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Flehmen response

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	Flehmen response - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The flehmen response, also called the flehmen position, flehmen reaction, flehming, or flehmening, is a particular type of curling of the lips in ungulates, felids, and many other mammals, which facilitates the transfer of odorant chemicals into the vomeronasal organ.
		This particular response is most recognizable in stallions when smelling the urine of a mare in heat.
		The flehmen response may also be seen in association with pain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Flehmen_response (327 words)

	Flehmen Response in Horses \| bloodhorse.com
		The posture is called "flehmen" (roughly translated it means "testing"), and it appears to help horses trap pheromone scents in the vomeronasal organs (VNOs) so they can be analyzed more closely.
		Stallions are, by far, the most enthusiastic equine practitioners of the flehmen posture.
		Mares also will flehmen, although not as frequently; the smell of birthing fluids on a newborn foal triggers the response.
	www.bloodhorse.com /articleindex/article.asp?id=2560 (281 words)

	Vomeronasal-Flehmem
		Flehmen is the behavior associated with the inhalation of odors into the nasopalatine canals.
		Flehmen, also called lip curl or gape, is most frequently displayed by tomcats.
		The external sign that a cat is using its vomeronasal organ is the gape or 'Flehmen' response, a 'grimace' in which the upper lip is raised and the mouth is held slightly open for a few seconds.
	maxshouse.com /vomeronasal-flehmem.htm (534 words)

	[No title]
		flehmen response - a particular response aimed at drawing nonvolatile fluids into vomeronasal organ - more or less developed in all domestic spp.
		Stallions are taught NOT to respond to estrus fillies with normal sexual response, at shows, track, etc. also with horses, while performing, they might be given hormones and drugs that can interfere with reproductive function and behavior.
		this is the only time females show the flehmen respose naturally (mares will do it in response to fly spray or other weird things, though) 4.
	www.izzy.com /~hillary/school/fall.98/reproduction/repro.lec.09.21.98 (4695 words)

	Pet Columns: Why Does My Cat Do That?!
		This funny face is called the Flehmen response and is seen in cats and other animals, such as horses, in response to certain smells, such as urine.
		Tricia Heine, a veterinarian at the University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine in Urbana, says, "Cats have a Flehmen response like other animals via the vomeronasal organ." This small organ located in the nasal cavity is connected by nerves to the regions of the brain controlling sexual behavior.
		It is theorized that the Flehmen response increases the flow of the odor to the vomeronasal organ, which relays information about the smell to the brain.
	www.cvm.uiuc.edu /petcolumns/showarticle.cfm?id=303 (740 words)

	menart
		It is not possible to accurately assess the normal psychological responses of a creature which is treated as an unfeeling biological machine and kept in an unstimulating or highly abnormal environment.
		These produce physiological responses and are varying degrees of, or combinations of, the six basic emotions.
		Feline "jealousy" may be a response to any number of stimuli - the cat seeking to better its place in the household hierarchy or an opportunist or stronger cat competing for food or attention.
	www.felinia.org /fm/archiu/2004/fm27/menart.htm (4199 words)

	Horseadvice.com: Snapping, flehmen responses?? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The yawning response may be a relaxation response after riding, but it could also mean some obstruction or discomfort in his throat.
		As for flehmen, that is a very specific action that concentrates scents in a vasoreceptor, a special scent organ that horses have and we don't.
		I have a gelding who flehmens every time I wear a certain shampoo or I've gone to visit a friend's horses, one of whom is a mare.
	www.horseadvice.com /advisor/messages/7/15138.html?1036736624 (1218 words)

	for people who keep or raise deer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		is a flehmen deer always head up;has any one seen thier bucks in other head positions or is it pretty much writen in stone.
		Sometimes when the rut is in full swing the buck approaches the estrus doe with his head down near the ground and his neck is curved up like a banana.
		The flehmen response shown in most pictures happens all the time and may not always be sexual.
	www.taxidermy.net /forums/DeerTaxiArticles/04/l/0481D51688.html (258 words)

	DO CATS HAVE EMOTIONS? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Fear underlies the fight or flight response as can be seen when some young birds freeze at the sight of a hawk-shaped silhouette overhead, but not at the sight of a pigeon-shaped silhouette, even if they have never seen a real hawk.
		This is a response to unfulfilled expectation and is known as the "frustration-aggression hypothesis".
		This is usually explained as an anxiety response, but it is possible that pleasurable sensations overflow into the rage circuits and the cat automatically lashes out.
	www.messybeast.com /emoticat.html (7481 words)

