the fusion reaction.
	whyfiles.org /186ed_teller/3.html (1270 words)

	Manhattan Project:Physics Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The minimum mass of a fissionable material that will just maintain a fission chain reaction under precisely specified conditions, such as the nature of the material and it's purity, the nature and thickness of the tamper (or neutron reflector), the density, and the physical shape.
		Second, the fission process initiated by the absorption of one neutron in uranium-235 releases about 2.5 neutrons, on the average, from the split nuclei.
		The probability that a fission neutron with an initial energy of about 1 MeV will induce fission is rather low, but can be increased by a factor of hundreds when the neutron is slowed down through a series of elastic collisions with light nuclei such as hydrogen, deuterium, or carbon.
	www.bergen.org /AAST/manhattan_proj/projects.mp/phy_trjc.html (1141 words)

	MSN Encarta - Hydrogen Bomb
		Hydrogen Bomb, also known as H-bomb or thermonuclear bomb, nuclear weapon in which a thermonuclear fusion reaction takes place among heavy isotopes of hydrogen (either deuterium or tritium) to produce an explosion.
		In the fusion reaction in a hydrogen bomb, two atoms of deuterium or tritium collide to produce a helium atom and extra neutrons.
		The development of atomic and hydrogen bombs has had so great an impact on the world that historians draw a sharp distinction between the atomic age, or nuclear age, and all previous periods.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761557090 (669 words)

	Effects
		Fission is the slitting apart of an atom.
		In a fission bomb, the fuel must be kept separate to prevent a premature explosion.
		Deuterium and tritium are the fuel for fusion bombs.
	www.angelfire.com /sc3/hnrs228/page2.htm (882 words)

	Neutron bombs (John De Armond)
		In this device, an implosion fission device, typically in the yield range of 20kt, initiates a fusion reaction in a "secondary" typically composed of lithium-6 deteuride.
		While pure fission yields in the vicinity of a megaton have been demonstrated by the superpowers, the technology is very advanced and is the culmination of decades of research.
		Even if say, a 100 kt fission bomb could be built and delivered, it would not be a "city buster", at least not in a major city.
	yarchive.net /nuke/neutron_bomb.html (767 words)

	Documentation and Diagrams of the Atomic Bomb
		With one small atomic bomb, a massive area's communications, travel and machinery will grind to a dead halt due to the EMP (Electro-Magnetic Pulse) that is radiated from a high-altitude atomic detonation.
		In a Uranium bomb, the neutron deflector serves as a safeguard to keep an accidental supercritical mass from occurring by bouncing the stray neutrons from the 'bullet' counterpart of the Uranium mass away from the greater mass below it (and vice-versa).
		If you stopped worrying about the bomb when the cold war ended, you were probably surprised to learn that two of the hot-button issues of the eighties — arms control and missile defense — will top the agenda at the Clinton/Putin summit on June 4-5 [2000].
	www.serendipity.li /more/atomic.html (4875 words)

	hydrogen bomb. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In an atomic bomb, uranium or plutonium is split into lighter elements that together weigh less than the original atoms, the remainder of the mass appearing as energy.
		The first thermonuclear bomb was exploded in 1952 at Enewetak by the United States, the second in 1953 by Russia (then the USSR).
		The theorized cobalt bomb is, on the contrary, a radioactively “dirty” bomb having a cobalt tamper.
	www.bartleby.com /65/hy/hydrogn-bm.html (692 words)

	Nuclear Weapons
		Before the fission bomb was even completed there was discussion at Los Alamos about the possibility of another kind of bomb based on fusion.
		In the fusion bomb this high energy is produced by a fission bomb located at the core of the hydrogen fuel.
		Atomic bombs, of the type used in the attacks on Japan, weighed in the range from 10 to 100 kilograms, and had yields in the region of 15 to 20 kilotons.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /physics/sobel/Nucphys/bomb.html (906 words)

	ENGINEERING EVENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Unfortunately for said soldiers, the bomb is also a monumental failure of the weapons engineers to follow the moral and ethical guidelines that keep society from being overrun with extraordinarily dangerous weapons in day-to-day activities and events.
		While the aforementioned fission-fusion-fission bomb and the neutron bomb are technically both fusion bombs that employ small fission bombs within, for the sake of clarity I will refer to the former as a hydrogen or standard fusion bomb without including the latter in that classification.
		While the claim that the bomb would kill all enemy soldiers and leave all buildings untouched is greatly exaggerated, the basic idea is correct; the radius of the blast would destroy or severely damage buildings in a radius of around 600 meters, with destruction quickly tapering off [4].
	www.pitt.edu /~cjb21/event.html (3168 words)

