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Topic: Flashbulb memory

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	Memory (psychology) - MSN Encarta
		Flashbulb memories may also be associated with vivid emotional experiences in one’s own life: the death of a family member or close friend, the birth of a baby, being in a car accident, and so on.
		Therefore, flashbulb memories are not faultless, as is often supposed.
		He had a detailed memory of the man, of the location of the event, of scratches that his nanny received when she fended off the villain, and finally, of a police officer coming to the rescue.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761578303_4/Memory_(psychology).html (1038 words)

	Flashbulb memory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A flashbulb memory is a memory laid down in great detail during a highly personally significant event.
		Significant research suggests that compared with ordinary memories, flashbulb memories are no more likely to be remembered than ordinary memories.
		The only difference that is found between ordinary and flashbulb memory is that people believe flashbulb memories to be more accurately and vividly remembered.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Flashbulb_memory (204 words)

	Flashbulb Memories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Flashbulb memories typically are remarkably vivid and seemingly permanent memories.
		These memories are typically of highly emotional and personal events in one's life.
		Flashbulb memories can also be of personal circumstances during an event that did not affect one personally, such as a leader's assassination or a devastating airline crash.
	cbest.web.wesleyan.edu /pia2_spring2000_004.htm (240 words)

	Flashbulb Memories
		Flashbulb memories were so named because it seems as if the mind has "taken a picture" of the circumstances in which the news was learned.
		The general conclusion of these studies is that, appearances to the contrary notwithstanding, people's flashbulb memories are not necessarily accurate representations of the event in question.
		Flashbulb memories, whether of the assassination of President Kennedy, the Challenger disaster, the World Trade Center attacks, or such personal, private, idiosyncratic moments as one's first kiss, may serve an important function in the individual's personality.
	ist-socrates.berkeley.edu /~kihlstrm/flashbulb.htm (604 words)

	WPA02Flashbulb
		Flashbulb memories were so named because it seems as if the mind has "taken a picture" of the circumstances in which the news was learned.
		Flashbulb memories, whether of the assassination of President Kennedy, the Challenger disaster, the World Trade Center attacks, or such personal, private, idiosyncratic moments as one's first kiss, may serve an important function in the individual's personality.
		Accordingly, before completing the flashbulb memory questionnaire a random half of our subjects were asked to list "every important historical event that appeared in the news between August 1, 1985 and July 31, 1986"; the other subjects were asked to list "every important event that happened to you, personally" during the same interval.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~kihlstrm/wpa02flashbulb.htm (2436 words)

	Encyclopedia: Flashbulb memory
		Memory is the ability of the brain to store, retain, and subsequently recall information.
		A flashbulb memory is a detailed and vivid memory that is stored on one occasion and retained for a lifetime.
		Flashbulb memories are not necessarily accurate in every respect, but they demonstrate that the emotional content of an event can greatly enhance the strength of the memory formed.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Flashbulb-memory (432 words)

	Flashbulb Memory
		Flashbulb memories are distinctly vivid, precise, concrete, long-lasting memories of a personal circumstance surrounding a person’s discovery of shocking events.
		These flashbulb memories are not as accurate or permanent as photographic memories but the flashbulb memories’ forgetting curve is far less affected by time than is the case for other types of memories studied in basic memory research.
		One reason that the flashbulb memories are remembered is because these memories tend to be retold over and over again.
	www.uic.edu /classes/comm/comm200am/teamprojects/MemoryTechnologies/Flashbulb_Memory.htm (220 words)

	Memory Loss & the Brain
		A flashbulb memory is a detailed and vivid memory that is stored on one occasion and retained for a lifetime.
		Flashbulb memories are not necessarily accurate in every respect, but they demonstrate that the emotional content of an event can greatly enhance the strength of the memory formed.
		Flashbulb memories are thought to require the participation of the amygdala, a brain structure involved in emotional memory, and possibly other brain systems which regulate mood and alertness.
	www.memorylossonline.com /glossary/flashbulbmemory.html (296 words)

	Psychology 312: Everyday Memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The 'everyday memory' rebellion: In a 1978 speech made at a conference entitled "Practical Aspects of Memory" Ulric Neisser remarked that the field of memory had ignored many practical research issues that were inconvenient to measure in favor of research on forms of memory more conducive to study under controled laboratory circumstances.
		Flashbulb memory research illustrates the benefits of studying things that are hard to duplicate in a lab by using naturalistic observation in place of controled laboratory techniques.
		Becase correlational measures can't establish causality it is logically possible that instead of the flashbulb memories being caused by consequentiality that the ratings of consequentiality were caused by the amount or nature of what each person could easily remember.
	psycho.psy.ohio-state.edu /dept/psy312/everyday.html (700 words)

	Australian False Memory Association: Allegations of Childhood Abuse Repressed Memories or False Memories? ( Donald M ...
		The inaccessibility of the memories of early trauma is explained by the concept of repressed memory.
		Memory researchers have found it useful to conceptualise memory as comprising three stages: the encoding or perceptual stage, the retention stage, and the retrieval stage.
		Childhood memories may be inaccessible simply because the way the person as an adult construes the world is different from the way that same person construed the world as a child; thus, the cues available to the adult simply do not provide access to the childhood memories.
	www.afma.asn.au /DonThomson1.htm (5474 words)

