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Topic: Fission reactor

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	Gaseous fission reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A limitation for conventional nuclear fission reactors is that if the nuclear fuel temperature were to rise too high in temperature, the Nuclear reactor core would melt.
		It may also be possible to confine gaseous fission fuel magnetically in the reactor so that it does not touch and melt the reactor walls.
		A potential benefit of the gaseous reactor core concept is that instead of relying on the traditional rankine or brayton conversion cycles, it may be possible to extract electricity magnetohydrodynamically, or with direct conversion of the charged particles.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gaseous_fission_reactor (560 words)

	Natural nuclear fission reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A natural nuclear fission reactor is a uranium deposit where analysis of isotope ratios has shown that self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions have occurred.
		The natural nuclear reactor formed when a uranium-rich mineral deposit became inundated with groundwater that acted as a neutron moderator, and a strong chain reaction took place.
		The fact that all five known normally produced isotopes from fission of the fission-product gas xenon have been found in certain concentrations trapped in the remnants of the natural reactor points to on-again off-again reactor operation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor (1352 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - nuclear reactor
		A nuclear reactor is sometimes called an atomic pile because a reactor using graphite as a moderator consists of a pile of graphite blocks with rods of uranium fuel inserted into it.
		Reactors in which the uranium rods are immersed in a bath of heavy water are often referred to as "swimming-pool" reactors.
		In a fusion reactor, the principal problem is the containment of the plasma fuel, which must be at a temperature of millions of degrees in order to initiate the reaction.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/nuclreac_FissionReactors.asp (1093 words)

	The Moderation of Fission Reactions
		Neutrons from fission have very high speeds and must be slowed greatly by water "moderation" to maintain the chain reaction.
		One of the safety factors built into the nuclear reactors which are used for electricity generation is that they are only critical with the inclusion of the delayed neutrons which are emitted by some of the fission fragments.
		A nuclear power reactor controls the fission chain reaction by moderating the neutrons and with the use of control rods which may be inserted in the reactor core to absorb neutrons and slow down the reaction.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nucene/moder.html (950 words)

	Focus Fusion - Fusion vs. Fission
		Fission and Fusion are both nuclear energy, but when people discuss nuclear power, they are usually referring to nuclear fission.
		The main difference between fission and fusion is that in fission, a large nucleus is split into two smaller ones, and in fusion, two nuclei are combined into one.
		HOW FISSION WORKS: In a commercial nuclear power plant, a sufficiently large quantity of fuel material (usually enriched uranium) is accumulated in a reactor pile such that a "chain reaction" occurs, in which the neutrons emitted by a single fission reaction are captured by another nucleus to trigger another reaction, and so on.
	www.focusfusion.org /what/vs.fission.html (1145 words)

	World Nuclear Association \| Information and Issue Briefs \| Glossary
		About one third of the energy in a light water reactor comes from the fission of Pu-239, and this is the main isotope of value recovered from reprocessing used fuel.
		Thermal reactor: A reactor in which the fission chain reaction is sustained primarily by slow neutrons, and hence requiring a moderator (as distinct from Fast Neutron Reactor).
		In an ordinary reactor neutron capture is the main event, in a fast reactor fission is more common and therefore it is best for dealing with actinides.
	www.world-nuclear.org /info/inf51.htm (2718 words)

	CANDU Reactor Physics
		The fuel in CANDU reactors is in the form of uranium oxide pellets placed in zircaloy tubes which are arranged in a fuel bundle.
		When such reactors are designed to convert fertile to fissile material in sufficient quantities to fuel a reactor, the reactors are called breeders.
		Reactors that use natural uranium as fuel require an excellent moderator since there are fewer nuclei available to undergo fission.
	schools.sbe.saskatoon.sk.ca /mario/academic/grassrootsproject/charington/physics30/unit10nuclear/candu.html (3447 words)

	Research - Energy - - Various Types of Fission Reactor
		The heat produced in the core of the reactor is used to boil water and raise steam that drives the rotating turbines, which in turn drive the electric generator.
		The majority of nuclear fission reactors operating today are thermal reactors, so named because the fast neutrons released in the fission process are slowed down to thermal energies by moderators before they carry on with the chain reaction process.
		In the water-cooled RBMK reactors, the neutron absorbing properties of the cooling water are a significant factor in the operating characteristics.
	ec.europa.eu /research/energy/fi/fi_bs/article_1175_en.htm (1936 words)

