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Topic: Fistula

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Rectovaginal fistula

Tracheoesophageal fistula

Anastomosis

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Abscess

Sweat gland

Irritable bowel syndrome

	One By One: Inspire People. Empower Solutions. End Fistula.
		Obstetric fistula, a devastating childbirth injury caused by unrelieved obstructed labor, affects women and girls living in poverty in the developing world.
		As a result of their injuries, women with fistula leak urine, and sometimes feces, causing others to shun them.
		One By One contributes to the elimination of obstetric fistula worldwide by engaging the public and supporting those who work to treat and prevent fistula in the developing world.
	www.fightfistula.org (156 words)

	ASCRS
		An anal fistula, almost always the result of a previous abscess, is a small tunnel connecting the anal gland from which the abscess arose to the skin of the buttocks outside the anus.
		Although fistula surgery is usually relatively straightforward, the potential for complication exists, and is preferably performed by a specialist in colon and rectal surgery.
		Fistula surgery usually involves cutting a small portion of the anal sphincter muscle to open the tunnel, joining the external and internal opening and converting the tunnel into a groove that will then heal from within outward.
	www.fascrs.org /displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=1 (607 words)

	USAID Health: Maternal & Child Health, Maternal Health, Fistula Strategy 2003-2008
		Obstetric fistula is an abnormal opening between the vagina and the bladder or rectum (or both).
		Fistula, when connected with pregnancy, is a result of extreme pressure and tissue damage during prolonged or obstructed labor as the fetus attempts to pass through the mother’s birth canal.
		Women with fistula usually feel shamed or disgraced, and are often deserted by their husbands and cut off from family, friends and daily activities, resulting in a life of isolation and destitution.
	www.usaid.gov /our_work/global_health/mch/mh/fistula_strategy.html (1762 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Fistula
		A fistula is an abnormal connection between an organ, vessel, or intestine and another structure.
		Fistulas are usually the result of injury or surgery. It can also result from infection or inflammation.
		Inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, is an example of a disease that leads to fistulas between one loop of intestine and another.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/002365.htm (366 words)

	eMedicine - Fistula-in-Ano : Article by Dennis Zagrodnik II
		Fistulae with their openings posterior to this line will follow a curved course to the posterior midline (see Image 2).
		These fistulae are not of cryptoglandular origin but are usually caused by unhealed anal fissures or anorectal procedures such as hemorrhoidectomy or sphincterotomy.
		Surgery for fistula-in-ano should not be performed for definitive repair of the fistula in the setting of anorectal abscess (ie, unless the fistula is superficial and the tract is obvious).
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic2710.htm (3247 words)

	One By One: Inspire People. Empower Solutions. End Fistula.
		Obstetric fistula is an injury of childbearing that has been relatively neglected, despite the devastating impact it has on the lives of girls and women.
		Fistula sufferers are often abandoned or neglected by their husbands and families and ostracized by their communities.
		Fistula is most common in poor communities in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia where access to or use of obstetric care is limited.
	www.fightfistula.org /fistula_faq.asp (942 words)

	Arteriovenous Fistula: Encyclopedia of Surgery
		An arteriovenous fistula (AV fistula) is the connection of a vein and an artery, usually in the forearm, to allow access to the vascular system for hemodialysis, a procedure that performs the functions of the kidneys in people whose kidneys have failed.
		An AV fistula has proven to be the best kind of vascular access for people whose veins are large enough, not only because it lasts longer but it is also less likely than other types of access to form clots or become infected.
		The AV fistula is designed to improve the effectiveness of dialysis and is reported to present fewer risks and complications than other vascular access, such as reduced incidence of clotting and infection, and longer use overall.
	health.enotes.com /surgery-encyclopedia/arteriovenous-fistula (2655 words)

	fistula - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		FISTULA [fistula], abnormal, usually ulcerous channellike formation between two internal organs or between an internal organ and the skin.
		In horses an abscess on the withers from chafing and infection is termed a fistula.
		Treatment of a bronchopleural fistula with a Fogarty catheter and oxidized regenerated cellulose (surgical).
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/f1/fistula.asp (334 words)

