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Topic: Flares

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	NASA/Marshall Solar Physics
		Solar flares are often observed using filters to isolate the light emitted by hydrogen atoms in the red region of the solar spectrum (the H-alpha spectral line).
		This is an example of a "two-ribbon" flare in which the flaring region appear as two bright lines threading through the area between sunspots within a sunspot group.
		The flare (the bright area) lies along a section of a neutral line where the magnetic field is twisted (or sheared) to point along the neutral line instead of across it.
	solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov /flares.shtml (528 words)

	Flare (pyrotechnic) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Flares are used for signaling, illumination, or defensive countermeasures in civilian and military applications.
		Flares generally produce their light through the combustion of magnesium metal, sometimes colored by the inclusion of other metals.
		In the civilian world, flares are commonly used as distress signals, and may be ignited on the ground or fired as an aerial signal from a pistol-like flare gun.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Flare_(pyrotechnic) (613 words)

	Solar flare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A solar flare is a violent explosion in the Sun's atmosphere with an energy equivalent to tens of millions of hydrogen bombs.
		Solar flares take place in the solar corona and chromosphere, heating plasma to tens of millions of kelvins and accelerating the resulting electrons, protons and heavier ions to near the speed of light.
		The most powerful flare of the last 500 years is believed to have occurred in September 1859: it was seen by British astronomer Richard Carrington and left a trace in Greenland ice in the form of nitrates and beryllium-10, which allow its strength to be measured today (New Scientist, 2005).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solar_flare (892 words)

	X-ray Solar Flare Classification
		A solar flare is an explosion on the Sun that happens when energy stored in twisted magnetic fields (usually above sunspots) is suddenly released.
		Flares produce a burst of radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to x-rays and gamma-rays.
		Scientists classify solar flares according to their x-ray brightness in the wavelength range 1 to 8 Angstroms.
	www.spaceweather.com /glossary/flareclasses.html (171 words)

	Space Weather Research Explorer: Solar Flares
		Solar flares are short-term outbursts on the sun, caused by the sudden release of energy stored in twisted magnetic fields in the solar atmosphere.
		Flares occur in active regions, areas on the sun where the magnetic fields are very strong.
		Solar flares fling tremendous amounts of energy into space, including high-energy particles (protons, electrons, and atomic nuclei) and electromagnetic radiation ranging from gamma rays and X-rays to radio waves.
	www.exploratorium.edu /spaceweather/flares.html (304 words)

	Solar Flares (Site not responding. Last check: )
		During a flare the material in the flare may be heated to temperatures of 10 million K; matter at these temperatures emits copious amounts of UV and X-Ray, as well as visible light.
		Thus, the observation of a large flare on the surface of the Sun is usually a signal for increased auroras and related activity several days hence when the ejected burst reaches Earth.
		Although the cause of flares is not completely understood, they are known to be associated with the magnetic field of the Sun.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/sun/flares.html (362 words)

	Solar Flares
		A flare is defined as a sudden, rapid, and intense variation in brightness.
		The first solar flare recorded in astronomical literature was on September 1, 1859.
		The corona is the outermost atmosphere of the Sun, consisting of highly rarefied gas.
	hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov /sftheory/flare.htm (479 words)

	Solar Flares
		The horizontal "spikes" extending to the right and left of the flare are not real; they are an artifact produced by the imaging instrument, which was overloaded by the intense brightness of this flare.
		Solar flares burst forth from the intense magnetic fields in the vicinity of active regions on the Sun.
		Solar flares are most common during times of peak solar activity, the "solar max" years of the sunspot cycle.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/sun/atmosphere/solar_flares.html (270 words)

	Dr. SOHO's FAQ: Solar Flares (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Solar flares are thought to result from the build up and explosive release of magnetic energy in the solar atmosphere.
		The signs of a flare are gas rapidly heated to high temperatures, electrons and ions accelerated to high energies, and bulk mass motions.
		Solar flares happen on or near "solar active regions", which are places on the surface of the Sun where the magnetic field is strong.
	soho.nascom.nasa.gov /explore/faq/flare.html (4568 words)

	Solar Flare Leaves Sun Quaking
		Now that they know how to find them, the SOHO scientists say that the seismic waves generated by solar flares should allow them to verify independently some of the conditions in the solar interior that they have inferred from studying the pattern of waves that are continually ruffling the Sun's surface.
		The white, feathery object in the center is the solar flare that caused the quake.
		A solar flare is an explosion in the atmosphere of the Sun, caused by the tearing and reconnection of strong magnetic fields.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/sohopr3.htm (965 words)