	Nuclear Weapon Design
		This gun-type assembly may be achieved in a tubular device in which a high explosive is used to blow one subcritical piece of fissionable material from one end of the tube into another subcritical piece held at the opposite end of the tube.
		The six bombs built by the Republic of South Africa were gun-assembled and used 50kg of uranium enriched to between 80 percent and 93 percent in the isotope U-235.
		To fission more of a given amount of fissile material, a small amount of material that can undergo fusion, deuterium and tritium (D-T) gas, can be placed inside the core of a fission device.
	www.fas.org /nuke/intro/nuke/design.htm (3646 words)

	AP INNOVATIONS
		It uses a fission bomb to initiate a fusion reaction involving deuterium and tritium, two isotopes of hydrogen.
		Unlike the fission bomb which had an upper limit to its size, the Hydrogen bomb could be made as powerful as was wanted.
		This bomb, in addition to the first fission bombs, made an all-out war between the US and the USSR even more frightening.
	www.tjhsst.edu /~gkannark/1952_01.htm (282 words)

	Fission Module Solutions \| Exercises \| Educational Resources \| atomicarchive.com
		Fission is the splitting of one heavy nucleus into two or more lighter nuclei.
		The rate of spontaneous fission for plutonium exceeds the assembly time for a gun-type bomb to reach critical mass.
		Thus, a plutonium bomb built in this manner would not be able to reach critical mass before a stray neutron from spontaneous fission prematurely ignited the plutonium.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Education/Exercises/FissionSoln.shtml (287 words)

	Fat Man: Implosion-Type Bomb \| Nuclear Fission \| Science \| atomicarchive.com
		The initial design for the plutonium bomb was also based on using a simple gun design (known as the "Thin Man") like the uranium bomb.
		As the plutonium was produced in the nuclear reactors at Hanford, Washington, it was discovered that the plutonium was not as pure as the initial samples from Lawrence's Radiation Laboratory.
		Before the bomb could be assembled, a few stray neutrons would have been emitted from the spontaneous fissions, and these would start a premature chain reaction, leading to a great reduction in the energy released.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Fission/Fission8.shtml (193 words)

	Basic Principles of Staged Radiation Implosion ("Teller-Ulam Design")
		The key to making large fusion bombs is finding a way for using the energy of an atomic bomb trigger to compress a mass of deuterium sufficiently for the D-D reactions to become practical, followed by heating of the mass to ignition temperatures after the proper density has been achieved.
		The bomb casing is roughly cylindrical, with the fission Primary (or "trigger") at one end.
		The rod fissions at an accelerating rate as it, and the rest of the fuel capsule continue to implode and acts as the fusion "spark plug".
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Library/Teller.html (1537 words)

	ENOLA GAY \| The Decision
		In June 1942, soon after the American decision to proceed with the atomic bomb, the German authorities unaware of that decision) judged that the huge investment required to produce a bomb was too large for their war economy to support.
		For the plutonium bomb, the situation was the opposite.
		The explosive power of the first atomic bombs was also estimated at only 1/10th to 1/2 of what it turned out to be, and no one had a clear impression of the heat and radiation effects.
	www.theenolagay.com /study.html# (5769 words)

	How nukes work
		When nuclei of light atoms are squeezed close enough, they overcome their natural repulsion and join, or "fuse," making heavier atoms and releasing, you guessed it, gobs of energy, mainly as fast nucleons (neutrons and protons).
		Because it takes intense force to compress the nuclei, all fusion bombs are powered by a fission bomb, called the "primary" stage.
		Second-generation: "Hydrogen" (fusion) bomb, the workhorses of U.S. and Russian arsenals.
	whyfiles.org /167new_nukes/2.html (372 words)

	Fission and Fusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The attraction of nuclear fission as a source of power can be understood by comparing this value with the 50 kJ/g released when natural gas is burned.
		With fusion, the bomb was built long before any progress was made toward the construction of a controlled fusion reactor.
		K. In a hydrogen bomb, a fission reaction produced by a small atomic bomb is used to heat the contents to the temperature required to initiate fusion.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch23/fission.html (1691 words)

	[No title]
		In particular, we shall determine what Kilotonnage of atomic FISSION bombs (the Hiroshima bomb was a fission bomb) is required to produce an inventory of long-lived fission products equivalent to the inventory within a 1000 Megawatt (electrical) nuclear generating station which has operated for one year.
		The energy of the reactor and of the bomb are totally from nuclear fission.
		And since, for long-lived fission products, we can neglect the decay, we conclude that the inventory of long-lived fission products in a 3000 Megawatt (thermal) reactor, per year of constant operation, is equal to the long-lived fission-products produced by explosion of about 1130 Hiroshima bombs.
	www.ratical.org /radiation/CNR/fission.txt (1198 words)

	GI -- World War II Commemoration
		ATOMIC BOMB, also known as the atom bomb or fission bomb, a weapon whose explosive power originates from the fission of atomic nuclei.
		Fission had been discovered in Germany, and German scientists were at least as able as anyone else to assess its significance.
		The weights of fission bombs now range down to less than 100 pounds (45 kg), compared with about 5 tons for the weapons exploded over Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
	www.grolier.com /wwii/wwii_atom.html (1506 words)

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