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Topic: Fixed-effects model

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Hackers, Hits and Chats: An E-Commerce and Marketing Dictionary of Terms If making changes to fixed costs (changing advertising expenditure etc.): Free Software: [free] Free Software is software that allows the owner the freedom to use the software, and alter the software in anyway he / she desires. As it applies to business, an ecosystem can be viewed as a system where the relationships established across different industries become mutually beneficial, self-sustaining and (somewhat) closed. www.udel.edu /alex/dictionary.html

Morehead Planetarium and Science Center :: The Morehead Planetarium Star Theater The fixed star slides in 32 fixed star projectors are chromium evaporated glass plates, with holes 0.023 to 0.33mm in diameter photochemically etched into the chromium. The star projector was converted to a Model III in 1959, and the present Model VI was installed in 1969. In 1994, the media control system was updated to include the East Coast Control Systems Hercules system, which features a more sophisticated computer which can handle more projectors and special effects than before. www.moreheadplanetarium.org /index.cfm?fuseaction=page&filename=star_theater.html&print=1   (460 words)

Ed231C: A Rasch Model Example We will be using a conditional (fixed-effects) logit model to illustrate the model, however, Rasch's derivation used a different approach, but one that turns out to be equivalent to the fixed-effects logit. This is, in fact, a random effects model. Rasch models, along with other item response models, have an assumption of local independence, that is, the responses to a given item are independent of the responses to other items in the test. www.gseis.ucla.edu /courses/ed231c/notes2/rasch.html   (2275 words)

Overview The parameters of the mean model are referred to as fixed-effects parameters, and the parameters of the variance-covariance model are referred to as covariance parameters. Once a model has been fit to your data, you can use it to draw statistical inferences via both the fixed-effects and covariance parameters. A mixed linear model is a generalization of the standard linear model used in the GLM procedure, the generalization being that the data are permitted to exhibit correlation and nonconstant variability. www.uni.edu /sasdoc/stat/chap41/sect1.htm   (648 words)

UNC Graduate Record 2004-2006 This course provides an introduction to event history analysis or survival analysis, random effects and fixed effects models for longitudinal data, multilevel models for linear and discrete multilevel data, and growth curve models. Topics include: path analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, measurement error, model identification, nonrecursive models, multiple indicators. The major topics are: the assumptions of the regression model, dummy variables and interaction terms, outlier diagnostics, multicollinearity, specification error, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation. www.unc.edu /res-aca/catalogs/gb/programs/sociol.html   (648 words)

How CBO Analyzed the Macroeconomic Effects of the President's Budget The most important difference between the models is that the household in the infinite-horizon model behaves as if it expects to live forever, whereas the households in the life-cycle model expect to live only for a fixed period of time. The textbook growth model is the model CBO uses to compute historical values of potential output and to estimate potential output in its 10-year baseline projections. For the models by Macroeconomic Advisers and Global Insight, the supply-side contribution to interest rate changes shown in the table reflects only the effect of changes in the ratio of capital to output on the rate of return to capital. www.cbo.gov /showdoc.cfm?index=4454&sequence=0   (648 words)

FAQ: Conditional logit model and clogit This general model is often called the conditional fixed-effects logit model. www.stata.com /support/faqs/stat/clogit.html   (648 words)

University of Melbourne ePrints Repository - Including Prior Information in Probit Model Estimation In a model designed to explain choice between fixed and variable interest-rate mortgages, we show that using Bayesian inference to include inequality information on the signs of coefficients yields inferences about probabilities and elasticities that are substantially different from those obtained using maximum likelihood estimation. The effects of including different kinds of prior information in estimation of the probit model is examined within the framework of Bayesian inference. In a second model, concerned with state voting behavior, we find that putting prior information on probabilities, rather than coefficients, has a dramatic effect on the posterior density functions for the model coefficients, probabilities and elasticities. eprints.unimelb.edu.au /archive/00000101   (648 words)

