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Topic: Fitness function

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Chromosome (genetic algorithm)

Roulette wheel selection

Evolutionary algorithm

Evolvable hardware

	Fitness landscape - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In evolutionary biology, fitness landscapes or adaptive landscapes are used to visualize the relationship between genotypes (or phenotypes) and reproductive success.
		This fitness is the "height" of the landscape.
		Fitness landscapes are often conceived of as ranges of mountains.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fitness_landscape (803 words)

	Fitness function - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A fitness function is a particular type of objective function that quantifies the optimality of a solution (that is, a chromosome) in a genetic algorithm so that that particular chromosome may be ranked against all the other chromosomes.
		Another way of looking at fitness functions is in terms of a fitness landscape, which shows the fitness for each possible chromosome.
		Definition of the fitness function is not straightforward in many cases and often is performed iteratively if the fittest solutions produced by GA are not what is desired.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fitness_function (264 words)

	Learning About Design From Evolutionists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The fitness function is used to evaluate the health of a given digital organism and is the basis for selection, and the fitness landscape is the continuous space of every possible fitness state.
		The fitness landscape consisted of points (or valleys) where no logic functions could be performed, peaks where all of the possible logic operations set could be performed, and everything in between.
		In fact, the fitness function was designed so well that it provided a 'map' that guided the genetic algorithm in fairly regular fashion [approximately 50% of the time] to the target in mind - complex logic functions and in particular, the EQU [4] function.
	www.newcreationism.org /Learning_About_Design_From_Evolutionists.html (1054 words)

	Fitness Landscapes
		More generally, the function represents the degree to which a certain state is "preferable" to another state: the lower the value of F, the "better" or the more "fit" the state.
		The fitness function transforms the state space into a fitness landscape, where every point in the space has a certain "height" corresponding to its fitness value.
		Thus, A has a higher fitness (or lower potential) than B. The bottoms of the valleys A, B and C are local minima of the potential, i.e.
	pespmc1.vub.ac.be /FITLANDS.html (399 words)

	Fitness and Synergy
		Fitness usually occurs relative to something else and it is this relativity which is important in understanding the concept within complexity thought.
		This brings into play a number of possible interactions and coevolutionary processes, and whilst somewhat neglected in complexity experiments (which are often dominated by 'conflict' scenarios) is expected to become of increasing importance as we attempt to evolve systems adequate in complexity to mimic living systems.
		It is this aspect of fitness that is often treated in evolutionary biology, when we claim that the organism evolves to fit its landscape.
	www.calresco.org /lucas/fitness.htm (3654 words)

	Cultured Perl: Genetic algorithms applied with Perl
		It is fitting that one of the most intriguing algorithms to come about in the 20 th century is the genetic algorithm.
		The fitness formula is the most-used function in the genetic algorithm (it will be invoked (population size) x (generations times)), so you should make it as simple and as fast as possible.
		Fitness was calculated as: 2 for each letter in the DNA, plus the frequency of that letter in the dictionary, plus 2^N for every dictionary word of length N in the DNA.
	www-106.ibm.com /developerworks/linux/library/l-genperl (2370 words)

	Taylor series expansion of the selection differential (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The second summation evaluates to 1, which can be seen by writing the relative fitness function as an absolute fitness divided by the population mean fitness and performing a Taylor series expansion on the mean fitness.
		The derivative of the individual fitness surface evaluated at the mean phenotype equals the derivative of the mean fitness surface at the same point when the fitness surface is linear and the phenotypic distribution symmetrical about the mean (other combinations of fitness functions and phenotypic distributions also satisfy
		The elasticity represents a linear approximation to the relative fitness function, with the error of the approximation given by
	www.wsu.edu /~mmorgan/working/Elasticities/node8.html (556 words)

	Fitness, childhood IQ may affect old-age brain function
		Fitness enhanced old-age cognitive ability more than childhood IQ did, he added.
		Results showed physical fitness contributed more than three percent of the differences in cognitive ability in old age after accounting for childhood test scores, said study author Ian Deary of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland.
		Fitness was defined by the time it took to walk six meters, grip strength and lung function.
	www.world-science.net /othernews/061009_fitness-brain.htm (560 words)

	Prototypes Numo: The Finest Home Fitness System Available
		In order to achieve the same functionality with commercial equipment one would have to spend $40,000 or more on several different machines and dedicate a large room to the equipment.
		During the 80's and 90's pneumatic machines were adopted by many upscale commercial fitness centers in order to provide their customers the finest equipment available.
		Anyone who has visited one of these fitness centers may already be familiar with the silky smooth operation and easy resistance adjustment of a pneumatic machine.
	www.rqriley.com /numo.htm (1193 words)

	Fitness Functions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Because all optimization decisions are based on the output of the fitness function, the correct choice and use of a fitness function is paramount in achieving your optimization goals.
		This function is a product of our own research and development - it was created specifically for Optimax and is the most comprehensive fitness function by far that we know of.
		We also encourage you to create your own fitness functions and to experiment as there are as many ways to evaluate fitness as there are people creating strategies.
	www.modus-novus.com /optimax/ughtml/FitnessFunctions.htm (147 words)