	Campaign to End Fistula - UNFPA
		Obstetric fistula is an injury of childbearing that has been relatively neglected, despite the devastating impact it has on the lives of girls and women.
		Fistula is most common in poor communities in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia where access to or use of obstetric care is limited.
		Fistula is a relatively hidden problem, largely because it affects the most marginalized members of society: young, poor, illiterate women in remote areas.
	www.endfistula.org /q_a.htm (1713 words)

	Fistula \| FORWARD
		Fistulae are holes that are created between the vaginal wall and the bladder (vesicovaginal fistula VVF), and holes created between the vaginal wall and the rectum (rectovaginal fistula RVF).
		If the fistula is not repaired, and the woman remains incontinent and childless, she is likely to be abandoned by her husband, on whom she is economically dependent.
		Obstetric fistula continues to plague women throughout the developing world and the key to ending fistula is to prevent it from happening in the first place.
	www.forwarduk.org.uk /vesico.htm (1174 words)

	UNFPA: POPULATION ISSUES: Making Motherhood Safer
		In 2003, UNFPA spearheaded the global Campaign to End Fistula, which is working in more than 35 countries to prevent and treat fistula, and to help rehabilitate and empower women after treatment.
		Obstetric fistula is part of the larger issue of safer motherhood, which has been high on the international agenda since 1987 when the Safe Motherhood Initiative was launched in Nairobi, Kenya.
		Both the ICPD (1994) and the Millennium Development Goals (2000) call for 90 per cent of all births to be assisted by a skilled attendant by 2015 and for a 75 per cent reduction of maternal mortality (from 1990 to 2015).
	www.unfpa.org /mothers/fistula.htm (540 words)

	Tracheoesophageal fistula
		Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is commonly a birth defect, with the trachea connected to the esophagus.
		In a rare type of fistula called an H type, both the esophagus and trachea are complete, but they are connected.
		Babies with all but H type fistulas are unlikely to survive without surgical separation and repair of the trachea and the esophagus.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/tracheoesophageal_fistula.jsp (744 words)

	eMedicine - Tracheoesophageal Fistula : Article by Sat Sharma, MD, FRCPC, FACP, FCCP, DABSM
		Classification of Congenital Tracheoesophageal Fistulas and Esophageal Atresia
		Vijayaraghavan SB: Antenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula.
		Woolley MM: Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula: 1939 to 1979.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3416.htm (4295 words)

	Campaign to End Fistula - UNFPA
		An estimated two million women are living with fistula in developing countries, with an additional 50,000 to 100,000 new cases occurring each year.
		In areas with high maternal mortality, fistula may occur at a rate of two to three cases per 1,000 pregnancies.
		The average cost of fistula treatment — including surgery, post-operative care and rehabilitation support — is US $300, well beyond the reach of most women with the condition.
	www.endfistula.org /fast_facts.htm (336 words)

	What Is Fistula?
		An obstetric fistula develops when blood supply to the tissues of the vagina and the bladder (and/or rectum) is cut off during prolonged obstructed labor.
		Women who develop fistulas are often abandoned by their husbands, rejected by their communities, and forced to live an isolated existence.
		In addition to complete incontinence, a fistula victim may develop nerve damage to the lower extremities after a multi-day labor in a squatting position.
	www.fistulafoundation.org /aboutfistula (201 words)

	Fistula First National Vascular Access Improvement Initiative
		An AVF is the surgical connection of an artery to a vein, usually in the forearm or arm, created in patients requiring maintenance hemodialysis.
		AV Fistula First is a breakthrough initiative to increase AVF use for all suitable hemodialysis patients.
		We are working together to meet KDOQI guidelines and the CMS stretch goal of increasing the percentage of hemodialysis patients using AVFs to 66% by 2009 nationwide.
	www.fistulafirst.org (404 words)