	Flashbulb Memories - Memory - Hypnotic World Psychology
		Previous to Brown and Kulik's definition of flashbulb memories, Colgrove (1899) found that most people asked could recall what they were doing and where when US president Abraham Lincoln was assassinated.
		Within 24 hours of the Challenger crash in 1986, they collected the memories of 106 people in a questionnaire asking questions such as where participants were and what they were doing when they heard of the event.
		Ulric Neisser (1982) criticised the distinguishing of flashbulb memories from 'normal' memories.
	psychology.hypnoticworld.com /memory/flashbulb.php (318 words)

	Are there situations which result in especially veridical memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A quote: "Defining memory as an objective recounting of the past is like defining a person's emotional state as an objective account of his or her present life situation.
		The original claim was that flashbulb memory was special - that the moment of shock and the events surrounding it were frozen in memory (like the instant of a photograph taken with a flash bulb).
		The second reason that flashbulb memories appeared to be special is that subjects expressed high confidence in their recall.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~folstein/psy326/flashhyp.htm (1124 words)

	EXN.ca \| Discovery
		For years, memories of certain surprising and shocking events - previously referred to as 'flashbulb memory' - were thought to be indexed in the brain in a special way.
		It was believed that this type of memory would never fade and the vivid accounts associated with those events would be 'preserved' across time.
		The team evaluated memory for, events surrounding the moment of the verdict of the O.J. Simpson murder trial, an allegedly 'Kodak moment' of the cerebral variety.
	exn.ca /stories/2000/02/29/53.asp (569 words)

	Journal of General Psychology: The cognitive, emotional, and social impacts of the September 11 attacks: group ...
		Those memories, dubbed flashbulb memories by Brown and Kulik, have been the object of much research, including the examination of the amount of time required to observe distortion in those confidently held memories (Hornstein, Brown, and Mulligan, 2003; Schmolck, Buffalo, and Squire, 2000).
		For a recollection to be considered a flashbulb memory, it must involve not only a live quality accompanied by recall of minutiae, but also preserve details of the reception events and remain unchanged over long periods of time (Conway, 1995).
		Memory for the reception context is thus defined as people's immediate memory for the circumstances in which they first heard some important news.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2405/is_3_131/ai_n6143575 (1491 words)

	Probative v. Prejudicial
		Virtually all of the studies conducted on eyewitness memory involve witnesses, whereas it is, in fact, the victims who supply the evidence in the majority of crimes (with the exception of murder) in which eyewitness identification is part of the evidence against the defendant.
		Memory was measured using free and controlled narrative reports (similar to that used by Clifford and Scott) and a mug-shot identification task.
		A witness with perfect memory would be unable to detect which of the six individuals matched her memory best because all of the individuals would do so equally well.
	www-psy.ucsd.edu /%7eeebbesen/prejvprob.html (14762 words)

	Memory
		The capacity of short term memory is about 7 chunks of information, whether each bit is a single number or a more complex set of things.
		Implicit memories are memories that guide or affect your behavior without your conscious (or verbal) involvement (also known as nondeclarative memories).
		A flashbulb memory is proposed to involve the retrieval of a number of details surrounding a rare and striking event.
	environmentalet.hypermart.net /psy111/memory.htm (2790 words)

	Research Into Flashbulb Memory.
		The aim of this research was to support the theory of flashbulb memory by comparing the deaths of Princess Diana and the Queen Mother.
		The death of Princess Diana was expected to be a flashbulb memory as it was unexpected; where as the death of the Queen Mother was expected to be a long term memory as it was of no surprise.
		To investigate flashbulb memory comparisons were made between total recall of the death of Princess Diana and the death of the Queen Mother.
	www.coursework.info /i/39805.html (1152 words)

	Brain Channels - Emotions
		Subsequent researchers have investigated memories for flashbulb events--the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan in 1981, the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger in 1986, the Gulf War in 1991--by obtaining recollections from people within a few days or weeks after the event.
		The key to understanding how these type of memories are preserved over time is to understand the level of emotional arousal they produced, and the strengthening of the memory through repeated discussion of the event in sharing it with others.
		Some researchers have adopted the view that memory for emotionally traumatic events is accurately preserved--perhaps forever--in great detail, and therefore differs fundamentally from memory for nonemotional events, which is subject to decay and distortion.
	www.brainchannels.com /Memory/emotion/emotion.html (593 words)

