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Topic: Flake Tool

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	Stone tool - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chipped stone tools are made from cryptocrystalline materials such as chert, radiolarite, chalcedony or obsidian via a process known as lithic reduction.
		Ground stone tools are maufactured from larger-grained materials such as basalt and some forms of rhyolite, which are not suitable for flaking.
		Some ground stone tools are incidental, caused by use with other tools: manos, for example, are hand stones used in conjunction with metates, and develop their ground surfaces through wear.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stone_tool (640 words)

	Methodology
		Flake tools are a class of lithic artifacts where the tool or intended tool is made on a flake and flake tools are classified by tool function including: scrapers, cutting tools, drills, reamers, etc. The flake tool was the most versatile type of lithic tool made, frequently requiring no modification.
		Tools made on flakes that broke during their manufacture are classified as tool blanks under this class.
		Battered tools are a class of percussive tools used for battering/pecking/shaping (hammerstones) or are battered upon (anvils) and are classified by their morphological configuration as it implies function.
	www.sjc.cc.nm.us /pages/2132.asp (1641 words)

	Archaeology Wordsmith (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This crude tool was made by striking a limited number of flakes from the edge of a cobble or fist-size rock to produce a coarse cutting edge.
		Tools produced by the removal of flakes (or chips, commonly referred to as debitage) from the stone to create a sharp surface.
		Tools made of stone included of axes, adzes, arrowheads, spearheads, daggers, knife blades, scrapers, borers, burins, picks, etc. The first tools date back to c 2,600,000 years ago, the beginning of the Paleolithic Age, and are different-sized pebble tools called choppers.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?category=&where=headword&terms=tool (1710 words)

	Pressure flaking - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In lithic reduction, pressure flaking is a method of trimming the edge of a stone tool by removing small lithic flakes by pressing on the stone with a sharp instrument rather than striking it with a percussor.
		Usually, the rough piece is held clasped in the flintknapper's hand, with a durable piece of fabric or leather protecting the flintknapper's palm from the sharpness of the flakes removed.
		The flintknapper places the tip of the flaking tool against the edge of the stone tool and presses hard, removing a small linear or lunate flake from the opposite side.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pressure_flaking (386 words)

	Evolution of Modern Humans: Glossary of Terms
		a tool made from a relatively large block of rock rather than from the flakes that are removed from it by percussion flaking in the manufacturing process.
		Flakes may be intentionally produced for these purposes or they may be waste flakes produced in the process of making a core tool.
		a tool making technique in which a brittle rock (e.g., obsidian, flint, chert, and basalt) that will potentially be an artifact is struck with a heavy glancing blow from another dense rock (i.e., a hammerstone) in order to cause a flake to be removed.
	anthro.palomar.edu /homo2/glossary.htm (3017 words)

	An Overview of the Paleolithic
		Their forms vary, and the flaking is generally irregular; it is probable that they were manufactured either with a stone hammer or on a stone anvil.
		The flakes, which have large, high-angle (greater than 90), plain striking platforms, as well as prominent bulbs of percussion, were detached from roughly prepared, discoidal cores by the stone-hammer or stone-anvil technique.
		On the striking platforms of typical levallois flakes, small vertical flake scars, called facets, may be observed, and the scars of the converging core-preparation flakes are present on the upper surface.
	history-world.org /stone_age1.htm (2976 words)

	The University of Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist -- Bone Tools
		Grooves outlining the intended tool's form are cut through the hard outer bone to the spongy cancellous tissue using stone tools such as sharp pointed gravers and chisel-ended burins.
		Saw-tooth-edged tools were commonly made from the long bones of large animals, particularly the metatarsals (long foot bones) of bison and elk.
		Tools for scraping and smoothing the inner surfaces of hides were made by breaking off the heads of a leg bone of a bison or other large mammal, exposing rough cancellous interior bone.
	www.uiowa.edu /~osa/learn/ancient/bone.htm (1121 words)

	Mount Rainier National Park: Environment, Prehistory & Archaeology (Appendix B) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Flakes with a biface edge platform or with multiple dorsal flake scars, often with longitudinal flake scar ridges.
		A flake tool is either minimally shaped such as retouch along one margin (uniface) or a flake that shows use-wear (used flake-patterned microflaking and/or polish).
		Retouch is identified as patterned flaking with flake scars 3 mm or greater.
	www.nps.gov /mora/ncrd/archaeology/appb.htm (1314 words)

	1999 Lithic - Chipped Stone Debitage
		Flakes: the detachment from a core (or rock), due to being struck by another usually harder rock producing a fragment by way of a conchoidal fracture, which leaves a flake scar on the core.
		Indeterminate Flakes: flakes that cannot be distinguished as retouch or thinning flakes, shatters, or core trimmings.
		Thinning Flakes: long, thin parallel-sided flakes that are a result of either indirect percussion or pressure flaking, usually at least twice as long as the width.
	www.lamanai.org /archfiles/1999lithic/chippdebitage.htm (976 words)