Aerosol indirect effects in POLDER satellite data and the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique–Zoom (LMDZ) general circulation model Model simulations show a rather small change in the two relationships if preindustrial rather than present-day aerosol distributions are used. We use these observational data for aerosol concentration (the aerosol index), cloud optical thickness, and cloud droplet effective radius to establish statistical relationships among these parameters in order to analyze the first and second aerosol indirect effects. The model-simulated relationship agrees well with that derived from POLDER data. www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2004/2003JD004317.shtml   (363 words)

Citebase - Finite-Size and Finite-Temperature Effects in the Conformally Invariant O(N) Vector Model for 2<d<4 We study the O(N) vector model and the U(N) Gross-Neveu model with fixed total fermion number, in three dimensions. The $N=\infty$ vector $O(N)$ model is a solvable, interacting field theory in three dimensions ($D$). Inside the region of thermodynamic stability, the free energy from supergravity is roughly reproduced by a naive model based on free N=4 super-Yang-Mills theory... citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai%3AarXiv%2Eorg%3Ahep%2Dth%2F9809096   (363 words)

St@tmaster - ST113 - ST113/Mixed Linear Models This module describes how the tests for the fixed effects are computed (typically represented in an ANOVA table), and how to construct confidence intervals. The likelihood ratio test is used to compare two models A and B, where B is a sub-model of A. Here the model including some variance parameter (model A), and the model without this variance parameter (model B) is to be compared. The first theory module described how a mixed model is defined and how the model parameters in a mixed model are estimated from observed data. www.dina.dk /~per/Netmaster/courses/st113/Module10   (363 words)

Pubs.GISS: Abstract of Yao and Del Genio 1989 An improved version of the GISS Model II cumulus parameterization designed for long-term climate integrations is used to study the effects of entrainment and multiple cloud types on the January climate simulation. Instead of prescribing convective mass as a fixed fraction of the cloud base grid-box mass, it is calculated based on the closure assumption that the cumulus convection restores the atmosphere to a neutral moist convective state at cloud base. Global aspects of the simulation using the neutral buoyancy closure are almost identical to those of obtained in a previous study with a closure relating cumulus mass flux explicitly to large-scale forcing. pubs.giss.nasa.gov /abstracts/1989/YaoDelGenio.html   (287 words)

Energy, Entropy, Economics, and Ecology The rate of flow at a point in the network is determined by population growth of the species there, which is constrained by nutrient supply and physiological rates (also essentially fixed by evolution). These effects of technological change are measured as a residual after accounting for all tangible factors; energy and natural resources are not considered tangible factors, thus leaving a large residual. In spite of the circular flow celebrated by economists there is something that is irrevocably used up, namely capacity for rearrangement. www.dieoff.com /page17.htm   (287 words)

310ch23.doc IS-LM model explains how interest rates and aggregate output (aggregate income) are determined, given a fixed price level. Following Keynes analysis, Sir John Hicks developed an aggregate model in 1937 denoted the IS-LM model. Useful for evaluating the effects of monetary and fiscal policy on the economy (Chap. www.niu.edu /~ta0jfr1/310ch23.doc   (486 words)

ho_randfixd.doc Random and Fixed Effects The terms “random” and “fixed” are used in the context of ANOVA and regression models, and refer to a certain type of statistical model. Random effects models are sometimes referred to as “Model II” or “variance component models.” Analyses using both fixed and random effects are called “mixed models.” Fixed and Random Coefficients in Multilevel Regression The random vs. fixed distinction for variables and effects is important in multilevel regression. Fixed effect: (1) statistical model typically used in regression and ANOVA assuming independent variable is fixed; (2) generalization of the results apply to similar values of independent variable in the population or in other studies; (3) will probably produce smaller standard errors (more powerful). www.upa.pdx.edu /IOA/newsom/mlrclass/ho_randfixd.doc   (935 words)

Variations in the Uninsured Fixed effects estimation dramatically improves the reliability of model results by removing variation that, in the absence of fixed effects, might be incorrectly assigned to variables in the model. In addition, the fixed effects specification includes dummy variables representing all but one state and all but one year of the time series in order to control for any effects that may be unmeasured by our included independent variables. Thus, we consider the current evidence of the effects of selective contracting restrictions on health care costs, and thereby premiums and rates of coverage, to be suggestive, not definitive. www.urban.org /Template.cfm?Section=ByAuthor&NavMenuID=63&template=/TaggedContent/ViewPublication.cfm&PublicationID=6238   (935 words)