	NOVA Online \| Animal Hospital \| Cats responses Feb. 9
		If he puffs out his front lip & opens his mouth slightly (a flehmen response) he's indicating that some odor is attractive to him, in the sense that he gets aroused enough to spray.
		Be sure to continue cleaning the areas he sniffs - he's still smelling something, if you see the flehmen response as a result of sniffing the couch cushion, for example.
		There is a new product available (a pheromone, something produced by cats that influences their behavior) that you spread on locations he's spraying, which may be successful in reducing his spraying as well.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/vets/responsecat0209.html (1040 words)

	Flehmen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		She is achieving flehmen very good results, she says, by flouting conventional wisdom.
		I see only one thing wrong with her brilliant method, and that is that I. did not hotstamp httpresponse think of it first.
		The goal of the front of the postcard is to grab response opstcards attention long.
	response-postcards.kenaffo.be /flehmen.html (988 words)

	Researchers record first 'pheromone images' in brains of mice
		Both wild and domestic animals, such as dogs and cats, collect pheromone signals through the “flehmen” response, in which the upper lip curls back during exploration of the oral and anogenital areas of other animals during social encounters.
		To be certain they were recording responses to pheromones, the scientists also recorded responses as the test mice investigated fake mice, which never evoked any neuronal response.
		When they began their studies, the scientists hypothesized that individual neurons might be responsible for detecting “maleness” or “femaleness,” but instead they found a much more sophisticated sensory system that could distinguish individuals with great fidelity.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-02/hhmi-rrf021103.php (902 words)

	Page 6 - Do Cats Have Emotions?
		The feline sniff-and-sneer reaction is the Flehmen response to "taste-smell" something.
		Though the sneer looks like disgust (humans wrinkle their noses when disgusted), it is simply the way the cat's mouth is set to pass scent molecules over the Jacobsen's Organ.
		Cats show fear and lust in response to the appropriate sights, sounds and smells, but love requires a degree of abstraction which cats probably do not possess.
	www.petpeoplesplace.com /resources/articles/cats/012-06.htm (363 words)

	Animal Planet :: Cat Guide -- Body -- Scent
		In addition to their sensitive nasal nerve endings, cats, like most carnivores, are also equipped with a scent organ located on the roof of the mouth near the nasal palate — which sharpens odor detection and identification.
		In a strange combination of gape, grimace and grin known as the flehmen response, a feline opens its mouth, wrinkles its nose, and curls back its lips.
		Cats typically employ the flehmen response to interpret the urine spray of other cats in a territory, particularly male cats assessing the sexual status of females.
	animal.discovery.com /guides/cats/body/scent.html (295 words)

	TheCatSite.com Forums - funny behavior
		She doesn't blow out her nose, and she actually goes "raa-ah-ah-ah-ah" at the birds when she opens and closes her mouth, but this time she didn't make any noise at all except for the smacking and her lips were loose (like when a baby kitty nurses).
		I just thought it was odd also because that isn't her normal defensive response to kitties who walk up to the glass door.
		flehmen, why male cats are called "toms", why cats that are used to a single brand of food may refuse all other brands.
	www.thecatsite.com /forums/printthread.php?t=16703 (900 words)

	lip curl deer mount?
		If he shows you a buck that is flehmen keep the picture for later reference then do it up and if he has a problem with it shwo the picture that how he wanted it.
		A deer's upper "lip" is actually an extension of the upper palate and a connective tissue to the nose pad.
		When the Flehming pose is exhibited, the nose pad rolls upward, the soft bridge of the nose collapses and wrinkles, and the nostrils flare and open in a direct line to the epithelium.
	www.taxidermy.net /forums/DeerTaxiArticles/05/k/052E04FC49.html (1173 words)

	Why Do Cats Make a Funny Face? - PetPlace.com
		When your cat exhibits the Flehmen response, it is to open the vomeronasal organ, or Jacobson's organ, a tiny cigar-shaped organ located in the roof of the mouth.
		It is thought that Flehmen provides information about the identify of the cat that left the scent, whether or not it is a stranger, and what is its sex and reproductive status.
		Your cat evolved as a hunter with many keen senses But of all the senses, his sense of smell is superior; especially up close, and it is one of the ways he navigates around his environment.
	www.petplace.com /cats/why-do-cats-make-a-funny-face/page1.aspx (412 words)

	Tricks Feb 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Your plan should address how to dispose of the horse (bury?, renderers?), where to dispose of it, how to keep it out of sight of clients, how to move the carcass or dig the hole, where to euthanize the horse and how to deal with your staff once it happens.
		Middeville, MI Flehmen Response: This is a commonly seen behavior of horses where they curl their nose up and reach upward with the head.
		The Flehmen response might also be an early warning sign of colic and if a horse is displaying this behavior for no known reason, it should be monitored for colic.
	www.cha-ahse.org /tricks/jan2003.htm (330 words)

