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Topic: Flat weighting

	DBrn - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Note 1: Weighted noise power in dB is referred to 1.0 picowatt.
		Use of 144 line, 144-receiver, or C-message weighting, or flat weighting, must be indicated in parentheses as required.
		Note 2: With C-message weighting, a one-milliwatt, 1000-Hz tone will read +90 dBrn, but the same power as white noise, randomly distributed over a 3 kHz band will read approximately +88.5 dBrn (rounded off to +88 dBrn), because of the frequency weighting.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/DBrn (168 words)

	Weighting Supplies
		Use both weights (end and center sill)) to double the Athearn 85' piggyback or all-purpose flat car's empty weight (from a stock 2.2 oz.
		The center sill weights are designed to compliment the end weights but may be used alone.
		Weight strips are pre-cut in small increments for precise measurement and have thin adhesive backed urethane foam tape applied to one side for easy installation.
	www.ppw-aline.com /weights.htm (522 words)

	Weighting Filter
		Weighting filters are Special filters used in measuring loudness levels, and consequently carried over into audio noise measurements of equipment.
		Weighting filters are a special type of band-limiting filters designed to compliment the way we hear.
		Since the ear's loudness vs. frequency response is not flat, it is argued, we should not try to correlate flat frequency vs. loudness measurements with what we hear.
	www.edaboard.com /ftopic70344.html (189 words)

	The Art of Weighting & Tuning Boomerangs
		Weighting can be used to adjust the flight of a particular boomerang to your particular throwing style.
		Attaching the weights to the bottom of the wing decreases the lift which is desirable in a strong wind.
		I used to always tape the weight in such a way that the tape was smoothly attached to the boomerang surface with the weight not protruding beyond the tapes edge.
	www.coloradoboomerangs.com /art.html (1326 words)

	©1989 by Daniel Gesmer
		Weighting means just what it implies — putting weight onto your skateboard, more even then your actual body weight.
		For example, turning toward the front of your body on a flat surface is usually called a "front-side" turn, because you are turning toward your front.
		When you drive your weight upward as you diagonally shift it during each half of the gyration, you generate a centripetal force.
	www.geocities.com /sk8sanjose/pumping_article.html (2451 words)

	Audio Weighting Networks
		Seriously, weighting networks play a crucial role in the measurement of sound and understanding the role they play will more than likely prove to be a valuable asset in the future.
		These networks, commonly referred to as "A", "B", and "C" weight filters, are used to tailor the frequency response of electronic test equipment in such a manner as to simulate the ear's perception of sound.
		For the most part, "A" weighting is used for relatively low level SPLs in the range of 20 to 55 dB and it's response curve correlates most closely to the ear's frequency response at these low listening levels.
	www.termpro.com /articles/weight.html (696 words)

	Signal compander system - Patent 4112254
		In a system according to claim 12 wherein said predetermined frequency bandwidth is the audio range, and said means for emphasizing and weighting within a portion of said frequency bandwidth pre-emphasizes and weights the high frequency energy content of said input signal with respect to the low energy content of said input signal.
		The number of weighting filters which can be connected together, therefore, is not limited but is merely a function of the amount of weighting desired which in turn is a function of the amount of compression and subsequent expansion provided.
		In accordance with the present invention, the networks 40 are substituted for the weighting filters 20, 26, 32 and 34 to provide the desired pre-emphasis and complementary de-emphasis depending on the desired companding ratio.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4112254.html (5058 words)

	Newsletter
		Opponents of pupil weighting, however, have argued that a system of weighting students with special needs would present an incentive for identifying such students and that the incidence rate would likely increase.
		To determine if pupil weighting affects the frequency of identifying students as needing special education, an analysis was conducted of the EEN incidence rates in states that applied pupil weighting versus those that did not.
		The group of states using pupil weighting to distribute special education funding actually had a slightly (0.20) lower rate of EEN incidence in 1997 than the group of cost reimbursement states.
	my.execpc.com /~waef/en-winter2003.htm (1931 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Each pixel in the aperture is assigned a weighting factor W proportional to its ADU value and normalized so that the sum of all weighting factors times intensities is 1.0.
		Thus, the total counts in the aperture are preserved, but the highest weight is assigned to the pixels with the greatest number of counts (and therefore highest signal-to-noise).
		To apply the flat field correction, we divide each of the nine pixels at a given location [y,x] on the target frame by the single extracted, normalized flat field value corresponding to that pixel.
	www.lowell.edu /users/jch/sss/res/txt/method_flat_fielding.txt (717 words)

	GROUPR: Weighting Function (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Neutrons are born at high energies (about 2 MeV) with a characteristic fission spectrum, many of them slow down by collisions with hydrogen nuclei in the water, resulting in a 1/E shape, and they finally come into equilibrium when they reach thermal energies, resulting in a Maxwellian shape appropriate to the temperature of the system.
		The curves are plotted as log-log "weight per unit lethargy" or EW(E), which makes the central 1/E part of the curve flat*.
		The parameters used to generate the curve for IWT=4 were a thermal temperature of.0253 eV joined to 1/E at 0.1 eV, and a fission temperature of 1.40 MeV joined to 1/E at 820.3 keV.
	t2.lanl.gov /njoy/grou02.html (540 words)

