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	Encyclopedia: Flexible electronics
		Flexible electronics is a technology for building electronic circuits by depositing electronic devices on flexible substrates such as plastic.
		In the simplest case, flexible electronics can be made by using the same components used for rigid printed circuit boards.
		Flexible electronics is a term used to describe electronic devices deposited on flexible substrates such as plastic.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Flexible-electronics (754 words)

	Thinking Small
		This is the gap between the valence band of electrons surrounding an atom (those electrons that are part of the material's elemental structure) and the conduction band of electrons that flow in the presence of voltage.
		Having one electron, because it is easy to control, has expedited research into the new field of spintronics (electronics based not on an electron's charge, as in a traditional transistor, but on its spin) and into the development of systems for quantum information processing.
		Flexible electronics, which allow the fabrication of "cheap and powerful displays with the properties of billion-dollar fabrication-line silicon," says Lieber, are easy to make and of high quality.
	www.harvardmagazine.com /on-line/010544.html (6375 words)

	donga.com [english donga]
		It is expected that the flexible electronics device may be applied in a variety of uses, ranging from biological tissues to integrated robot sensors.
		Though flexible displays using biological semiconductors have been developed in the past, its electronic qualities are inferior when compared to silicon semiconductors.
		Khang was involved in developing an electronic device by reducing single-crystal silicon to a size of 100nm (nanometer = 1nm is 10-9 of a meter) and attaching it to a flexible material, thus producing a structure with concave and convex properties that resemble miniscule waves.
	english.donga.com /srv/service.php3?biid=2006011647948 (333 words)

	PCWorld.com - Will Your Next Display Be Flexible? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Interactive flexible displays could eventually be seen on jackets, bags, and other wearable fabrics, says Victoria Wedding Kurtz, vice president of Imaging Systems Technology, a Toledo, Ohio-based company researching plasma-based flexible display technology.
		Flexible displays first have to overcome scientific, manufacturing, and cost-related issues to be mass produced, says Peter Slikkerveer, a project leader at Philips Research in the Netherlands.
		Flexible displays are based on the same physics that govern the manufacturing of rigid screen monitors, says Carol Wedding, president of IST.
	www.pcworld.com /news/article/0,aid,115963,pg,1,RSS,RSS,00.asp (948 words)

	Semiconductor Magazine - Flexible Electronics: On the Brink of a Tech Revolution
		Flexible electronics, that is. New technologies that do away with glass in flat panel displays.
		Electronic ink technology is a fusion of chemistry, physics and electronics that creates a whole new “smart” material, according to E Ink.
		Flexible electronics promises to be a true disruptive technology, which is something the wounded electronics industry could use at this time.
	www.semi.org /web/wmagazine.nsf/4f55b97743c2d02e882565bf006c2459/8a7b262af0f00f8c88256afb0080dffe!OpenDocument (3419 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Such electronics may include passive elements such as resistors and capacitors and metal interconnects associated with existing flexible electronics, but more importantly, active circuits consisting of transistors and other components integrated directly on the flexible substrate.
		This "next generation" flexible electronics can be viewed as the creation of large area, monolithic integrated circuits, much as the creation of solid state integrated circuits replaced interconnection of discrete parts on a circuit board.
		To achieve the desired ability to implement large area electronic functions, it will be necessary to simultaneously address the need to significantly improve TFT device performance and fabrication methods (that are also compatible with flexible substrates) and to provide cost effective manufacturing methods to enable novel applications.
	www.darpa.mil /mto/solicitations/BAA03-21/S/Section1.html (5347 words)

	2004 MRS Spring Meeting - Symposium I
		Flexible electronics using amorphous and low-temperature polysilicon and organic semiconductor materials is an area that is beginning to show tremendous promise.
		Flexible electronics is intrinsically interdisciplinary and requires new approaches in device design and development.
		Novel flexible materials suitable for electronics are particularly important, as are deposition and patterning processes, substrates and barrier materials for flexible encapsulation.
	lucy.mrs.org /meetings/spring2004/symp_i.html (298 words)

	Conference Overview
		The flexible display market is estimated to grow 5-7% over the next 2-5 years, according to some industry experts, and current market projections range anywhere from $100-500 million by 2010.
		While flexible displays could capture revenues in the growing handheld/cell phone market, predicted to grow 50% by 2008, much will depend on whether low-cost manufacturing, the holy grail in the industry, can be achieved.
		Yet many obstacles must be overcome before flexible displays and electronics capture a significant portion of the market, including the elusiveness of flexible substrate materials—a major limiting factor due to problems associated with encapsulation, lifetime, display uniformity, reliability, and image quality.
	www.intertechusa.com /conferences/conferenceDetail.aspx?displayDetail=overview&WCID=101 (464 words)

	Category:Electronics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Electronics is the study and use of electrical devices that operate by controlling the flow of electrons or other electrically-charged particles in devices such as thermionic valves and semiconductors.
		The pure study of such devices is considered as a branch of physics, while the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems is part of the fields of electrical engineering, electronic engineering and computer engineering.
		The main article for this category is Electronics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:Electronics (163 words)