	Hybrid Fission-Fusion Reactor Initiated by a Laser (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The proposed fission-fusion reactor concept is based on the principle of the cascade multiplication of neutrons from a micro-pellet fusion burn initiated by a laser beam.
		The laser driver consists of a fast reactor and thermal laser module with a two- cascade blanket, which are coupled into a reactor system operated in pulse- periodical mode.
		In summary, it should be noted that proposed fission-fusion reactor has a high level of inherent safety: the blanket system is always deeply subcritical, the computed total neutron emission from the system does not exceed 8%, and it is not necessary to provide the complex control and shielding systems.
	www.tfd.chalmers.se /~valeri/Ajax/zrod.html (2305 words)

	Researchers describe how natural nuclear reactor worked
		The reactor, active two billion years ago, worked on a 30-minute reaction cycle, accompanied by a two-and-a-half hour dormant period, or cool down.
		Prior to this calculation, it was known that the natural nuclear reactor operated two billion years ago for 150 million years at an average power of 100 kilowatts.
		As the temperature of the reactor went up, water was converted to steam, reducing the neutron thermalisation and shutting down the chain reaction.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-10/wuis-rdh102804.php (911 words)

	World Nuclear Association \| Information and Issue Briefs \| Accelerator-driven Nuclear Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		As it is, most radionuclides (notably fission products) decay rapidly, so that their collective radioactivity is reduced to less than 0.1% of the original level 50 years after being removed from the reactor.
		They are seen as safer that a normal fission reactor because they are subcritical and stop when the input current is switched off.
		In such a subcritical nuclear reactor the neutrons produced by spallation would be used to cause fission in the fuel, assisted by further neutrons arising from that fission.
	www.world-nuclear.org /info/inf35.htm (1451 words)

	The Molten Salt Hybrid
		Controlled fission, for example, was initially demonstrated in 1942, and the Shippingport, Pennsylvania nuclear plant was operating in 1957, yet nearly three decades elapsed before the technology achieved fairly widespread commercialization.
		Fission suppression makes the engineering of the reprocessing system more tractable in a fuel factory, and, of course, there is no need for all the ancillary plant (steam generators, turbines, and so on) that would be a part of any power hybrid.
		Thermal reactor -- a fission reactor in which the neutrons are in thermal equilibrium with the core.
	www.cs.indiana.edu /~hagerp/FFhybrid.html (3432 words)

	Nuclear Fission
		In a nuclear reactor, control rods made of cadmium or graphite or some other neutron-absorbing material are used to regulate the number of neutrons.
		Reactors are designed so that they are inherently supercritical (k>1); the multiplication factor is then adjusted to the critical operation by inserting the control rods.
		An unavoidable feature of reactor operation is the accumulation of radioactive wastes, including both fission products and heavy "transuranic" nuclides such as plutonium and americium.
	library.thinkquest.org /3471/noNetscape/fission.html (733 words)

	Nuclear Fission Concepts
		The age estimate from cores in the reactor zones suggest a time frame between 1.7 and 1.9 billion years ago.
		It is presumed that ground water seeping through the ore served as a natural moderator to slow down the fission neutrons.
		One of the interesting observations was that the bulk of the fission products seemed to be still in place in their geologic depository after nearly 2 billion years.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nucene/fiscon.html (204 words)

	Nuclear Fission Rocket
		Drive Details Fission rockets are thermal rockets that function by heating a working fluid with the thermal output of a nuclear fission reactor.
		In the case of gaseous-core fission drives, the heat transfer is by radiation across a transparent, heat resistant ceramic containment vessel.
		Unfortunately the exhaust gas of all fission thermal rocket is highly radioactive due to passage through the nuclear core, and for this reason this engine has never been popular on biont-populated systems, and is even banned in many planetary systems.
	www.orionsarm.com /ships/fission.html (478 words)

	Nuclear Power Reactors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In a nuclear power plant, the fission of Uranium atoms in the reactor provides the heat to produce steam for generating electricity.
		Heat is produced in a nuclear reactor when neutrons strike Uranium atoms causing them to fission in a continuous chain reaction.
		In a PWR, the heat is removed from the reactor by water flowing in a closed pressurized loop.
	reactor.engr.wisc.edu /power.html (433 words)

	Advanced Reactors
		The nuclear power industry has been developing and improving reactor technology for almost five decades and is preparing for the next generations of reactors to fill orders expected in the next five to twenty years.
		Reactor suppliers in North America, Japan, Europe, Russia and South Africa have a dozen new nuclear reactor designs at advanced stages of planning, while others are at a research and development stage.
		The neutrons cause fission in the fuel, but unlike a conventional reactor, the fuel is sub-critical, and fission ceases when the accelerator is turned off.
	www.uic.com.au /nip16.htm (4070 words)