	CaliforniaPrehistory.com -- Edge Tools and Prehistoric Mobility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Formed flake tools, which are more common in earlier assemblages, have been said to be indicative of greater mobility, while casual tools have been considered characteristic of less mobile groups.
		Among the multi-edged tools, the relatively scarce concave edges were not evenly spread among different tools, but actually tended to be slightly clustered on single tools, although not significantly more so than might have occurred with a random distribution of the edges.
		Turning away from flake tools for a moment, handstones or manos are an alternative tool class that seems to provide better indices for both varieties of casualness.
	www.californiaprehistory.com /reports02/rep0030.html (2662 words)

	1999 Results
		Sixteen flake tools were analyzed, all of the were recovered from the excavation unit.
		The flake tools are made from both local and nonlocal lithic raw materials as well as high quality and low quality lithic materials.
		Tools of this type are often thought of as fiber separators for both sinew and plant fibers.
	www.sjc.cc.nm.us /pages/2131.asp (2138 words)

	Lithic Technology
		The cortex of a core or flake is the weathered, outer surface of the rock.
		The errailure is a French term denoting a subsidiary flake scar on the bulb of percussion of a flake.
		Pressure flaking is used for the final trimming and sharpening of the edges of stone tools.
	www.mc.maricopa.edu /dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/archy/lithictech/lithictech2.html (1197 words)

	Identifying an Early Bronze-Age Pocket Lighter with OLM and SEM
		The functional link between the flake tool and the hematite object was confirmed by the microwear analysis.
		Thus, the functional part of the flake tool came in contact with the iron ore. It is well known that iron ores, and especially pyrite are used to create sparks.
		The comparison between the functional area of the flake tool (Zone I) and the hematite revealed clearly that the wear is much more intense on the flake tool than on the hematite.
	homepages.uni-tuebingen.de /alfred.pawlik/Pocket_lighter.htm (829 words)

	Cache-2
		A large portion of the cache consisted of tool flakes that were much too large to be made from biface flakes.
		Orientation of tool flakes relative to the tabular source are revealed by surface cortex and by distinctive color changes between layers in the tabular stone.
		It is reasonable to suggest that these tools simply had not advanced beyond the camp tool stage of use and would have normally been converted to projectiles by fluting.
	www.stonedagger.com /Cache-2.html (3459 words)

	Flashcards for Human Evolution Stack 2
		A stone tool such as a hand ax is an example as is the computer that you are using.
		The generic term for a tool made from a relatively large block of rock rather than from the flakes that are removed from it by percussion flaking in the manufacturing process.
		A tool making technique in which a glass-like rock (e.g., obsidian, flint, chert, and basalt) is struck with a heavy glancing blow from another dense rock (a hammerstone) in order to cause a flake to be removed.
	anthro.palomar.edu /homo/flashcards_2.htm (631 words)

	Glossary
		stone tool made on a pebble or cobble, often quartzite, from which flakes have been struck from one face to make a sharp edge, leaving the rest of the natural surface unmodified.
		A flake may be a waste product or debitage as in the case of flakes struck off in the making of a handaxe or, they may be deliberately produced for use as tools.
		Using a small, stone, antler or wooden hammer, tiny flakes are chipped from the edge to change its shape, angle and sharpness to suit a particular type of job.
	www.creswell-crags.org.uk /Books_and_links/Glossary.htm (3931 words)

	Uwharries Lithics Conference: Lee Novick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Alternate flakes are identified in the archaeological record by the tabular edges and their flat platforms [Slide 10].
		These types of flakes would be anticipated at small hunting camps where bifaces and hafted bifaces were used, or on workshop quarry sites where these types of tools would have been discarded, or on long term habitation sites where retooling would be a regular activity.
		We generally expect to find broken tools in the area where they broke, that is, in their area of manufacture, or where they were used around hearths, or where they were redeposited in dump areas.
	www.arch.dcr.state.nc.us /uwharrie/novick26am.html (4455 words)

	LEVALLOIS FLAKE TOOLS
		Edges of this struck flake were then retouched to create the desired cutting edge but the geometry of the two sides remained.
		It was the Levallois method employed by Neanderthals to manufacture a variety of early tools including the first points that were hafted to wooden poles for use as spears.
		Compared to the bulkier tools of the Acheulian produced by the Levallois technique, Mousterian tools are comprised of smaller flakes from an exhaustively worked core which are then retouched on the edges to make a large variety of tools.
	www.paleodirect.com /m095.htm (624 words)

	The Virtual Learning Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Upon completing the stone tool demonstration, which required the better part of the period from about 10:30 to 11:40 am, students were instructed to return to Building 110 on Thursday, May 1st, 2003.
		At present, the stone tool having the most distinctive flake tool characteristics and form is that of Rob Lecel...who it turns out is one of the Wireless Project student assistants.
		Those wishing to compete for the extra credit Stone Tools challenge were given the opportunity to do so by way of the creation of stone tool flake patterns that best represent both percussion and pressure flaking patterns.
	archaeology.csumb.edu /wireless/archive02.php (4543 words)