	(c) UrologyHealth.org - Adult Conditions - Bladder - Bladder Fistula
		Fistulas to the bowel are most commonly seen as a result of inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease or diverticulitis.
		Fistulas to both the vagina and the bowel may also develop as a result of previous radiation therapy.
		Bladder fistula is diagnosed by the use of an excretory urogram, which is an X-ray examination of the bladder.
	www.urologyhealth.org /adult/index.cfm?cat=03&topic=35 (1032 words)

	Fistula
		Piles in India is generally used as a loose common term to include piles, hemorrhoids, fistulas and fissures with skin tags.
		They can be helpful when the primary opening is difficult to identify or in the case of recurrent or multiple fistulae to identify secondary tracts or missed primary openings.
		In high fistulas / complicated cases where seton is required, repeated admissions may be needed and thus the cost could go upto 3 times (surgeon will explain when this is needed).
	www.angelfire.com /ar/laparoscopy/fistula.html (989 words)

	HEALTH-ETHIOPIA: Fistula Makes Social Outcasts of Child Brides
		"Fistula injuries destroy their ability to fulfil these roles, and with it their sense of self-worth.
		Reliable data on obstetric fistula are hard to come by for the whole of Africa, although the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) estimates that between 50,000 and 100,000 women may be affected.
		But because of poverty and the stigma associated with their condition, most women living with fistulas remain invisible to policy makers both in their own countries and abroad.
	www.ipsnews.net /interna.asp?idnews=22242 (888 words)

	Complications of Tracheotomy
		While the most frequent site of fistula formation is at the distal end of the tube, low placement of the tracheotomy as well as a high innominate artery is also associated with tracheoinnominate artery fistula.
		Tracheoesophageal fistula complicating tracheotomy occurs with an incidence of 0.01%.
		These fistula may result from incidental damage to the posterior tracheal wall at the time of surgery, or as the result of pressure necrosis of the tracheoesophageal wall by the tracheotomy tube and a stiff NG tube.
	rd.business.com /index.asp?epm=s.1&bdcq=Fistula&bdcr=2&bdcu=http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/oto/grand/12194.html&bdcp=&partner=2662601&bdcs=nwuuid-2662601-5726FA75-9CEC-6737-4AF5-1D207C1662F1-ym (3270 words)

	Abscess: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		A sinus abscess may result in a fistula, and abscess of the appendix in appendicitis.
		Unless an abscess discharges spontaneously, surgical incision and drainage is required.
		The resulting fissures, fistulas, abscesses, disturbed defecation, and incontinence...free perforation into the peritoneum, an abscess adjacent to the gut, or penetration...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/abscess.jsp?l=A&p=1 (1462 words)

	Teaching File Case28: Newborn with Choking & Cyanosis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The esophagram demonstrates a fistula between the proximal esophagus and trachea.
		Imaging with conventional radiographs may show an air distended esophageal pouch, the NG tube curled in the pouch and bowel dilatation related to the fistula.
		Contrast studies are not necessary unless an H-type fistula, as in this case, is suspected.
	rd.business.com /index.asp?epm=s.1&bdcq=Fistula&bdcr=1&bdcu=http://www.uab.edu/pedradpath/case28.html&bdcp=&partner=2662601&bdcs=nwuuid-2662601-5726FA75-9CEC-6737-4AF5-1D207C1662F1-ym (269 words)

	Two Million Women and Girls Affected by Obstetric Fistula
		During a difficult childbirth a fistula or hole can develop between the rectum and vagina or bladder and vagina.
		“Obstetric fistula was little known for a long time, but it’s really emerging that it continues to exist across the continents of Asia and Africa predominantly…but due to better access to maternal health care services to obstetric services in most parts of the world it’s been eliminated.
		They are dying in childbirth and those that actually survive some of them end up with obstetric fistula,” she says.
	www.voanews.com /english/Africa/2006-08-03-voa32.cfm (470 words)

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