	Vomero-Nasal Organ and the Flehmen Response in Cats
		It may flick its tongue, sit back on its haunches and appear to be in a trance for several seconds.
		This grimace is known as the Flehmen reponse and it is the cat making use of its VMO.
		It is thought that female urine can produce a strong Flehmen reaction in male cats although other odors produce it as well to differing degrees.
	www.metpet.com /Reference/Cats/Behavior/vmo_flehmen_cats.htm (441 words)

	The Ark Holistic Veterinary Care
		Before I apply an oil to a patient, I perform a response test to see if they are compatible with him or her.
		If the correct oil has been chosen, we will often see the "flehmen" response, where the upper lip will curl up.
		Dogs, being omnivores, are quite subtle in their response to essential oils and may sometimes pose a challenge for the therapist when selecting the best oils for a particular disorder.
	www.arkholisticvet.com /aromatherapy.html (355 words)

	Purina Cat Chow: Cat Care Center: Emotional
		The behavior you describe is called the “flehmen response.” Cats can detect certain scents using an auxiliary organ located in the roof of the mouth, between the hard palate and nasal septum.
		It’s called the vomeronasal organs or Jacobson’s organs, and is used to analyze pheromones—specialized scent particles produced by animals to prompt specific behaviors, especially sexual activities.
		The ducts behind the front teeth lead to the Jacobson organs, which in turn are connected to the hypothalamus.
	www.catchow.com /catcarecenter_emotional3.aspx?combinedID=21072 (256 words)

	Random Rambling: Yipes...
		The mountian lion fell for it.What made this experience a little odder was that the mountian lion was doing what appeared to be a Flehmen response.
		If it weren't for the Flehmen response the whole situation would have just been kind of weird and really amusing but with it and not knowing for sure how exactly to interprit the behavior the situation was really weird and amusing.
		Since the response took place that's why I said that I must have picked up a scent that the mountian lion found interesting.
	huh-what.blogspot.com /2005/09/yipes.html (509 words)

	anatomy
		Dose response curves for the contributions of these MLCFA components and for different heights in the ESR spectra have been obtained and fitted with different models.
		Presumably, flehmen responses aid in the presentation of bioactive molecules to vomeronasal neuroreceptors.
		The measure provides quantitative data relating to the physiological responses of animals when exposed to stressors and results are presented comparing these for different methods of immobilization, euthanasia, etc. at intra- and inter-species level.
	www.elephantcare.org /anatomy1.htm (13429 words)

	Discussion Forum: Stallion is choosing who he wants to breed
		I did try rubbing some of her urine inside his nostrils, he would give the flehmen response, and that was it.
		If you can get a sexual response (erection and stallion-like behaviour), you might be more successful working with him on a breeding mount (phantom), which is a little more natural (in that they are going to mount) than ground collecting.
		The former may result in a "bachelor stallion"; response (with lower testosterone levels and libido), whereas the latter may result in a "harem stallion"; response, with elevated testosterone and libido.
	www.equine-reproduction.com /board/messages/3/2888.html?1115324392 (6666 words)

	Images by Hal Brindley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Tipping his head back and forth, flicking his tongue in and out, and sampling her urine, to see if she was ready to mate.
		The lip-curled pose shown in the previous photo is known as the "flehmen" response.
		Most ungulates (and many other mammals such as cats) have an organ in the roof of their mouth called the Vomero-Nasal Organ (or Jacobsen's Organ).
	www.halbrindley.com /yellowstone/16.html (147 words)

	Axis open mouth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Axis deer is wider in the muzzle and has a more rounded nose but if the Joe Meder nose lines up close it should work.
		Axis deer and many other mammals do exhibit a Flehmen response whenever they scent sexually significant or pungent type odors.
		"Flehmen" is the last name of the animal behavior scientist who first studied the vomeronasal gland.
	www.taxidermy.net /forums/GameheadArticles/03/f/03D97BADC4.html (261 words)

	Goats 4 - Goat farming: Reproduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This is called "enurination" and seems to happen where bucks are tethered or when kept separate from does waiting for mating to start.
		Following ejaculation he may lick his penis, and show a flehmen response again.
		No responsibility is taken for any information or services that may appear on any linked web sites.
	www.lifestylefarmer.com /articles/046e_goats_reproduction.htm (982 words)

	PETdirect.com.au \| Cat Article:
		Cats have a Flehmen response like other animals via the vomeronasal organ.
		This small organ, located in the nasal cavity, is connected by nerves to the regions of the brain controlling sexual behavior.
		It is theorized that the Flehmen response increases the flow of the odour to the vomeronasal organ, which relays information about the smell to the brain.
	www.petdirect.com.au /articles_cat_detail.php?RecID=125 (643 words)

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