	Solar Flare, Solar Flares, Solar Flare Picture, Solar Flares And Human Behavior, Solar Flare Activity at SPACE.com
		A solar flare is a thunderous explosion that occurs in the solar corona and chromosphere within the atmosphere of the Sun.
		During the occurrence of a solar flare, plasma is heated to tens of millions degrees Kelvin, while electrons, protons and heavier ions are accelerated to near the speed of light.
		Solar flares cannot typically be detected by the naked eye from the surface of the earth.
	www.space.com /solar-flares (452 words)

	Top Story - SUN CRANKS OUT RARE COOKIE CUTTER FLARES - February 05, 2002
		The flares are the bright area in the upper right quadrant of the Sun; this area moves further right in later images as the active region generating the flares rotates with the Sun.
		Like snowflakes, each flare is unique, because flares get their energy from the destruction of magnetic fields in the Sun's atmosphere, which can't repeat in exactly the same way.
		The flares were similar in several ways; their shape, the way they developed over time, their ejection of high-energy particles, and their generation of high-energy light.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /topstory/20011108cookieflare.html (1267 words)

	NASA's Cosmicopia -- Sun - Solar Activity - Solar Flares
		A solar flare is an enormous explosion in the solar atmosphere.
		Flares are believed to result from the abrupt release of the energy stored in magnetic fields in the zone around sunspots.
		Gradual flares accelerate electrons, protons, and heavy ions to near the speed of light, and the events tend to last for days.
	helios.gsfc.nasa.gov /flare.html (292 words)

	ScienceMaster - JumpStart - Solar Flares
		A solar flare occurs when magnetic energy that has built up in the solar atmosphere is suddenly released.
		Solar flares provide an opportunity to study physical processes in nature that are similar to those that occur in laboratory devices designed for the purpose of achieving controlled thermonuclear fusion.
		Flare data will be taken on a time scale as short as one millisecond (0.001 second), however.
	www.sciencemaster.com /jump/space/flares.php (1259 words)

	Solar Flares Show Their True Colors (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Solar flares are tremendous explosions on the surface and in the atmosphere of the Sun.
		The spectral evolution of a flare can therefore be thought of as a direct fingerprint of the mechanism that accelerates particles to high energies in the Sun and the type of target they interact with.
		This behavior of flares is in marked contrast to their "cosmic cousins" the gamma-ray bursts, which show a half-dozen or more distinct patterns in their spectral evolution.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/ast02jun99_1.htm (1647 words)

	ESA - Space Science - What are solar flares?
		The solar flare of 2 April 2001 observed by the EIT on SOHO
		Solar flares are different to 'coronal mass ejections' (CMEs), which were once thought to be initiated by solar flares.
		Solar flares, on the other hand, directly affect the ionosphere and radio communications at the Earth, and also release energetic particles into space.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/SEMHKP7O0MD_index_0.html (347 words)

	NGDC/WDC STP, Boulder-Solar Flare Data via FTP from NGDC
		A solar flare is a short-lived sudden increase in the intensity of radiation emitted in the neighborhood of sunspots.
		Flares are characterized by a rise time of the order of minutes and a decay of the order of tens of minutes.
		The optical brightness and size of the flare are indicated by a two-character code called "importance." The first character, a number from 1 to 4, indicates the apparent area.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /stp/SOLAR/ftpsolarflares.html (1563 words)

	Pat's Boating in Canada: Marine Flares
		Flares are considered to be hazardous material and cannot be thrown into regular garbage, left lying around the house or thrown into the water.
		Ignite hand-held flares on land in a safe area.
		Retain flares under 5 years old for back-up use in case of emergency if they have been kept dry and cool.
	boating.ncf.ca /flares.html (176 words)

	Solar flares [Oulu] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Solar flares are huge explosions on the surface of the Sun.
		Flares are very fast processes, with time scales of only a few minutes, and they are thought to be formed as the sunspot related magnetic field structures get twisted and sheared and release energy via magnetic reconnection.
		Flares are characterized and monitored by their brightness in X-rays, but they radiate energy from radio frequencies up to Gamma-rays.
	www.oulu.fi /~spaceweb/textbook/flares.html (158 words)

	A bright solar flare erupted this weekend (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One of the brightest solar flares of the current cycle erupted this weekend from a relatively small sunspot group.
		February 7, 2000 -- This weekend a major solar flare erupted on the northeast limb of the Sun at 1928 UT on February 5.
		According to data from the NOAA Space Environment Center, it was one of the largest and brightest optical flares of the current solar cycle.
	spacescience.com /headlines/y2000/ast06feb_1.htm (816 words)

	Desert Rat Presents Bushwacker Fender Flares
		Bushwacker fender flares were originally designed to keep mud and road debris from splashing op on the sides of off-road vehicles.
		Fender flares offer a unique opportunity for individuals to customize their vehicle while not going to the expense of actually body side modifications.
		Pocket Flares are made of the new exclusive Dura-Flex 2000® for maximum durability and flexibility, while maintaining its shape during extreme conditions.
	www.desertrat.com /bushwacker/styles.htm (795 words)