Analyzing Linear Models With Proc MIXED It also has to be mentioned that PROC GLM was design for analysis of fixed effects models and all computations are done under the assumption that there is only one variance component in the model, the error term. The random effects and repeated statements are used differently, random effects are not listed in the model statement, GLM has MEANS and LSMEANS statements, whereas MIXED has only the LSMEANS statement, GLM offers Type I, II, III and IV tests for fixed effects, while MIXED offers TYPE I and TYPE III. That approach leads to the familiar analysis of variance table in which the variability in the dependent variable (the total sum of squares) is divided into variabilities due to different sources (sum of squares for effects in the model). www.uky.edu /ComputingCenter/SSTARS/mixed1.htm   (4696 words)

Meta-analysis: odds ratio - MedCalc manual The Total Odds ratio with 95% CI is given both for the Fixed effects model and the Random effects model. Under the fixed effects model, it is assumed that all studies come from a common population, and that the effect size (odds ratio) is not significantly different among the different trials. Next the heterogeneity statistic is incorporated to calculate the summary Odds ratio under the random effects model (DerSimonian and Laird). www.medcalc.be /manual/meta-oddsratio.php   (395 words)

ASM 16/2 poz 1 The conditional posterior distributions of the fixed parameters, random effects and covariance matrices, given the other parameters of the model are obtained. A multivariate mixed linear model, containing both fixed and random effects, is considered. A Jeffreys' prior density function for the fixed parameters, multivariate normal distribution for the random effects and Wishart prior distribution for the covariance matrices, are introduced. www.pz.zgora.pl /discuss/al/16_2/a1.htm   (395 words)

MACROECONOMIC POLICY WITHIN A MONETARY UNION Finally, the model is also capable of determining monetary effects on both the national economy and the other European members. To this end, a model is developed that studies the intra and cross-country effects of fiscal (or monetary) policies. It is extremely difficult for a researcher to attempt to model the behavior of a monetary union, because the appropriate model will not be described as a standard closed economy model or an open economy fixed exchange rate model. www.ecsanet.org /conferences/ecsaworld3/apergis_demopoulos.htm   (4050 words)

Effect size meta-analysis Assuming a fixed effects model a slightly stronger inference could be made about an effect size of 0.42 (the lower confidence limit) but the high inter-study variation makes the fixed effects model less appropriate. Here we can say with 95% confidence, assuming a random effects model, that the true size of the effect was at least 0.4 greater for the group who received the educational intervention compared with those who did not. Meta-analysis may be used to investigate the combination or interaction of a group of independent studies, for example a series of effect sizes from similar studies conducted at different centres. www.statsdirect.com /help/meta_analysis/effect.htm   (568 words)

ABSTRACT However, the best fit as determined by Akaike's Information Criterion and Schwarz Criterion was by fitting sixth, fourth, and seventh, and fourth, second, and seventh order polynomials for fixed, additive genetic and permanent environmental effects, respectively. Where p is the number of parameters estimated and r(X) is the rank of the coefficient matrix of fixed effects (Meyer, 2001a). In our study, all combinations from first to seventh orders for fixed, additive genetic, and permanent environmental effects were analyzed. mark.asci.ncsu.edu /SwineReports/2003/oh3.htm   (1559 words)

ARS Publication request: Calving Ease (Co)variance Components for a Sire-Maternal Grandsire Evaluation Model A threshold sire-maternal grandsire (MGS) model was used that included random herd-year, sire, MGS, and residual effects and fixed year-season, parity-sex, and birth year of sire and MGS effects. The model included random herd-year, sire, MGS, and residual effects and fixed year-season, parity-sex, and birth year of sire and MGS effects. The new model also provides more accurate evaluations because it better adjusts the sire effects for differences in the calving ease of their mates. www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=140973   (479 words)