	Mount Rainier National Park: Environment, Prehistory & Archaeology (Chapter 4) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Tool stone found in the Park fall into one of three major categories: obsidian, CCS (subsuming cherts and jaspers), and fine-grained basalt or metasediment.
		Although a formal analysis of flakes was not conducted, it is all but certain that the site represents initial reduction of chert for tool blanks and/or cores that were taken for final reduction elsewhere.
		Lightweight tools (cores, bifaces, flake tools and projectile points) may or may not be present.
	www.nps.gov /mora/ncrd/archaeology/chap4c.htm (5841 words)

	Search Results for "Archaeology"
		Archaeology Of or relating to an early Paleolithic tool culture of northwest Europe, characterized by simple core and flake tools.
		Archaeology A stone tool consisting of a core that is flaked to produce a cutting edge or edges....
		Archaeology A very small blade made of flaked stone and used as a tool, especially in the European Mesolithic Period.
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=col61&query=Archaeology (280 words)

	The Archaeologist's Laboratory: Artifact Illustration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		For bifacial tools (flaked much the same on both surfaces), you may need to decide arbitrarily which side to treat as the ìdorsalî side.
		For the larger flake scars, draw at least a few concentric ìrippleî arcs that show the direction of flaking away from the point of percussion or pressure (like waves away from the place where a stone dropped into a pond).
		In the case of decorated sherds, your drawing convention may also call for you to show an outline of the sherd superimposed on the reconstructed vessel, perhaps with dotted or dashed lines to show how you think the decorative pattern may have continued across parts of the vessel that are not preserved.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~banning/Labs/312lab20.htm (1595 words)

	[No title]
		If you were making a tool from a rock, you'd have knock, or spall, a nice big flake, or tool blank, off of your original piece of stone.
		In profile, the flake scar, the place where the flake used to be, is cone-shaped.
		You use it the same as your pressure flaker, except that instead of taking a flake next door to the one before it, you take it off of the same place: a flake from side A, and then a flake from side B in the same place.
	cavemanchemistry.com /cavebook/chstone3.html (1769 words)

	Italian Artifacts - Stone Age Tools for Sale
		This artifact is a light and dark brown colored jasper flake tool.
		Flake tools were commonly used for cutting meat and animal hides as well as other common materials.
		This artifact was made via the Levallois technique as evident by the flake scaring pattern on the dorsal surface.
	www.stoneageartifacts.com /html/Artifact-Italy.html (1024 words)

	Oldowan Flake Tool, Original and Cast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Sharp edges on small stone flakes have been used for hundreds of thousands of years for many different daily tasks such as cutting into the hide of an animal to procure food.
		Simple tool making experiments using "Kanzi the chimp" to represent an early hominid have shown similar tool making techniques for the purpose of acquiring food.
		Most stone tools from the Lower Paleolithic Oldowan industry at Olduvai Gorge were made from the more common basalt.
	lithiccastinglab.com /cast-page/oldowanflaketoolcast.htm (262 words)

	NEANDERTHAL FLAKE TOOLS
		This stone tool was fashioned by Neanderthals over 40,000 years ago out of flint and discovered in the world famous region of Dordogne, France, considered to be the "Capitol of Prehistory".
		Utilized flakes lack specific tool shapes but exhibit evidence of use and reuse as a tool.
		This rare Neanderthal tool was collected in a rock shelter from a subterranean level that was once a Neanderthal occupation layer.
	www.paleodirect.com /m102.htm (412 words)

	DreamSuite Plug-in - Tips for the Crackle Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		You can select this tool, then draw irregular shapes, making sure to end the at the same point where you began.
		This tool is designed to spread and contract automatically so the flake will not be a perfect shape to match your drawing.
		You can use the Flake Crack tool to add areas back in, by redrawing, and holding down the ALT key.
	www.dizteq.com /dreamsuiteafx/cracktips.html (230 words)

	Reports Submitted to FAMSI - Alexander Villa Benitez
		In a sample of 3,097 utilized flake tool and prismatic blade artifacts, 55% were used on more than two-thirds of their existing edge lengths.
		It does not appear that very many tools, aside from hafted bifaces, were specialized to perform specific tasks.
		Prismatic blades, (85% of the assemblage) were perhaps the easiest functional cutting tool to carry with you.
	www.famsi.org /reports/01066/section04.htm (653 words)

	Flintknapping Chimpanzee
		He then struck the rocks together to make a stone flake and walked over to the kangaroo where he then quickly cut off the tail with the sharp edge of the flake.
		He was initially shown what sharp flakes could do and only a basic demonstration of how hard hammer percussion (striking one hand held rock against another) could produce these flakes.
		They are flakes of chert that have been or may have been used to cut soft materials.
	lithiccastinglab.com /gallery-pages/2001julykanzichimp.htm (1285 words)

	Auto FX Software develops Adobe Photoshop special effects and imaging plug-in filters for graphic designers, ...
		Crackle is a great tool for adding interest to images and as a creative tool to be used with a composition for effect.
		Crackle generates looks that simulate an aged painting that is cracked with flaking paint where it comes loose from the canvas.
		Crackle includes a Flake tool that can be used to simulate this effect.
	www.autofx.com /dreamsuite/effect_pages/crackle.html (300 words)

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