	CGTalk - Accurate HyperNURB cylinder - how?
		I selected all of the vertices and reduced their weighting until the profile was as close to circular as I could make it (compared with a reference circle spline).
		I had been trying to do it by weighting vertices and/or edges, rather than faces because without any weighting applied, the 'cylinder' bulged out towards the edges - hence I though that the edges were what should have the weights reduced, not the faces.
		You are saying that face weights don't really exist, they are just a way of adjusting vertex and edge weights at the same time.
	forums.cgsociety.org /printthread.php?t=23772&pp=50 (1419 words)

	IRAF help : noao.twodspec.apextract apvariance (Aug90)
		The second type weights each pixel in the sum by it's estimated variance based on a spectrum model and detector noise parameters.
		Variance weighting is often called "optimal" extraction since it produces the best unbiased signal-to-noise estimate of the flux in the two dimensional profile.
		As a final step when computing a weighted/cleaned spectrum the total fluxes from the weighted spectrum and the simple unweighted spectrum (excluding any deviant and saturated pixels) are computed and a "bias" factor of the ratio of the two fluxes is multiplied into the weighted spectrum and the sigma estimate.
	www.astro.uni-bonn.de /~webstw/cm/lfa_html/iraf/noao.twodspec.apextract.apvariance.html (1413 words)

	JP Golf USA
		Tungsten, which is more dense than stainless steel, increases the perimeter weighting of the head and lowers the center of gravity for truer roll.
		The Isopur face is milled flat for consistency, and the stainless steel head features confidence-enhancing optics and a satin finish.
		Weight saved by using the White Hot Insert is redistributed low and toward the rear of the putter to produce smooth roll and forgiveness - even on off center hits.:
	www.jpgolf.com /Putters (1467 words)

	Rane Professional Audio Reference (W)
		A psophometer was a voltmeter with a set of weighting filters.] Weighting filters are a special type of band-limiting filters designed to compliment the way we hear.
		A-weighting (not official but commonly written as dBA) The A-curve is a wide bandpass filter centered at 2.5 kHz, with ~20 dB attenuation at 100 Hz, and ~10 dB attenuation at 20 kHz, therefore it tends to heavily roll-off the low end, with a more modest effect on high frequencies.
		It is the inverse of the 30-phon (or 30 dB-SPL) equal-loudness curve of Fletcher-Munson.
	www.rane.com /par-w.html (2680 words)

	Loudness control circuit - Patent 4320534
		Another object of the invention is to provide a loudness control circuit which can be provided in the form of an integrated circuit, and in which as the volume is decreased, the sound in the high and low frequency ranges is automatically boosted with the aid of DC voltages outputted by variable DC voltage sources.
		The variable DC voltage for adjusting volume is applied to the first input terminals of the amplifiers A4 and A5, while the reference voltages are applied to the second input terminals of the amplifiers A4 and A5 for maintaining the tone flat irrespective of the variations of volume.
		The voltages thus applied to the input terminals of the differential amplifiers A4 and A5 are subjected to comparison to provide difference voltages, which are applied to the tone control amplifiers 9 and 10 so as to control the gains of the latter, whereby the tone is compensated according to the volume.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4320534.html (1492 words)

	Audio Specifications
		This is called a "flat" measurement, since all frequencies are measured equally.
		Alternatively, noise filters, or weighting filters, are used when measuring noise.
		The argument used to justify this is that the ear is not sensitive to low frequencies at low levels (à la Fletcher-Munson equal loudness curves), but that argument is false.
	www.rane.com /note145.html (5223 words)

	[No title]
		As a consequence, the relationship between measurements made with the North American noise meter and the CCITT psophometer is dependent on the frequency spectrum of the noise being measured.
		This weighting is intended for the investigation of the presence of low\(hyfrequency noise (power induction,\ etc.) on the circuit under test.
		.sp 1P.LP 2.4 \fIModulation measurement weighting characteristics\fR.sp 9p.RT.PP The phase jitter modulation is measured on a weighted basis defined as follows:.PP Three weighting characteristics are specified to measure phase jitter in the frequency bands 4\ Hz to 20\ Hz, 4\ Hz to 300\ Hz and 20\ Hz to 300\ Hz.
	www.nmedia.net /docs/ccitt/1988/4_4/4_4_04.troff (13237 words)

	Final Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The flat grant allocation of tuition apportionment ignores the vast differences in taxable wealth among school districts and operates as a minimum guarantee for wealthy districts.
		Set weighting factors at 25 percent of the difference between the prior statutory amount and the five-year average cost of education per student, as determined by the Superintendent of Public Instruction, for the first year of the biennium and at 50 percent of the difference for the second year of the biennium.
		Weighting factors, which were set at 65 percent of the difference between the statutory factor and the five-year average cost of education per categorical student, remained at 65 percent for the 1997-98 school year and increased to 75 percent for the 1998-99 school year.
	www.state.nd.us /lr/assembly/55-1997/interim-info/final-reports/effinal.html (11327 words)