Hiranya Nath's Paper Abstracts Abstract : This paper estimates a fixed effects regression model using panel data on prices for U.S. cities to test the supply-side theory of inflation that takes the distribution of relative price changes as an aggregate supply shock. We show that while a model driven solely by sectoral technology shocks can generate "plausible" price-output correlations, "demand" shocks, particularly sectoral demand shocks, are needed for the model to generate the sectoral price-output correlations observed in the data. The data suggest that correlations between sectoral output and price changes are substantially lower than would be implied by a flexible price model with sectoral technology shocks. www.shsu.edu /~eco_hkn/Abstract.html   (479 words)

No Title Secondly, the estimates of the fixed effects have null covariances with the true random effects, and the covariances between estimates of the fixed effects and estimates of the random effects are non-zero, which is opposite to the results from BLUP. Non-random mating is taken into account because the sire and dam of each animal with a record is included in the model. Joint equilibrium becomes joint disequilibrium, and therefore, non-zero covariances between additive and dominance genetic effects are created. www.aps.uoguelph.ca /~lrs/Animalz/lesson17   (479 words)

Analyzing Linear Models With Proc MIXED It also has to be mentioned that PROC GLM was design for analysis of fixed effects models and all computations are done under the assumption that there is only one variance component in the model, the error term. Proc GLM was designed to fit fixed effect models and later amended to fit some random effect models by including RANDOM statement with TEST option. Values from proc mixed have to be compared with the Tests of Hypotheses for Mixed Model Analysis from proc GLM, not with the main, General Linear Model Procedure, ANOVA table. www.uky.edu /ComputingCenter/SSTARS/mixed1.htm   (479 words)

Determinants of AFDC Growth: Chapter Two: Review of the Literature Assuming state fixed effects are also included, the coefficient estimates for the explanatory variables are based on the relationship between deviations of changes in the dependent variable from the national average change and deviations of changes in the explanatory variables from changes in their respective national averages. In comparison to national or state time-series estimates, it is feasible to control for all changes in national program policy or other national factors, at least to the extent that they have the same effects on participation in all states, by using time fixed effects. There is a serious danger that the researcher will end up with a model that fits the data well (very high adjusted R-square and the simulated series tracks the actual series closely), but that the model coefficients misrepresent the causal relationship between the explanatory variables and participation; further, out-of-sample predictions may be very poor. aspe.hhs.gov /HSP/isp/AFDCgrow/CHAP-2.htm   (479 words)

EconPapers: Enterprise Restructuring and Firm Performance: A Comparison of Rural and Urban Enterprises in Jiangsu Province We find mixed evidence for the TVEs: privatization had no effect on firm performance in a group fixed-effects model but significant, positive effects in a firm fixed-effects model. Abstract: We examine the contrast in the experience of ownership reforms between urban SOEs and rural TVEs using a panel of industrial enterprises in Nanjing municipality for the period from 1994 to 2001. We also find that among reformed urban enterprises, those in which private ownership accounts for less than 50% of shares performed better than those in which the majority of shares are owned privately. econpapers.repec.org /paper/wdipapers/2004-668.htm   (479 words)

Variance Components and Mixed Model ANOVA/ANCOVA The statistical analysis of random effects is accomplished by using the random effect model, if all of the independent variables are assumed to have random effects, or by using the mixed model, if some of the independent variables are assumed to have random effects and other independent variables are assumed to have fixed effects. REML and ML variance components are estimated by iteratively optimizing the parameter estimates for the effects in the model. Note that if the variance component estimates for the random effects in the model are divided by the sum of all components (including the error component), the resulting percentages are population intraclass correlation coefficients for the respective effects. www.statsoft.com /textbook/stvarcom.html   (2537 words)

S archive: Generalized linear models with random effects Note that the estimated coefficients for Occasion (there are 9 of them and they add to zero) are similar to the equivalent parameters from the fixed model, but shrunk somewhat towards zero. In the fixed model, the last coefficient is not included explicitly because the coefficients are constrained to add to zero. We specify a binomial model with two random effects. www.statsci.org /s/reglm.html   (2537 words)

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