	Cognitive Daily: Is memory better for shocking events?
		In the follow-up session they were asked the same questions about their memories about both the ordinary event (typically this was something like a party or a sporting event) and the flashbulb memory.
		Most memories were consistent, and over time, the number of consistent details participants were able to recall did decline, but there was no difference in the decline for ordinary memories and for memories of September 11.
		I do think the fact that participants rehearsed their pre-september 11 memories by filling out the questionnaire on the 12th may have skewed the results, but it's still interesting to note that they were still more confident about the 9/11 memories, even when they weren't more accurate.
	scienceblogs.com /cognitivedaily/2005/04/is_memory_better_for_shocking.php (1313 words)

	lab2fm_307.html
		It is possible that a given event may not have produced a flashbulb memory for all participants and this in itself may be of interest to you.
		For the flashbulb memory, you might want to have everyone recall the same specific, historical event or you might want to have them choose an event from a list of historical events.
		Choose two models of memory from those that are described in Chapters 5, 6 and/or 7 (e.g., the memory store model, the levels of processing model, Tulving's episodic/semantic memory model, the connectionist model) and use them to explain the formation and possible alteration of flashbulb memories.
	cla.calpoly.edu /~dlvalenc/PSY307/labs/lab2fm_307.html (685 words)

	Flashbulb memories of JFK's assassination may not be so accurate
		Wertsch, author of "Voices of Collective Remembering," says that with flashbulb memories — those we think we have preserved in our minds as vividly as if we had a photo taken at the moment — "people are trying to understand psychologically what was going on.
		Researchers are not exactly sure how long it takes for flashbulb memories to begin to distort, but "it very well may be that the process of change and distortion begins as soon as we start telling and re-telling these stories right after the event," Wertsch says.
		Wertsch suggests that these flashbulb memories are our way of personalizing the traumatic events into our own life narratives.
	news-info.wustl.edu /tips/page/normal/516.html (914 words)

	memory
		The memory chapter often proves to be one of the most useful for students new to psychology.
		In our sensory memory (which is super short-lived) we encode the input we receive from the world around us.
		Flashbulb memories are those moments that are captured in our memory much like a photograph from our camera.
	academic.pgcc.edu /~dfinley/memory.htm (484 words)

	IngentaConnect Long-term flashbulb memory for learning of Princess Dianas death
		Flashbulb memories are unusually vivid recollections of the circumstances in which one first learns of a shocking and emotionally arousing event.
		Participants completed a standard flashbulb memory questionnaire 1 week after her death, in which they reported the circumstances in which they first heard the news.
		Accuracy of these memories (defined by consistency of responses across delays) was investigated by either a single retest 18 months after the event, or two retests at 3 and 18 months after the event.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/psych/pmem/2003/00000011/00000003/art00005 (223 words)

	Out of Memory !
		Flashbulb memories are also a part of autographic memory.
		Research on flashbulb memories investigates various sub-topics such as flashbulb memory accuracy compared to memory for other events.
		Researchers studying flashbulb memories are indeed more accurate than other memories.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0110291/purposes/autobio/flashbulb.php (394 words)

	'Flashbulb memory' theory fades in light of new findings
		For years, memories of certain surprising and shocking events - previously referred to as 'flashbulb memory' - were thought to be indexed in the brain in a special way.
		Three days after the verdict was delivered, they surveyed university students to solicit their response to questions that asked about how they first heard the news, their level of emotional response to the verdict and their feeling on the verdict itself.
		"Flashbulb memories were always perceived as a different kind of memory," says Buffalo.
	www.exn.ca /Templates/Story.cfm?ID=2000022953 (608 words)

	Reconstructing the Past
		Memory includes the capacity to retain and retrieve information as well as the structures that account for this capacity.
		A flashbulb memory is a vivid and detailed recollection of a significant event.
		They can be influenced by the frequency of suggestion of the false memory and by the insistence of the person making the suggestion.
	cla.calpoly.edu:16080 /~cslem/101/7-A.html (678 words)

	Flashbulb memory - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Flashbulb memory - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Research suggests that compared with ordinary memories, flashbulb memories are no more likely to be remembered than ordinary memories.
		The only difference that is found between ordinary and flashbulb memory in research is that people believe flashbulb memories to be more accurately and vividly remembered.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Flashbulb_memory (207 words)

	'Flashbulb memory' theory fades in light of new findings
		It was believed that this type of memory would never fade and the vivid accounts associated with those events would be 'preserved' across time.
		The team evaluated memory for, events surrounding the moment of the verdict of the O.J. Simpson murder trial, an allegedly 'Kodak moment' of the cerebral variety.
		The researchers believed that the errors they were seeing weren't brand new memories that were being created, but rather they remembered things that did occur, just from a different event.
	www.exn.ca /html/templates/mastertop.cfm?ID=20000229-53 (609 words)

	Psychology Today: HOT ON THE TRAIL OF FLASHBULB MEMORY
		Concept of memory as a constructive process; Results of a survey conducted by Kathy Pezdek, psychology professor at Claremont Graduate University in California after the September 11, 2001 terrorists attacks.
		Millions of Americans remember that morning as a "flashbulb memory," the vivid and total recall of a stressful, emotional and often historic event.
		Dozens of researchers independently initiated flashbulb studies within days of the attack, posing the "Where were you?" question that everyone was asking one another already.
	www.psychologytoday.com /articles/pto-20020301-000004.html (622 words)

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