	IEEE Spectrum: Big and Bendable
		For flexible electronics, the gate insulation is deposited onto the flexible substrate, then etched to shape.
		But because the transistors in flexible electronic circuits are much larger—up to 25 m as opposed to 0.1 m—the allowable particle size is also much larger, which makes the air-filtration task a lot easier and cheaper.
		That's because electrons move faster through a crystalline material, in which the atoms form a repeating three-dimensional pattern, than through one in which many of the atoms are out of place.
	www.spectrum.ieee.org /print/1676 (4726 words)

	IEEE Spectrum: Big and Bendable (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		If integrated electronics could be big, flexible, and lightweight, they would be suitable for a dazzling array of items that technologists have long dreamed of.
		Indeed, lightweight flexible electronics, in the form of small display screens for wristwatches and the like, are at last taking their first tentative steps into a few niche markets.
		The introduction of an ambient-temperature route for integrating high-mobility semiconductors on flexible substrates could enable the development of novel electronic and photonic devices with the potential to impact a broad spectrum of applications.
	www.spectrum.ieee.org /sep05/1676 (1172 words)

	IBM News - United States 2001-08-03 Significant step toward production of flexible electronics
		Previously, the promise of organic electronics has faced a key limitation in the poor electrical characteristics of small crystal grains.
		Using an electron microscopy technique, the IBM team shot high resolution videos which captured pentacene molecules in the early stages of crystal growth.
		The researchers found that when pentacene is grown on a silicon substrate, it tends to stick to surface impurities, resulting in erratic growth and grain sizes too small for building high-quality devices.
	www.ibm.com /news/2001/07/022.phtml (417 words)

	Display Technologies Projects - RTI International
		RTI is developing barrier systems for flexible displays and organic electronics, including technologies for substrate barriers and conformal barriers deposited directly on the devices.
		Flexible thin-film barriers are needed for OLEDs on both the substrate and on top of the device.
		Evaluation of technologies for flexible electronics and flexible displays requires the testing of materials and devices before, during, and after flexing.
	www.rti.org /page.cfm?objectid=0A5A8B54-B275-480B-B41D56D2C96CC24F (1122 words)

	Flexible, Disposable Electronics
		This scenario may be realised by means of an ingenious combination of polymer and electronics technology that allows creation of flexible displays.
		As an alternative to emissive flexible PLED displays, a form of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), the "electronic paper" is particularly suitable for displaying text and static images in reflected light.
		Friend is also developing the core plastic electronics circuitry at Plastic Logic, his second spinoff company, which will enable such display devices to take off.
	www.innovationmagazine.com /innovation/volumes/v4n3/features3.shtml (344 words)

	The Hindu : Prospects of flexible electronics
		Two structures could be seen; the clean structure in which electrons move ballistically without encountering impurities, the other covering disordered structure in which electrons move diffusively making many collisions with impurities.
		The problem one meets here is that the electrons travel more slowly in polymers than in silicon, which limits the processing power of the devices.
		Silicon is invariably modelled using a quantum mechanical approach, where the energies needed to move electrons through semi conductors are of interest; for polymer, a separate modelling technique is needed.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/2000/03/30/stories/08300005.htm (726 words)

	Nanosys
		We are developing high performance, flexible electronics to be used in a variety of application areas including large area and portable displays, low cost radio frequency identification tags and electronically steerable antenna arrays for wireless communications.
		Our thin film electronics technology may allow us to achieve the electronic performance of silicon wafers, over large areas on a lightweight, flexible substrate.
		The tremendous growth in unit sales of portable electronic devices, coupled with an increasing burden on battery life as applications become ever more complex, has created a serious concern amongst device manufacturers about power requirements.
	www.nanosysinc.com /app (491 words)

	The Impact of Emerging Technologies: Flexible Transistors on a Roll - Technology Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In that world, abundant, cheap and flexible electronics could be embedded in countless every-day objects.
		In this process, a continuous sheet of flexible polymer is unrolled from one spool, covered with circuit-board-like patterns of silicon, and collected on another spool.
		Rolltronics, based in Menlo Park, CA, is planning new company divisions to incorporate flexible, roll-to-roll electronics into radio-frequency ID tags, digital X-ray detector panels, biometric sensors and backplanes, the layers of electronics that control the pixels in active-matrix displays.
	cache.technologyreview.com /articles/02/01/wo_roush011402.asp?p=1 (1087 words)

	Halfbakery: flexible electronics
		Flexible keyboards have been around for a while, as just one example of the flexible electronic genre.
		I was designing 8 layer flexible pcb's that were to be wrapped around a coffee mug to display messages just 3 months ago.
		The only major drawback at the moment of this waterproof, bendable, stable surface mount placed, multi-layer material is that it is currently a tad expensive.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/flexible_20electronics (355 words)