	Spalinger Audio Lexikon lexw
		ANSI A-weighting The A-curve is a wide bandpass filter centered at 2.5 kHz, with ~20 dB attenuation at 100 Hz, and ~10 dB attenuation at 20 kHz, so it tends to heavily roll-off the low end, with a more modest effect on high frequencies.
		A plot of white noise power vs. frequency is flat if the measuring device uses the same width filter for all measurements.
		Therefore the plot of noise power vs. frequency is not flat, but shows a 3 dB rise in amplitude per octave of frequency change.
	www.spalinger.ch /info/lexikon/lexw.htm (1226 words)

	DLC-0027: ZZ AMPX01/27C, Coupled Neutron-Gamma Group Constant Library by AMPX for Transport Calculation
		WEIGHTING SPECTRUM: For the neutrons 1/E in the fast range and Maxwellian (300 deg.K) in the thermal range.
		For the gamma-ray interaction a flat weighting function was used.
		For the gamma-ray interaction multigroup cross section generation, a flat weighting function was used.
	www.nea.fr /abs/html/dlc-0027.html (544 words)

	Ultimate AV: IE-33 Audio Analyzer
		Also indicated is the selected weighting: A, C, or flat.
		Interestingly, the RTA display can be flat while the measurements are being taken with A or C weighting, which lets you see how the actual levels are affecting the weighted mea-surement.
		To determine the STC value of the wall between them, I played pink noise through one speaker at reference level (0dB on the receiver), measured the spectrum—with flat weighting—at a location in the theater near the common wall, and stored it in one memory location.
	www.guidetohometheater.com /installersview/1004ivie/index1.html (1241 words)

	The Term-Document Matrix (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		There are many global weighting schemes; all of them reflect the fact that words that appear in a small handful of documents are likely to be more significant than words that are distributed widely across our document collection.
		By way of illustration, here are some sample words from our collection, with the number of documents they appear in, and their corresponding global weights.
		While weighting isn't critical to understanding or implementing LSI, it does lead to much better results, as it takes into account the relative importance of potential search terms.
	research.nitle.org /lsi/tdm.htm (1468 words)

	Larson Davis Model 870B: Specifications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A 2541 microphone and a 900B preamp were connected to the 870B by a cable to meet S1.4 and IEC 804 specifications.
		Flatness = 0.2 dB 4 Hz to 16 kHz (Fco = 35 kHz)
		No change is made when in C or Flat.
	www.lardav.com /870_spec.html (630 words)

	Printer Friendly Format - This Is Local London (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Representatives of Unison, the public sector union, are pressing London borough councils to abolish inner and outer London weighting in local government wage packets.
		It would mean a flat rate weighting allowance of £4,000 for each London employee.
		Unison says that the weighting system is having a serious impact on recruiting staff to work in London.
	www.thisislocallondon.co.uk /misc/print.php?artid=160926 (224 words)

	Audio Asylum Thread Printer
		If your meter only has C or A weighting available (no flat response--such as the Radio Shack SPL meter) you need test tones that compensate for them or you need to use a spreadsheet so that you can add/subtract the variances from what should be a flat response.
		In Reply to: "Flat response is used for sound reproduction" ??........
		As to the parametric it too is a rleative measure you have to know what you are doing relative to flat response, but that doesn't mean you want to equalize to that level.
	www.audioasylum.com /scripts/t.pl?f=rives&m=392 (1173 words)

	Ping G2i Putter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Ping G2i putter series combines the performance of perimeter weighting with the soft feel of a proprietary insert material known as Polypurfelan.
		Additional perfomance comes from the increased perimeter weighting and lower center of gravity achieved through redistribution of the mass removed to create the insert cavity.
		The insert cavity and face are precision milled for quality and consistency, creating a flat surface for accuracy on the greens.
	www.swingmasters.com /pingg2i.html (202 words)

	SAM
		For the Henikoff and flat weighting schemes, if this parameter is set negative, the initial weighting is used, without adjusting the total weights to get a specified number of bits saved.
		If a sequence scores so badly that it exceeds the median score by three standard deviations, it is weighted with a decreasing linear weight function, reaching a minimum of 1.0 for the sequence with the worst score.
		With a weight of -noise/randomize, these counts are added to the normalized (probability, rather frequency) model, and than the model is renormalized.
	bioweb.pasteur.fr /seqanal/interfaces/buildmodel.html (3235 words)

	9. The buildmodel estimation process
		Sequence weighting is particularly important when, as normal, the sequence data given to SAM is biased toward some type or subfamily of sequences (for example, from those organisms that have been most studied).
		Sequence weighting is particularly important in database discrimination: without sequence weighting, the model may specialize to an over-represented subset of the sequences, meaning that family members that do not happen to be in that sub-family will receive low scores.
		By default, internal weighting of alignments is turned on, with Henikoff relative weighting, 0.5 target bits per column, and a 0.5 exponent.
	www.sacs.ucsf.edu /Documentation/sam/node11.html (4260 words)

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