	10.29.2003 - Flares near our galaxy's central black hole indicate rapid spin
		The observed flares repeated about every 17 minutes, implying that the central fl hole rotates once about every 30 seconds, said Eliot Quataert, a UC Berkeley assistant professor of astronomy involved in theoretical modeling of the fl hole accretion disk.
		In fact, wrote Narayan in his Nature commentary, the flares could be created by the same magnetic phenomenon, magnetic reconnection, that produces bright flares on the sun.
		"The beauty of having a flaring source such as Sgr A* is that each flare provides a new and independent view of the underlying physical processes," he wrote.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2003/10/29_flares.shtml (964 words)

	Iridium Flares
		Such events are unpredictable because the exact orientation of the satellite or the solar panels (relative to the observer) is hard to know in advance for several reasons.
		Because the flare effect is fairly local in nature, the user should provide their best known coordinates in order to observe the flare successfully.
		When near a point in their pass where flaring would occur they CAN give a set of very short (less than 0.25 second) flashes to negative magnitudes.
	www.assa.org.au /observing/iridium (1000 words)

	Help - Iridium Flares
		Given this knowledge of the attitude, together with the orbital position of the satellite and the Sun and observer's location, it is possible to calculate the angle between the direction to the observer from the satellite and the line of a perfect reflection of the Sun.
		This is the so-called "mirror angle" and determines the magnitude of the flare.
		This is the angle measured clockwise around the horizon from true north, at which the flare reaches its maximum intensity.
	www.heavens-above.com /iridiumhelp.asp (602 words)

	Flares
		Aircraft flares are used to illuminate large areas for bombardment, reconnaissance, emergency aircraft landing, or any other purpose where a high-intensity light is required.
		Smoke and flame marking devices are pyrotechnic devices dropped on the ground or on the water's surface to emit smoke and/or flame.
		Pyrotechnic hazards are frequently increased by such factors as age, improper storage conditions, rough handling, moisture penetration, excessive temperatures, damage to shipping containers, and other mishaps that causes the devices to become unserviceable.
	www.ordnance.org /flares.htm (492 words)

	Flares
		The most violent are the solar flares which are thought to result from the collapse of strong magnetic fields emerging from active regions associated with sunspots.
		Though the causes of solar flares are not precisely known, scientists know that magnetic fields play a crucial role.
		The resulting images reveal the shape of the flare by tracing the radio emissions of the outbound electrons.
	archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu /Cyberia/Bima/flares.html (686 words)

	NASA - NASA'S Chandra Observatory Catches X-ray Super-flares (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Such X-ray flares likely affected the planet-forming disk around the early sun, and may have enhanced the survival chances of Earth.
		A key finding is the more violent stars produce flares one hundred times as energetic as the more docile ones.
		According to recent theoretical work, X-ray flares can create turbulence when they strike planet-forming disks, and this affects the position of rocky planets as they form.
	www.nasa.gov /home/hqnews/2005/may/HQ_05120_Chandra_X-ray_Flares.html (569 words)

	ROCKCRAWLER.com - Bushwacker TJ Fender Flares
		One of the things I have often considered running were wider fenders flares, so when I was asked to take a look at Bushwacker's New Pocket Flares, it seemed like a great match.
		One of the first things you will notice about the Bushwacker Pocket Flares is that they are made out of a thinner injection molded material, rather then a thick rubber-like material like some other companies use.
		The second thing is the how much larger they really are then the stock flares and also how they have a thinner profile and shape to them, as well.
	www.rockcrawler.com /techreports/bushwacker_TJ/index.asp (339 words)

	Bushwacker Fender Flares Bed Caps and Bed Protection Truck Accesories
		Bushwacker currently offers over 400 applications in five different flare styles, from the simplicity of a "town and country" look to the most aggressive off-road styling available.
		Bushwacker Street Flares® and OE Style Flares are ideal for today's growing demand for body side styling while allowing owners to retain their stock tire and wheel packages.
		With so many different Bushwacker styles and applications to choose from, it's easy to make your truck or SUV as individual as you are.
	www.gofenderflares.com (132 words)

	Fender Flares, Body Flares, Xenon Fender Flares, Truck Flares
		Fender Flares, Body Flares, Xenon Fender Flares, Truck Flares
		Uniquely designed restyling kits for cars and trucks-- all made of tough, durable Urethane and carry a Lifetime Warranty under normal road use.
		Xenon's reputation has been built upon providing the highest quality, perfect fit ground effects and fender flares.
	www.customautotrim.com /products/fender_flares/xenon_flares.htm (125 words)

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