	Running Head: AESTHETIC FITNESS
		The fitness indicator theory of aesthetics suggests that the perception of beauty in an art-work is normally just the first step in a chain of inference that reaches all the way into our mechanisms of social cognition and social attribution.
		The proper biological function of art (which must concern survival or reproduction somehow) must not be confused with the proximate individual motivations for producing art (which may include making money, inspiring religious devotion, or challenging patriarchy).
		favored especially by ovulating females: traits that function as good-genes indicators, but that have high costs in other domains such as parenting, should be particularly favored by females during the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle (for choosing short-term extra-pair partners), and less favored at other times (when choosing good parents is more important).
	www.unm.edu /~psych/faculty/aesthetic_fitness.htm (8477 words)

	Fitness Function
		The fitness function measures the (potential for) reproductive success of any individual in a given environment.
		(Note: A Genetic Algorithm is an optimization algorithm that makes use of a population of artificially reproducing test solutions and works by enforcing the condition that the fitness function, in sense 1, for this population is equal to the objective function.
		Note that the objective function is input to the genetic algorithm, while process of forcing the fitness function, in sense 1, to be equal to the objective function is a part of the algorithm itself.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Fitness_Function (145 words)

	Animal-Animat Coevolution
		The fitness landscape (even in the coevolutionary case, where the "landscape" is redefined in every generation) might be an insufficient sample of the larger problem defined by the whole game and the way humans approach it.
		Fitness is evaluated, and the bottom half of the population is replaced by random mating with crossover of the best half.
		This selection function is adapted from (Rosin, 1997) and acts to decrease the relevance of a case that has already been "covered", that is, when there is already a player in the training set that beats it.
	www.demo.cs.brandeis.edu /papers/tronsab98.html (5488 words)

	Genetic Search for Sparse [Golomb] Rulers
		At any given iteration, a family of possible solutions is evaluated for their "fitness," that is, how close they come to satifying the conditions of the problem.
		The fitness of this ruler is measured by comparing the number of marks in the ruler with the number of integers the ruler will measure.
		This fitness function seems to select quickly the rulers that will measure all or most of the numbers between 0 and a given value p.
	www.unl.edu /tcweb/fowler/genrulPaper.html (1893 words)

	Fitness Functions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In different contexts the function that assigns values to types of behavior has been known under different names: In genetics it represents fitness, utility in economics, error functions in engineering, performance indices in motor learning, payoff in game theory, and power in politics.
		Some of these functions might not be rigorously defined but as long each agent follows a local decision rule that will improve the generalized fitness value no explicit definitions are necessary.
		The general rule for improved performance of a complex adaptive system seems to be that it is better to increase the probability of a desired behavior by assigning it a higher value for the fitness function than trying to explicitly specify any procedure that the system should follow.
	www.santafe.edu /~gmk/Pubs/EOLSS/fitness_functions.html (320 words)

	LoBue: Enterprise Evolution: Terms: Fitness Landscapes
		An agent may have traits with a high fitness function in one environment and thus be likely to be "selected" for (which means it lives long enough to reproduce).
		On the other hand, having a low fitness function in an environment means the agent is less likely to be "selected" and thus to die without reproducing.
		A low level of fitness will mean the company may fail (i.e., go extinct) while a high level of fitness should mean the company will prosper—unless the business environment changes in such a way that the company no longer has a high fitness function.
	www.lobue.com /enterprise_evolution/knowledge_fitland.html (324 words)

	CF011: Design in evolutionary algorithms
		A fitness function can be expressed as whether the algorithm performs better or worse in a particular environment.
		In simulations of biological evolution, fitness is evaluated only locally; survival and reproduction is based only on information about local conditions, not on ultimate goals.
		The fact that evolution (occasionally) reaches fitness peaks is a by-product of evolving on correlated fitness landscapes using purely local fitness evaluation, not an intended outcome.
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CF/CF011.html (365 words)

	geneticSparseRuler.nb
		function generates a new set of n rulers by andldquo;matingandrdquo; a given pair of parent rulers.
		The fitness values of the set of all rulers for a given p can be plotted as a andldquo;landscapeandrdquo; that shows how the fitness varies across a set of rulers.
		Finally, the fitness function itself might change, in which case the landscape would be different at different stages of evolution.
	www.unl.edu /tcweb/fowler/geneticRulers (1782 words)

	Selection for multiple mating in females due to mates that reduce female fitness -- Lorch and Chao 14 (5): 679 -- ...
		a linear, a concave-up, and a concave-down fitness function
		Figure 2 Average female relative fitness as a function of the number of mates (m) when the minimum relative fitness (a) is zero (A) or 0.5 (B).
		in a linear fitness function: 0.5(a + 1).
	beheco.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/14/5/679 (5484 words)