	Nuclear Fission Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		ABCs of Nuclear Science A comprehensive introduction to nuclear science-- antimatter, beta rays, cosmic radiation, radioactivity, the difference between fission and fusion, and the structure of the nucleus, for starters.
		Nuclear Fission Simple explanation of nuclear fission in the framework of the history of the Universe.
		Eco/Nuclear Fission Reactor This page was created to present Frequently Asked Questions In Chemistry compiled by Ralph H. Logan Jr.
	fueltrac.nacintl.com /Links/Nuclear-Fission.htm (393 words)

	Fusor and/or General Fusion Theory - Fusion reactor to sub a fission reactor
		"A fusion reactor can be used as a source of neutrons since fusion is "Neutron-rich".It is Possible to combine a fusion reactor and a subcritical fission reactor so that neutrons produced in fusion support the fission reactor.
		Considering the need to maintain very high temperatures for a sustained fusion reaction, it has been recognized that it would be much easier to design a fusion reactor if it is not expected to be a net energy producer.
		Thus, a thorium-fueled reactor is well suited for a symbiosis between a net energy consuming fusion reactor, and a net neutron deficient fission reactor.
	fusor.net /board/view.php?bn=fusor_theory&key=1106994804 (263 words)

	Oklo: Natural Nuclear Reactors - Fact Sheet
		Fifteen natural fission reactors have been found in three different ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa.
		Once the natural reactors burned themselves out, the highly radioactive waste they generated was held in place deep under Oklo by the granite, sandstone, and clays surrounding the reactors’ areas.
		When the Oklo reactors were discovered in 1972, the conditions found there were very similar to his predictions.
	www.ocrwm.doe.gov /factsheets/doeymp0010.shtml (1227 words)

	Fission Reactor Analysis \| Nuclear Engineering, UC, Berkeley
		This program is concerned primarily with the behavior of neutrons in thermal and fast fission reactors and includes such topics as neutron diffusion and slowing down, criticality, numerical methods, and transport theory.
		Following the postulation, in 1998, of this reactor concept by Ehud Greenspan and David Wade, its feasibility has been studied during 1999 through 2002 with the support of the DOE NERI program.
		Following this feasibility study the ENHS was selected as one of the reactor concepts that are candidates for Generation IV reactors.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /research/fission/fission.htm (1610 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Reactor research to power journey to Jupiter's moons
		Los Alamos is leading reactor design for the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter mission, which would orbit Callisto, Ganymede and Europa to study their makeup, possible vast oceans beneath the ice, their history and potential for sustaining life.
		Los Alamos is responsible for such key reactor technologies as nuclear fuel, beryllium components, heat pipes and diagnostic instruments, as well as nuclear criticality testing of development and flight reactors.
		The JIMO mission demands a safe, low-mass, high-temperature reactor that can be developed and qualified quickly, can operate reliably in the harsh environment of space for more than a decade, and can meet a wide range of mission and spacecraft requirements, he said.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0402/10jimo (1266 words)

	Deep-Earth reactor: Nuclear fission, helium, and the geomagnetic field -- Hollenbach and Herndon 98 (20): 11085 -- ...
		is demonstrated to be a consequence of nuclear fission.
		From nuclear reactor theory (29), the defining condition for self-sustaining nuclear fission chain reactions is that k
		For the curve labeled Fission, starting with the initial isotopes and fission power listed in Table 1, the isotopes in the simulation change because of fission and radioactive decay.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/20/11085 (3858 words)

	Nuclear Fission Propulsion - Future Space Propulsion Systems
		The fissionable atom then captures the neutron and splits (decays) into two smaller atoms (isotopes such as iodine-131, caesium-137 and strontium 90) and two or three neutrons, which go on to split other fissionable nuclei resulting in a chain reaction.
		Nuclear fission produces highly energetic fragments and this system uses these fragments as the propellant fluid by allowing them to escape the reactor.
		The possible options are either a very large, high mass reactor, or perhaps a smaller reactor using fuels obtained from reprocessed spent nuclear fuel, which is a costly process.
	www.thespacesite.com /space_nuclear_fission_propulsion.html (1075 words)

	SwRI: Hydrogen Technology Information: hydrogen generation technologies, automotive fuel, fission nuclear reactor ...
		The type of fission reactor will be determined by the requirements of the hydrogen generating technology and the proposed deployment strategy.
		The evaluation will focus on reactor designs that are judged to dominate the available and demonstrable technologies for the 50-year time horizon being evaluated.
		The reactor requirements and developmental status will be evaluated based on the publicly available technical literature, coupled with insights based on the technical expertise of SwRI staff.
	www.swri.org /4org/d03/vehsys/hydrogen (803 words)

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