	IEEE Spectrum: Big and Bendable (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Earlier this year, researchers at Samsung Electronics Co.'s production facility in Tanjeong, South Korea, claimed to have built the world's largest transparent plastic display—an active-matrix LCD with a diagonal measuring 5 inches [see photo, "On Display"].
		These displays could soon be used in electronic books and newspapers, as shown in the opening illustration.
		Flexible, large area electronics—macroelectronics—using amorphous silicon, low-temperature polysilicon, or various organic and inorganic nanocrystalline semiconductor materials is beginning to show great promise.
	spectrum.ieee.org /sep05/1676 (1172 words)

	Flexible Electronics One Step Closer With New Circuits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Electronics makers such as Samsung and Philips are nevertheless working on flexible electronics.
		"Flexible displays appear to be the first application likely to be commercialized," Rogers agreed.
		A flexible silicon circuit is shown compressed (top), at rest (middle), and stretched.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2005/12/1215_051215_flexible_ipod_2.html (686 words)

	Siplace Compact; Presenting the C series for the medium volume range in a very flexible electronics
		At Nepcon Brighton Siemens Electronics Assembly Systems is presenting the Siplace CS and the Siplace CF machines, the placement system platform specifically for companies with medium volume production requirements and quick job changes.
		Siplace — the modular placement systems for the high-end electronics field — is complementing its range of products and services in the midrange market with this Compact Line, offering a production solution consisting of the Siplace CF multipurpose placement machine and the fast Siplace CS placement machine.
		The flexible C placement machines are capable of handling a multitude of different types of components, printed circuit board sizes and materials.
	www.pressbox.co.uk /Detailed/14700.html (857 words)

	Printable Silicon For Ultrahigh Performance Flexible Electronics
		IMI’s 4th Annual Printable Electronics and Displays Conference & Trade Fair on October 26-28, 2005 in Las Vegas is dedicated to all critical aspects of printable electronics and displays.
		It is designed to bring together experts and leaders in the areas of printable electronic materials, hardware, print systems and electronics and display devices.
		Electronic paper enthusiasts or owners of cellular phones should be excited about today's development, because a bendable display could mean a lot for portability.
	www.stargeek.com /item/173238.html (1824 words)

	Printable silicon for ultrahigh performance flexible electronic systems
		The process could enable new applications in consumer electronics – such as inexpensive wall-to-wall displays and intelligent but disposable radio frequency identification tags – and could even be used in applications that require significant computing power.
		Not only could huge, wall-sized displays be built at far less cost, components could be printed on the insides of windshields and other non-flat surfaces.
		In addition to Nuzzo and Rogers, co-authors of the paper were visiting scholar Etienne Menard, postdoctoral researcher Dahl-Young Khang and graduate student Keon-Jae Lee.
	www.news.uiuc.edu /news/04/0617silicon.html (623 words)

	Fine-feature patterning of giant-area flexible electronics by microcontact printing and digital lithography
		The development of inexpensive high-performance electronics requiring low-temperature device processing would enable low-cost, giant-area flexible electronics for applications such as high-resolution giant-area displays, sensors, and evolving technologies such as electric paper.
		A novel digital-lithographic method, in which an electronically generated and digitally aligned etch mask is jet-printed onto a process surface, was used to fabricate hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin-film transistor (a-Si:H TFT) arrays.
		In combination with digital lithography, a low temperature a-Si:H based TFT deposition process (T~170°C) was used to fabricate TFT devices having threshold voltages of 4 V and on/off ratios of 108 and carrier mobility of 0.9 cm2/V•s, comparable to conventional a-Si:H TFT devices.
	www.parc.xerox.com /research/publications/details.php?id=5372 (474 words)

	Flexible Electronics One Step Closer With New Circuits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Flexible circuits could give electronic devices—including digital cameras, iPods, and TVs—a host of new and improved capabilities.
		And manufacturers might someday be able to add electronics to the surfaces of devices that currently lack them (think heart monitors built into surgical gloves or artificial limbs with "skin" that can sense touch).
		To create stretchable electronics, Rogers and his colleagues first made ribbons of silicon using a standard method.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2005/12/1215_051215_flexible_ipod.html (487 words)

	IDTechEx Printed Electronics World Europe 2006 Conference - At a glance
		The market for organic and printable electronics is expected to reach $300Bn in 2025 — larger than the size of the silicon industry today.
		A full range of electrical and electronic components will be printed — from transistor circuits to displays, power and even speakers.
		This conference uniquely covers the full range of this “new electronics toolkit”, their development, what is needed and their application — today and in the future.
	www.printelec.com (380 words)

	What is Flexible Noryl? And where can you use it? - 7/6/2005 8:59:00 AM - Design News - CA623442 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the case of Flexible Noryl, all DuPont will say is that the material is an alloy of PPO and an olefin.
		Riki Kojima, the company’s global director for electronics, says Flexible Noryl has gotten some attention in the consumer electronics industry because it ties in with the OEM’s ongoing plans to get rid of halogenated plastics, like PVC.
		GE’s consumer electronics customers in Asia have already used or will soon use the wire for a variety of internal wire applications for cell phones, computers, MP3 players, televisions, printers, and more.
	www.designnews.com /article/CA623442.html (435 words)

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