	Generation5 Forum - cREATING A FITNESS FUNCTION FORMULA
		Fitness would be that formula, and your objective would be to minimize the fitness.
		Fitness would be the sum of (absolute or squares) differences output-f(input), where f would be your evolved function.
		The evaluation function in this case presumably is the total crop yield.
	www.generation5.org /forums/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=667 (325 words)

	Should We Expect Substitution Rate to Depend on Population Size? -- Cherry 150 (2): 911 -- Genetics
		The point with lower fitness and a broader distribution of selection coefficients is a steady-state point for a smaller population than is the point with higher fitness.
		epistasis" corresponds to concavity of the log-fitness function.
		With linear approximation of the fitness function, the steady-state
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/150/2/911 (4968 words)

	Microeconomics in Practice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Since fitness maximization is analogous to maximization of social welfare, we might anticipate--pursuing the analogy--that some deductions from the hypothesis of fitness maximization could be made without knowing the functional form of the fitness function.
		Since fitness is strictly increasing in seeds produced and energy remaining, fitness maximization must result in a point being chosen on the frontier of the set.
		It is hypothesized that the fitness function is strictly increasing in food in storage and the squirrel's body weight at the time the new litter arrives.
	www.wwnorton.com /mip/ime/varian/31a.htm (1279 words)

	Miami Project \| Improving Function and Fitness
		To assist people with chronic SCI to improve their function and fitness, rehabilitation professionals are always looking for better therapies.
		Fitness options for people with SCI are often limited to passive activities or arm exercises.
		In a case study of one research volunteer with complete cervical SCI, they observed changes in heart rate and respiratory function during "robotic walking." While research with more people is needed to confirm beneficial results, the preliminary findings suggest that this type of passive exercise may offer exercise and fitness benefits.
	www.miamiproject.miami.edu /x727.xml (458 words)

	Content Planner Construction via Evolutionary Algorithms and a Corpus-based Fitness Function
		The fitness is then the average of the alignment scores produced for a set of semantic inputs.
		By averaging the fitness function over different semantic inputs, it evaluates the system against different subjects (since each briefing was produced by a different person) in one fell swoop.
		By means of a powerful 2-level fitness function we obtain a 66% improvement over a random baseline (the one we started from) in just 20 generations.
	www.cs.columbia.edu /~pablo/publications/INLG2002genetic (3444 words)

	Cultured Perl: Genetic algorithms, the next generation
		When I cut the fitness for invalid instructions in an effort to stop the DNA from becoming all-numeric, the individuals simply moved the numeric instruction to the end of the DNA, where it was safe from invalid instructions.
		In the original article, we used the DNA as a source of words and rewarded the individual's fitness for those words that were in our dictionary, depending on how long they were.
		function is similar to the one from the original example, but the reward structure is different and the loop is actually simplified.
	www-106.ibm.com /developerworks/linux/library/l-genperl2 (1376 words)

	andymeneely.com - A Slice of Andy's Life
		The only piece of the GA that is tailored for the given problem is the fitness function.
		But since the fitness function is the only connection to the given problem, the programmer must be quite careful in designing the function so that the GA can optimize it correctly.
		It is crucial, therefore, to program your fitness function so that it runs quickly because it is often the bottleneck in the entire program.
	www.andymeneely.com /prog/ga/articles/fitness.htm (1133 words)

	The Panda's Thumb: Coevolution and Dynamic Fitness Functions
		The fact that fitness/objective functions that vary over time are not employed in biologically inspired computing, especially after all these years of genetic algorithms hype, tells me that they are not the key to solving interesting engineering problems.
		To summarize this important conclusion: dynamic fitness functions - either competitive ones in a co-evolution framework or interactive ones - tend to have an important role in several e-commerce applications, due to the inherently dynamic nature of this kind of application.
		Actually, the fitness function is sometimes changed in the course of a run when you have multiple objectives.
	www.pandasthumb.org /archives/2004/03/coevolution_and.html (1290 words)

	The KLI Theory Lab - keywords - fitness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Keywords: altruism • biological models of the firm • change • ecology • equilibrium • evolutionary ethics • fitness • group selection • Lamarckism • mutualism • optimization • population biology • selfishness • social Darwinism • sociobiology • teleology • utility.
		Miller, G.F. Mental traits as fitness indicators: Expanding evolutionary psychology's adaptationism.
		Keywords: dispositions • explanation • fitness • function.
	www.kli.ac.at /theorylab/Keyword/F/fitness.html (315 words)

	Fitness and Exercise Training Specialist Auckland Chek nutrition lifestyle coaching corporate wellness seminars.
		Fitness and Exercise Training Specialist Auckland Chek nutrition lifestyle coaching corporate wellness seminars.
		Using my focused, specialist training and coaching methods I will assist you to gain new levels of fitness, health, vitality, posture, body pain removal, reduced stress and more.
		Whether your goal is to establish a better quality of fitness in your life, recover from injury or surgery, remove the pain you feel daily, establish and maintain pain-free movement, boost your
	www.fitness-n-function.co.nz (392 words)

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